Impact Of Gender Differences Research Articles

Impact of Gender Differences on the Evaluation of Promotional Emails

Advertisers are recognizing the internet's potential for helping firms directly communicate with consumers using media rich emails. Though the efficiency of such emails cannot be denied, their effectiveness needs to be assessed. It is argued that components of promotional emails are likely to be evaluated differently by males and females. The results from a survey suggest that women and men differ in their evaluation of information content and the visual presentation used in emails. Compared to men, women were also more concerned about privacy and preferred to use the media to build social contacts. Implications for using promotional emails are discussed.

Living Alone: Its Place in Household Formation and Change

In recent decades there has been a significant rise in the numbers of people who live alone and it was predicted that by 2002 that a third of all households will be single-person households. The predicted increase has occurred with indications of continued growth in this type of living arrangement. Furthermore, although living alone remains common among older age groups, the largest growth has been within younger populations. This demographic trend has attracted speculation about the numbers of people who will experience solo living, the stability of living alone in people's biography, and the impact of gender differences in the likelihood and stability of living alone. To answers these questions, this paper uses longitudinally linked Census data from England and Wales to explore the household origins and household destinations of working age people who live alone. This longitudinal data derives from the 1971, 1981 and 1991 Censuses. The data from this analysis confirms other research demonstrating the increasingly numbers of non-retired people who live alone. Furthermore it demonstrates that once a person lives alone, they are more likely to continue to live in that household arrangement than any other and that the tendency to live alone and to continue to live alone is more likely amongst younger cohorts of people. It also demonstrates that the largest increase in living alone in amongst men, but that once women live alone they are more likely to continue to live alone. These findings have an important bearing on current debates about ‘individualisation’, the contemporary experience of family life, life course trajectories and the emergent life styles of younger populations.

The Impact of Gender Differences on Job Satisfaction, Job Turnover, and Career Experiences of Information Systems Professionals

This research addresses the impact of gender differences upon the career experiences of information systems professionals, including the impact of gender differences on job satisfaction, job tasks, turnover behavior, job search activities, and job transitions. Our findings show that the career experiences of females and males in the IT field are relatively similar. One statistically significant finding was that job satisfaction was higher in current positions, as compared with prior ones but that was true for both genders. With respect to salaries, the mean salaries of male IT professionals in current positions in this sample were greater than the mean salaries of female IT professionals in current positions, but the differences were not statistically significant.In their unfolding model of voluntary turnover, Lee and Mitchell (44) argue that turnover is influenced by a variety of variables, including the occurrence of shocks, following scripts, searching for alternatives, experiencing an image violation, and by lack of job satisfaction. Since a large number of female and male respondents pointed to leaving their positions because of a “shock,” this may also point to the fact that external market forces can influence candidates to make career moves because of greater opportunities, salaries, and benefits in the IT field, even when they may have been fairly well-satisfied with their prior positions.

Wage and Labour Regulation in Vietnam within the Poverty Reduction Agenda

This paper analyses the extent to which current wage and labour regulations can help reducing poverty levels in Vietnam. It begins with an overview of population and employment trends since 1990. It then discusses wage and labour regulation in Vietnam, particularly the 2002 amendments to the 1994 labour code, focusing on the minimum wage regulation in enterprises, farms labourers and female and junior labourers. The paper then analyses labour market imperfections and the provision of safety nets Vietnam, whilst linking with the poverty alleviation strategy. Next, the paper presents data analysis at the commune level, based on the Vietnam Living Standard Survey of 1998, comparing the northern and southern communes. The findings show significant gender differences within regions for daily agricultural wages, and significantly lower wages in the North. As for industrial wages in the state and private sector, we find that northern wages are below the legal minimum wage in the textile industry, and differ significantly between gender and regions, and where children under eighteen tend to earn as little as 25 percent of adults’ salaries. In the formulation of poverty alleviation policies, this paper highlights the importance of recognizing: the regional and sectoral related-characteristics of the labour market; the impact of gender differences in wage labour; and the implications on child labour.

Sex-based differences in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure

Background: Significant differences in demographics, etiology, incidence of co-morbidities, and prognosis have been described between men and women with chronic heart failure. However, the impact of gender differences has not been well described in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure. Methods: ADHERE (Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry) is a web-based registry of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure. We analyzed clean data for 33,046 patients from 230 community, tertiary, and academic medical centers enrolled from September 2001 to January 2003 according to gender.

The impact of gender differences on change in satisfaction over time

Notes that the establishment and maintenance of long‐term relationships with consumers is an important focus of marketing activities in many organizations. Examines gender differences in satisfaction and loyalty as influenced by the passage of time in a high‐involvement service setting. The study was based on a survey of 150 women and 133 men at two separate time periods – immediately after receiving a health care service and again two years later. The results indicate that overall satisfaction and behavioral intentions declined between the initial time of the service encounter and the time of the follow‐up survey for both men and women. However, women also experienced a decrease in composite satisfaction, as well as satisfaction with the physician, nursing staff, privacy and pain control, room, and surgery, whereas men only reported a decline in satisfaction with the physician and nursing staff.

Sales Manager Behavior Control Strategy and Its Consequences: The Impact of Gender Differences

Researchers have only recently focused attention on the importance of sales manager gender. Our study examines manager gender differences relative to behavior-based approaches to sales management control, and the consequences in salesperson attitudes, job stress, and work outcomes. Findings suggest that female field sales managers employ higher levels of behavior- control than males. Teams led by female managers display different and favorable attitudes, stress characteristics and work outcomes to those managed by male executives.

The effects of gender upon doctor-patient interaction

Despite extensive research examining doctor-patient communication, relatively link attention has been directed to the impact of gender differences (Weisman and Teitelbaum, 1985). The present study examines the effect of doctor and patient gender on interaction. The consultations of 102 patients (47 male and 55 female) and 15 doctors (8 male and 7 female) were taped and then analysed using a modification of a method developed by Butler and Cox (1992). Measures were also taken of doctor and patient word count, the proportion of doctor dialogue relative to the patient and frequency of interaction exchange. Female patients initiated significantly more agendas than male patients (p >0.001). Those men who raised emotional agendas were more likely to reintroduce these agendas than female patients (p>0.01). particularly in the presence of female doctors (p0.001). Consultations with female patients revealed higher overall (p>0.01) and patient (P>0.01) word count than those with male patients. A positive effect of “gender congruence” upon word count was observed with female doctors only (p0.001).

Sexual socialization and motives for intercourse among Norwegian adolescents

The impact of gender differences in sexual socialization on early sexual experiences among Norwegian adolescents is discussed. The material comprises a stratified sample of 920 adolescents ages 16-20 years in a Norwegian county. Data were collected by means of questionnaires. Of the respondents, 55.5% were girls and 44.5% were boys. 52.3% of girls and 41.4% of the boys had coital experience. The most common reasons for having had the first sexual intercourse were being in love, curiosity or excitement, and sexual arousal. Findings from a discriminant analysis showed that emotional reasons were more important to girls, whereas boys seemed more practical in sexual matters. More boys than girls reported that the reason for having had their most recent intercourse was that the partner wanted it. This indicates that if girls do not want sex, boys seldom use pressure. Girls set the premises for sexual interaction but are not as sexually skilled as boys.

Adult Career Transitions

This article reviews and analyzes the different perspectives on career transitions discussed in the September 1995 issue of The Career Development Quarterly. The articles in this issue share common threads in their perspectives on career stages, the relation of cognitive factors and career challenges, and the impact of gender differences on career transitions. This article also discusses career transitions during relocation and factors, such as being part of a dual career couple, that may buffer the financial burden of career transitions.

Gender differences in care delivery and supervisory relationship: the case of psychogeriatric nursing

In this paper the impact of gender differences within nursing is examined. Previous work has highlighted the disproportionate number of men in senior managerial positions in nursing and the perceived benefits which more males entering the profession may bring, for example increased status and higher pay. The present work addresses two domains where the impact of gender differences may importantly affect both policy and practice; first in the realm of care delivery and second in the area of supervisory relationships. The care received by male and female patients is studied, with particular attention being given to mixed wards. Differences between the care delivery of male and female ward staff are also discussed. Finally, differences in the supervisory roles of male and female charge nurses are examined. The research concludes that the inter-relationships between male and female ward staff and the way in which these impact upon the care received by patients is, as yet, little understood. However, as increasing numbers of males enter traditional female preserves within nursing, the need for a debate regarding the impact of gender differences is now essential.

Delicate liaisons: The impact of gender differences on the supervisory relationship within social services

Abstract This article is concerned with the impact of gender difference on social work managers and practitioners, specifically within the supervisory context. It is proposed that differences relating to gender influence the way in which work-roles are understood and carried out. Largely ignoring this aspect of the supervisory relationship can contribute to the frequent muddles and misunderstandings which occur, with more or less serious consequences. The paper looks at some of the key areas of difference that men and women bring to their work roles, the connections between the public life of the work context, the private life and psychological development of the individual, and the effect of these differences and connections on the supervisory relationship. Examples are drawn from practice and from a small scale qualitative research study based on interviews with practitioners, middle and senior managers within a Social Services Department

The impact of sexual dimorphism on neuron numbers in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat

Other workers have reported a sexual dimorphism in the number of neurons that project from the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) via the internal carotid nerve (ICN). We have re-examined this situation by comparing ganglionic neuron numbers as well as the number of neurons labelled retrogradely from the iris and the pineal gland, in age-matched adult male and female rats. No significant dimorphism was seen in total cell numbers or in the cell populations supplying iris or pineal gland, although there was a trend towards more neurons in male animals. From evaluation of our results and the published data, we suggest that the variation in absolute numbers of neurons counted in the SCG is so wide, within genders, that any impact of gender differences on cell numbers is of little significance.