Impact Of Event Scale-Revised Research Articles

Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 and political instability on mental health of university students in Sudan.

The mental health of students plays a crucial role in their learning and performance. The COVID-19 pandemic, the political turmoil and a coup in Sudan has exacerbated stress and anxiety among university students in Sudan due to uncertainty about their academic activities. To assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurrence and coping strategies adopted by university students in Sudan. This cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to June 2022. It used the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief-COPE) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) questionnaires to assess the occurrence of PTSD and coping strategies among 596 university students in Sudan. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the frequency and percentage, Student's t test was used to compare the means of 2 groups and one-way analysis of variance to compare the means of ≥ 3 groups. There was a high prevalence of PTSD among the students, with a score of 31.2 (SD 16.4). The total score of PTSD was higher among female students. Around 36% of the students had a PTSD score > 37, which is considered high enough to suppress immune function. The most widely adopted coping strategies were religion and acceptance of the situation, while substance use was the least. Students who had COVID-19 infection during the pandemic differed significantly from uninfected students in the application of coping strategies. In contrast, students whose family members or friends had COVID-19 were not significantly different from students with uninfected family members or friends in the application of the coping strategies, such as self-blame, denial, substance use, and behavioural disengagement. We recommend the initiation and implementation of psychological counselling programmes for university students in Sudan onsite or remotely. Further research should be carried out to assess the long-term effects of the pandemic and the political conflicts so as to design and implement appropriate and efficient interventions.

Which Factors Are Associated With Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions in Patients Affected by Substance Use Disorders? The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dual-Diagnosis Subjects

Objective To investigate demographic/cinical variables associated to dual diagnosis and the psychological reaction of dual-diagnosis patients to COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Information was collected at the Addiction Service of Monza, Italy. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), a self-report questionnaire measuring the subjective response to a traumatic event, was administered. Univariate analyses and binary logistic regression were performed. IES-R scores were compared between groups defined by qualitative variables through one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA). Results 118 outpatients were included, 48.3% with dual diagnosis. Alcohol use disorder and being female were associated to dual diagnosis. IES-R scores were significantly higher in the dual-diagnosis group, especially for personality disorders (PDs). IES-R scores were higher in patients taking treatment for substance use disorder (SUD). Conclusions Females and alcohol abusers were at-risk subjects for dual diagnosis. Patients with SUD and PDs may benefit from additional support, especially when traumatic life events occur. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04694482

The Influence of the Teacher’s Psycho-Physiological States on the Development of Professional Competencies in the Course of the Military Aggression

The aim of the article is to determine the specifics of the impact of the correctional programme of psycho-physiological conditions on the development of the professional competence of general secondary school teachers. The Diagnostics of Mental States of the National Academy of Sciences and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) were used to obtain reliable data on the psycho-physiological state of the individual. A specialized online test for teachers was used to obtain data on the teachers’ competence aimed at determining informational competence, testing to determine the teacher’s subject methodical competence, observation of communicative competence. A formative experiment was planned and conducted. It was established that average indicators of psycho-physiological state prevail among teachers. The positive impact of the developed corrective programme on the teachers’ activity and mood was proved. It was concluded that the change in the psycho-physiological states of “invasion” and “avoidance” significantly depends on current social conditions, in particular, on the stability of the safety component. It was found that the correctional programme levelled the connections between the teachers’ subject methodical competence and the current psycho-physiological state. It was established that the teachers’ communicative competence continues to correlate after the completion of the programme with psycho-physiological comfort and general emotional background. In general, we can talk about the relative effectiveness of the developed corrective programme. The obtained results can be used to optimize programmes of continuous postgraduate education in the context of the development of resistance to the stresses of wartime. The prospects for further research are expanding the arsenal of methods for studying the teachers’ psycho-physiological state and clarifying gender differences in the teachers’ experience of stress. Received: 2 February 2024 / Accepted: 25 April 2024 / Published: 5 May 2024

Psychological Impact and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Baseball Players.

Significant psychological impact and prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been well documented in patients sustaining anterior cruciate ligament injury. To examine PTSD symptomatology in baseball players after sustaining elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury. Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Male baseball players of various competition levels (high school through Minor League Baseball [MiLB]) who underwent surgery for a UCL injury between April 2019 and June 2022 participated in the study. Before surgery, patients completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) to assess PTSD symptomatology. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to level of play and player position. A total of 104 male baseball players with a mean age of 19.4 years (range, 15-29 years) were included in the study; 32 players (30.8%) were in high school, 65 (62.5%) were in college, and 7 (6.7%) were in MiLB. There were 64 (61.5%) pitchers, 18 (17.3%) position players, and 22 (21.2%) 2-way players (both pitching and playing on the field). A total of 30 (28.8%) patients scored high enough on the IES-R to support PTSD as a probable diagnosis, and another 22 patients (21.2%) scored high enough to support PTSD as a clinical concern. Nineteen patients (18.3%) had potentially severe PTSD. Only 4 players (3.8%) were completely asymptomatic. Subgroup analysis revealed college players as significantly more symptomatic than high school players (P = .02), and 2-way players were found to be significantly less susceptible to developing symptoms of PTSD compared with pitchers (P = .04). Nearly 30% of baseball players who sustained a UCL injury qualified for a probable diagnosis of PTSD based on the IES-R. Pitchers and college athletes were at increased risk for PTSD after UCL injury compared with 2-way players and high school athletes, respectively.

Longitudinal mental health state during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longitudinal change of mental symptoms and its predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective longitudinal study on Spanish population.

The general objective of this study is to analyze the change in mental health and post-traumatic symptoms over 6 months during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Spanish community sample, with a particular focus on individual differences in longitudinal change in symptoms and its predictors. This longitudinal prospective study surveyed a Spanish community sample three times (T1: during the initial outbreak, T2: after 4 weeks and T3: after 6 months). Four thousand one hundred and thirty-nine participants from all the Spanish regions completed the questionnaires. However, the longitudinal analysis was performed only with participants which responded at least two times (1,423 participants). Mental health assessments included depression, anxiety, and stress (measured by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and post-traumatic symptoms were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). All the mental health variables achieved worse results at T2. Depression, stress, and posttraumatic symptoms did not recover at T3 when compared with the initial measure, while anxiety was practically stable across the timeline. Women, younger age, having a previous mental health diagnosis and contact with individuals with COVID-19 were linked to worse psychological evolution during the 6-months period. A good perception of one's physical health may be a protective factor. After 6 months of the pandemic, the general population's mental health was still worse than at the initial outbreak for most of the variables analyzed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Mental Health Disorders in Healthcare Workers Exposed to COVID-19, Mashhad, Iran: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) who are directly involved in the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at higher risk of psychological disorders. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the risk factors related to mental health disorders in HCWs active in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mashhad, Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional investigation performed between April 2020 and May 2020 at five referral centers in Mashhad, Iran. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IESR), and VAS (for fear from COVID-19) to assess depression, anxiety, insomnia, distress and fear related to COVID-19 were filled. Risk factors were evaluated by the regression model. Results: Mean ± SD age of participants was 33.84 ± 7.03 years. Most were females (64.2%). Of 360 participants, 252 had some degree of an anxiety disorder (70%), 63.8% had depression, 55.8% had insomnia, and 72.8% had distress. Work experiences (OR: 0.94, 95% CI = 0.901- 0.983, p = 0.007), exposure to COVID-19 patients (OR: 2.54, 95% CI = 1.37-4.69, p < 0.001), and job status (OR: 1.40, 95% CI = 1.19 -1.54, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of anxiety. Age (OR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05-1.27, p = 0.002), exposure to COVID-19 patients (OR: 1.95, 95% CI = 1.04-3.64, p = 0.037), work experience (OR: 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78-0.93, p < 0.001), having children (OR: 0.58, 95% CI = 0.39- 0.87, p = 0.008), and being infected with COVID-19 (OR: 9.95, 95% CI = 1.92-51.64, p < 0.001) were the significant independent factors for depression in participants. Conclusion: COVID-19 could significantly affect HCWs mental health status, specifically depression. By targeting these predictors, health policymakers can reduce the burden of psychological disorders in HCWs.

Psychological impact and associated factors of the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant women in Fafan Zone health institutions, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021

BackgroundDespite pregnant women's vulnerability to respiratory illnesses and pregnancy complications during the COVID-19 pandemic, research on its psychological impact in the study area, is limited.ObjectiveThis study aims to fill this gap by examining the prevalence and factors linked to the psychological impact among pregnant women in the Fafan zone, Somali region of Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study conducted from April 1st to April 30th, 2021, randomly selected health facilities for inclusion. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) assessed psychological impact, and data were analyzed using SPSS V 22. Variables with a p-value ≤ 0.25 in bivariate analysis were considered for multivariate analysis via multiple logistic regressions with the backward elimination method.ResultsThe study involved 294 pregnant women, constituting 73% of the respondents. The prevalence of psychological impact attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic was 27.2%. Factors such as being in the first trimester of pregnancy (AOR: 5.32), travel history to infected areas (AOR: 3.71), obtaining COVID-19 information from television (AOR: 4.81), and using social media for 1 to 2 hours daily for updates (AOR: 1.35) were significantly associated with this impact.ConclusionWhile the psychological impact among pregnant women in this study was relatively lower compared to other research, factors such as gestational age, TV media exposure, travel history, and social media usage for COVID-19 updates were strongly linked to this impact, highlighting the necessity for psychological support services for pregnant women during challenging times.

Social support, distress, stress, anxiety, and depression as predictors of suicidal thoughts among selected university students in Bangladesh.

This study examines the association of perceived social support with suicidal thoughts among a young adult sample of university students and estimates the degree to which perceived stress, distress, anxiety, and depression may explain the association. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June to September 2022 among 642 students, selected using the probability proportional to size procedure, at a large university in Bangladesh. We used the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to measure support. The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD-7) scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to assess distress, stress, anxiety, and depression. The association between social support and suicidal thoughts was examined using multivariable logistic regression models. Mediation analyses were carried out using the Karlson, Holm, and Breen (KHB) method. We found that perceived social support was associated with lower odds of suicidal thoughts after controlling for other variables (adjusted odds ratio = 0.94; 95% confidence interval = 0.92-0.96). Mediation analysis showed that, after adjusting for potential confounders, the mediating effects among the total effect of perceived social support on suicidal thoughts were 56.1%, 20.8%, 22.5%, 38.8%, and 50.9% for all mental disorders together and four specific adverse mental health outcomes, i.e., perceived distress, stress, anxiety, and depression, respectively. This study demonstrates that perceived social support reduces the likelihood of suicidal thoughts among university students, and mental disorders have a partial mediating effect on the association. Suicide prevention and mental health promotion efforts among university students should consider encouraging students to build and strengthen a strong social support network.

Mental health in times of pandemic from the perspective of professors and students

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic brought profound societal changes and disruptions, including in the education system, which underwent swift modifications. It presented unique challenges for both professors and students, contributing to an increase in the prevalence of mental health-related symptoms.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of mental health disorders symptoms, coping strategies, and concerns among students (≥18 years) and professors at different times during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis was an online cross-sectional study (Student: N = 6,609; Phase 1 = 3,325; Phase 2 = 1,402; Phase 3 = 1,882; Professor: N = 9,096; Phase 1 = 3,924; Phase 2 = 2,223; Phase 3 = 2,949). Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R), and BriefCOPE inventory were used. The probability of presenting the symptoms was calculated by multiple logistic regression and odds ratio (OR).ResultsThe prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and distress symptoms among students and professors was high (≥59.5% and ≥ 33.5%, respectively). Students, women, and those diagnosed with a mental disorder were more likely to have symptoms or distress. In the face of the pandemic, professors used more adaptive coping strategies than students. Health was the focus of professors’ concerns, while for students, future and labor market uncertainty were concerns derived from the health core.ConclusionThe results point to the need to strengthen psychosocial support for both professors and students.

Post-traumatic stress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals worked under critical care conditions and had to adapt quickly to extreme work situations. They were confronted with several occupational stressors.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and factors associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms among healthcare personnel at Farhat Hached Hospital in Sousse during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among care staff at the Farhat Hached University Hospital in Sousse over a 3-month period during the 4th wave of COVID-19. Data were collected using a questionnaire covering socio-professional and medical data. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.23 software.ResultsOur study included 326 health professionals from the CHU Farhat Hached. The mean age of our population was 36.38 ±10.19 years. The sex ratio was 0.23. Most healthcare staff were married (61.3%) and had dependent children (60.4%). Nurses were the most represented at 32.2%, followed by health technicians (22.7%) and medical residents (18.4%). Average job tenure was 10.62±10.69 years, with extremes ranging from 1 to 39 years. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder was 32.5%. Paramedics were more likely to develop post-traumatic stress symptoms (OR=2.3 (IC95%: 1.4-3.8), p=0.001). Leisure activities were protective factors against post-traumatic stress symptoms (OR=0.4 (IC95%: 0.2-0.8), p=0.018). The multivariate analytical study revealed that being a paramedic and having a personal history of COVID19 infection were independently associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare personnel. Lessons learned from this pandemic should help in the development of context-specific strategies to support healthcare workers and promote the protection of their mental health.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Intereleukine-6 and Interleukine-1β levels in post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and healthy controls: a preliminary report

IntroductionPatients with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or mood disorders, as depression, often showed dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system, resulting in increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and heightened activity of the immune system that may cause alterations in the structure and function of brain regions through direct neurotoxic effects, oxidative stress, changes in levels of neurotransmitters and decreasing some neurotrophins. Among the most studied pro-inflammatory cytokines in this field there are Intereleukine-6 (IL-6) and Interleukine-1β (IL-1β); however, scant and conflicting data are currently available in the literature about their use as potential biomarkers, and even less on possible comparisons in PTSD and depression.Objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate circulating levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in patients with PTSD and to compare them with those of subjects with depression and healthy controls.MethodsA sample of 45 subjects, including 15 subjects diagnosed with PTSD (PTSD group), 15 with depression (DEP group), and 15 healthy controls (HC group) were recruited at the Psychiatric Clinic of the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa. HC group included subjects recruited on a voluntary basis. The psychiatric diagnosis was assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5-Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Trauma and Loss Spectrum-Self Report lifetime version (TALS-SR). A peripheral venous blood sample was collected to perform the biochemical assays. The analyses of IL-6 and IL-1β were performed with a dedicated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) achieved at the Laboratory of Biochemistry of the Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa.ResultsNo statistically significant gender or age differences emerged in the three groups. There were no statistically significant differences in IL-1β levels among the three groups. Conversely, the PTSD group showed higher levels of IL-6 compared to the DEP and to the HC ones, with a statistically significant difference in the post-hoc analysis among the PTSD and DEP groups with respect to the HC one (p<0.05).ConclusionsOur results suggest the key role of a chronic low-grade inflammatory state in PTSD and in depression, probably related to a dysregulation in HPA axis and cortisol release, with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 that seemed to be more pronounced in PTSD.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Identifying predictors of resilient coping in students during COVID-19 lockdown

IntroductionAlthough increasing resilient coping throughout life is beneficial, it is particularly important in young people. To prevent the development of mental health problems, it is crucial to understand the factors associated with resilience. However, among university students, the characteristics considered conducive to resiliency have not been sufficiently studied, particularly during pandemic times.ObjectivesThe present study examined factors associated with resilient coping in Portuguese higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsData were collected from an opportunity large sample of participants during the academic year 2020/2021. Four self-report measures were utilized within the study: Herth Hope Index, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale – 21 items, and Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Additionally, a demographic questionnaire was used to collect data including age, gender, have children, education level, and study area. Ethics clearance was obtained. In order to test the research question, a multiple regression was conducted (using SPSS 28), with resilient coping as the dependent variable and the other variables entered as potential predictor variables.ResultsA total of 1522 students (75.1% women and 24.9% men) took part in this study. Most participants were single (91.2%), had no children (93%), and the ages ranged from 18 to 59, with a mean age of 22.88±6.93 years. In terms of study level, the majority of students (73.7%) are at the undergraduate level and are not working (76.6%). Among the participants, 35.7%, 36.2%, and 28.5% had symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression above the normal range, respectively. High resilience scores were found in 215 participants (14.1%). The mean hope (HHI) was 35.53 (SD = 5.92). Our results also demonstrated that hope is the only predictor of resilient coping (p<0.001). A higher level of hope is expected to affect people’s psychological adjustment by influencing both their appraisal of, and their coping with, the stressors confronted by them.ConclusionsEstablishing and improving protective factors should increase the likelihood of the individual successfully avoiding negative outcomes and increase their ability to function normally, thus promoting resilient outcomes. We were able to draw practical implications for developing resilience-promoting methods in a university context. These results can be used to help students build resilience by preparing for future problems.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Investigating harms of testing for ovarian cancer - psychological outcomes and cancer conversion rates in women with symptoms of ovarian cancer: A cohort study embedded in the multicentre ROCkeTS prospective diagnostic study.

To investigate psychological correlates in women referred with suspected ovarian cancer via the fast-track pathway, explore how anxiety and distress levels change at 12 months post-testing, and report cancer conversion rates by age and referral pathway. Single-arm prospective cohort study. Multicentre. Secondary care including outpatient clinics and emergency admissions. A cohort of 2596 newly presenting symptomatic women with a raised CA125 level, abnormal imaging or both. Women completed anxiety and distress questionnaires at recruitment and at 12 months for those who had not undergone surgery or a biopsy within 3 months of recruitment. Anxiety and distress levels measured using a six-item short form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6) and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-r) questionnaire. Ovarian cancer (OC) conversion rates by age, menopausal status and referral pathway. Overall, 1355/2596 (52.1%) and 1781/2596 (68.6%) experienced moderate-to-severe distress and anxiety, respectively, at recruitment. Younger age and emergency presentations had higher distress levels. The clinical category for anxiety and distress remained unchanged/worsened in 76% of respondents at 12 months, despite a non-cancer diagnosis. The OC rates by age were 1.6% (95% CI 0.5%-5.9%) for age <40 years and 10.9% (95% CI 8.7%-13.6%) for age ≥40 years. In women referred through fast-track pathways, 3.3% (95% CI 1.9%-5.7%) of pre- and 18.5% (95% CI 16.1%-21.0%) of postmenopausal women were diagnosed with OC. Women undergoing diagnostic testing display severe anxiety and distress. Younger women are especially vulnerable and should be targeted for support. Women under the age of 40 years have low conversion rates and we advocate reducing testing in this group to reduce the harms of testing.

Fluctuations of stress and resilience in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights and recommendations

BackgroundHealthcare workers (HCW) have faced unprecedented challenges during the COVID-19, with significant impact on their well-being. We aimed to monitor stress-related symptoms and resilience in HCW over time in relation to various factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsBetween June 2020 and May 2022, data was collected among HCW of Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) through a digital self-monitoring application. The application included a 14-items self-monitoring tool (i.e., 7-items on Supporting factors, 7-items on Stressful burden), and a set of validated questionnaires (i.e., the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R), Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). ResultsThe self-monitoring tool and validated questionnaires were completed by 1070 and 413 participants respectively. Mean stress-related symptom scores (as measured by the self-monitoring, CBI, IES-R, and DASS-21) exhibited significant changes over time (all p’s < 0.001), which correlated with the waves of COVID-19 patients admitted and the national COVID-19 mortality rate (all p’s < 0.005). Resilience, as measured by the RES, showed a significant decrease from the start of data collection onwards (p = 0.001), whereas supporting factors showed significant decreases the first few months, followed by fluctuations after January 2021 (p = 0.02). LimitationsSelection bias may have arisen as those participating may have been more concerned with the burden on mental wellbeing. ConclusionsThe current study underscores the need for active psychosocial support for all HCW particularly during periods of increased admissions due to pandemics.

Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Speech and Language Therapists Working with Adults in Dysphagia.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed unprecedented challenges on healthcare systems worldwide, with significant attention to the mental health of healthcare workers. Speech and Language Pathologists (SLPs) working with dysphagia patients represent a unique subgroup, whose psychological well-being during the pandemic has been less explored. Understanding the psychological impact on these professionals is crucial for developing targeted support mechanisms. Objective: This study aims to investigate the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on SLPs working with adult dysphagia patients in Punjab, Pakistan, identifying key factors influencing their mental health and providing insights into their experiences and perceptions regarding the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing a non-probability convenience sampling technique to recruit 87 SLPs from various hospitals and rehabilitation centers across Punjab. Participants completed an online survey, which included demographic questions and standardized instruments: the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, focusing on descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The majority of respondents were female (81.6%), with a significant proportion aged between 23 to 29 years. Qualifications predominantly were MS SLP (43.7%), and experience ranged mostly between 1 to 2 years (26.4%). The DASS-21 results indicated mean scores of 6.67 (SD=4.02) for depression, 7.71 (SD=3.4) for anxiety, and 7.87 (SD=4.4) for stress, suggesting elevated levels of psychological distress among participants, particularly regarding anxiety and stress. Conclusion: The findings highlight the substantial psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on SLPs working with dysphagia patients, emphasizing the need for comprehensive mental health support for these professionals. Enhancing support mechanisms can contribute to the resilience and effectiveness of SLPs in managing dysphagia patients during and beyond the pandemic.

Patient characteristics associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in intensive care unit survivors during a one-year follow-up: A multicenter study

BackgroundIntensive care unit (ICU) patients are at risk of suffering from posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after ICU survival. ObjectivesTo describe the prevalence of high levels of PTSS the first year after ICU admission. Further, to identify specific combinations of patient characteristics (latent classes based on pre-ICU data, demographics, and clinical characteristics), and to investigate possible associations among these classes and PTSS at 3, 6, and 12 months after ICU admission. MethodsSelf-reported PTSS were measured with Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). PTSS and possible predictive factors (pre-ICU data, demographics, and clinical characteristics) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, latent class analysis, and linear mixed model for repeated measures. ResultsHigh PTSS levels (IES-R ≥ 33) were reported by 14.9 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] [10.0; 21.1]), 16.7 % (95 % CI [11.5; 23.1]), and 18.4 % (95 % CI [12.9; 25.0]) of patients (sample 1, n = 174) at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Three latent classes were identified (sample 2, n = 417). PTSS were significantly associated with class 2 (male with longer hospital stay) at 6 months and class 3 (age≥70, lower level of education, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score, being mechanically ventilated) at all three measurement times. ConclusionsThe prevalence of high levels of PTSS is the greatest 12 months after ICU admission. Health professionals can use this information to be aware of specific groups of ICU patients reporting PTSS during the first year and follow up on these.

Healthcare Workers’ General Health and Its Relation with Anxiety, Anger, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder during COVID-19 Outbreak in Southeast Iran

Background. Healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic played an effective role in providing preventive and curative measures. Scientific evidence confirmed that the outbreak of this disease has caused numerous psychological problems such as pre- and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and anger at a global level. This study is aimed at investigating the general health of healthcare workers and its relationship with anxiety, anger, and posttraumatic stress disorder during the outbreak of COVID-19. Methods. This research was a cross-sectional study conducted on 455 healthcare workers of four teaching hospitals in Kerman, southeast of Iran. The convenience sampling method was used. The research tools included the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the trait anxiety section of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the trait anger section of Trait-State Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2). Data analysis was done in IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 and using Pearson’s correlation tests, independent t-test, ANOVA, and multivariate linear regression. Results. 28.1% (n=128) of the participants had mental health disorders. The mean score of anxiety was 43.99±9.24 which was at moderate to high level of anxiety. The mean score of anger was 18.65±5.72 which was at the moderate level. The mean score of PTSD was 34.77±15.24 which was less than the midpoint of the questionnaire, i.e., the score of 44. The results of the multiple linear regression model that showed anxiety, anger, gender, and hospital were predictors of mental health (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion. The results of the present study showed that about a quarter of the healthcare workers faced with the COVID-19 pandemic had mental health disorders and suffered from moderate to high anxiety, moderate anger, and PTSD. It was also observed in this study that there was a weak to moderate significant correlation between general health and anxiety, anger, and PTSD in healthcare workers. So, healthcare workers need a lot of social and psychological support.

The transmission of intergenerational trauma and protective factors in survivors of the lebanese civil war and their adult offspring

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to examine the transmission of intergenerational trauma in survivors of the Lebanese civil war and their adult offspring. To examine potential mechanisms, it was hypothesized that the relationship between parental war exposure and offspring psychopathology was statistically mediated by (i) parental psychopathology and (ii) offspring exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE). Finally, it was predicted that spirituality and social support might buffer against the effects of adversity and therefore moderate the association between trauma exposure and psychopathology. MethodAn online questionnaire-based study was conducted, recruiting 110 dyads of parents who had lived through the Lebanese civil war and their post-war born adult offspring. Parental war exposure and trauma symptoms [with the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ)] and offspring adverse childhood experiences and trauma symptoms [with Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and Impact of Events Scale Revised (IES-R)] were assessed. Both parents and offspring’s distress [with Beirut Distress Scale (BDS-10)], depression and anxiety symptoms [with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21)], perceived social support [with Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)], and perceived spirituality [with Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS)] were measured. ResultsParental war exposure and offspring psychopathology were statistically mediated by parental psychopathology, but not ACE exposure. Offspring of parents with (vs without) high levels of psychopathology had 3.72 times higher odds of reporting high levels of psychopathology themselves. Findings showed that the correlation between trauma exposure and psychopathology was moderated by perceived social support and spirituality. However, the correlation was only significant for higher levels of social support and spirituality. DiscussionThese results suggest that the presence of the proximal risk factor "low social support” may affect psychopathology negatively no matter the amount of adverse experiences consistent with a recency model of adversity. If social support is at least moderate, the distal risk factor “adverse experiences/ war trauma” impacts psychopathology. Overall, these findings highlight the need for trauma-informed mental health support for people fleeing from or residing in countries with ongoing or recent armed conflicts.

Posttraumatic stress disorder 2 months after cesarean delivery: a multicenter prospective study

BackgroundThe prevalence and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after cesarean delivery, outside high-risk contexts, remain unclear ObjectiveTo assess posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and risk factors at 2 months postpartum among a general population of women with cesarean delivery. Study designProspective ancillary cohort study of the Tranexamic Acid for Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage after Cesarean Delivery (TRAAP2) trial, conducted in 27 French hospitals in 2018-2020 and enrolling women expected to undergo cesarean delivery before or during labor at 34 or more weeks of gestation. After randomization, characteristics of the cesarean delivery and postpartum blood loss were prospectively collected. Two months after childbirth, posttraumatic stress disorder profile (presence of PTSD symptoms) and provisional diagnosis (positive screening for diagnosis consistent with a PTSD) were assessed by 2 self-administered questionnaires (Impact of Event Scale Revised (IESR) and Traumatic of Event Scale (TES)). The corrected posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence was estimated with inverse probability weighting to take nonresponse into account. Associations between potential risk factors and posttraumatic stress disorder were analyzed by multivariate logistic or linear regression modeling according to the type of dependent variable. ResultsIn all, 2785 of 4431 women returned the IES-R questionnaire and 2792 the TES (response rates of 62.9% and 63.0%). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder profile was 9.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8-10.3%) and of provisional diagnosis 1.7% (95%CI 1.2-2.4%). Characteristics associated with a higher risk of posttraumatic stress disorder profile were prepregnancy vulnerability factors - young age, high BMI and Africa-born migrant – and cesarean-related obstetric factors - cesarean delivery after induced labor (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.81, 95%CI 1.14-2.87), postpartum hemorrhage (aOR 1.61, 95%CI 1.04-2.46) and high intensity pain during the postpartum stay (aOR 1.90, 95%CI 1.17-3.11). Women who had immediate skin-to-skin contact with their newborn were at lower risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (aOR 0.66, 95%CI 0.46-0.98), and women with bad memories of delivery on day 2 postpartum at higher risk (aOR 3.20, 95%CI 1.97-5.12). The IES-R and the TES scales yielded consistent results ConclusionsAround one in 11 women with cesarean deliveries had posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at 2 months postpartum. Some obstetric interventions and components of cesarean management may influence this risk

Caring for patients in the Covid era: Are the quality of life the same for doctors and nursing staff?

BackgroundThe Covid-19 pandemic has represented one of the most stressful events of recent times and has placed enormous psychological pressure on doctors and nurses. AimsThe objective of this work is to evaluate the psychological impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on Spanish nurses and doctors, and to identify factors related to their mental health. MethodsThe study is a descriptive study and examined 812 doctors and 768 nurses. The dependent variables were health-related quality of life, anxiety, depression, perceived stress and insomnia. Participants completed the Health-related Quality of Life-Questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item-Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Impact Event Scale-Revised, and the Insomnia Severity Index. Sociodemographic and Covid-related data were also recorded. Descriptive statistics, univariable analysis and multivariable linear regression models were used. ResultsA greater proportion of nurses than doctors suffered clinical anxiety, depression and insomnia (56.84 % vs 45.81 p-value<0.0001, 64.67 % vs 53.39 p-value<0.0001, and 23.04 % vs 18.02 p-value 0.01, respectively). Although in our study nurses were more likely to suffer clinical anxiety, stress and insomnia than doctors, our results nevertheless showed that there were no differences in terms of quality of life. Different factors related to mental health were identified for doctors and nurses. Nurses working in care homes or geriatric services (OR = 4.13, IC95% 1.71–9.99, p-value 0.002), and in services with greatest contact with Covid-19 patients (OR = 1.71,IC95% 1.10–2.68, p-value 0.02) were more likely to suffer depression. ConclusionsOur study confirms that doctors and nurses are at high risk of clinical anxiety, depression, stress or insomnia during the Covid-19 pandemic.