Impact Of Educational Attainment Research Articles

Assessing Trends in Women's Reproductive Health and Family Planning in Haryana: Insights from NFHS-4 and NFHS-5

Women's reproductive health is a crucial aspect of public health that impacts overall societal well-being and economic stability. In Haryana, India, addressing this issue involves confronting deeply ingrained societal norms and enhancing women's autonomy in health-related decisions. Utilising data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) reports of NFHS-4 (2015–16) and NFHS-5 (2019–21), this study evaluates the reproductive health and family planning issues among women aged 15–49 in the region. The research specifically focuses on analysing key indicators, including the total fertility rate (TFR), the impact of educational attainment on TFR, fertility preferences, birth intervals, the desired number of children, child sex preferences, and the prevalence of contraceptive use. The findings reveal significant trends and variations in these indicators, offering a comprehensive understanding of women's reproductive health in Haryana. The study tracks progress by comparing data from the NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 reports and identifying persistent gaps and areas that require attention. The insights provided by this analysis are critical for policymakers, healthcare providers, and non-governmental organisations striving to enhance reproductive health services and promote women's rights in Haryana. The study emphasises the necessity for targeted interventions that address societal attitudes and provide educational opportunities to improve family planning and reproductive health outcomes. Keywords: fertility rate, reproductive health, family planning, contraceptive prevalence, birth interval, sex preferences.

The Impact of Educational Attainment on Women's Empowerment: A Multidisciplinary Analysis

This study investigated the multiple relationships between the educational attainment and women's empowerment. It also examined how education helps women to gett knowledge, critical thinking, and the ability to struggle any complex situations. To empowers them in various aspects of life, including economic independence, social and political participation, and overall well-being. Secondary research methods was employed in this study which engage a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing the link through the eye of Human Capital and Feminist Theory examining how education challenges traditional gender roles and empowers women to advocate for themselves and their communities. The study has limited to current research and proposes a future direction which emphasized the need to consider cultural contexts, quality education and safety measures to maximize education's empowering potential for women across diverse situation.

Analysis of the influence of educational level on the nutritional status and lifestyle habits of the young Spanish population.

This study aims to analyze some nutrition and health habits of young people and the impact of educational attainment on health. An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out using surveys. Using non-probabilistic snowball sampling, a previously validated questionnaire was disseminated through networks, collecting a sample of 9,681 people between 18 and 30 years old. Comparative analyses between groups were obtained by clustering and the corresponding statistical tests. The results showed how young people with higher education generally have a lower BMI, a higher healthy nutrition index, less frequent consumption of sugary drinks, and less smoking than their peers with basic education. These healthier habits are reflected in the higher self-perceived health status of the higher-educated group. While for all the educational levels analyzed, the minutes of physical activity practice are above the 150 min recommended by the WHO. Our findings suggest that young people's education level is of fundamental importance for health, particularly for nutritional habits. In general, the lifestyle habits of the young Spanish population are healthy, but there is a need for improvement in those aspects related to nutrition and food.

Diminished returns of educational attainment on life satisfaction among Black and Latino older adults transitioning into retirement

BackgroundThis paper investigates the intricate relationship between race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and life satisfaction among middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Guided by the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), positing that returns on educational attainment are attenuated for minoritized populations, this study aims to explore racial/ethnic disparities in the impact of educational attainment on the life satisfaction of middle-aged and older adults. MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of existing data. Utilizing data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we employed a longitudinal design with a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Key variables of interest included educational attainment, race/ethnicity, and average life satisfaction from wave 9–15 (20–30 years later). Statistical analysis included regression models to assess the associations between educational attainment and life satisfaction overall and by race and ethnicity. ResultsOverall, 5274 participants entered our analysis and were followed for up to 30 years. Our initial findings revealed a positive association between educational attainment and life satisfaction. Subsequently, we identified significant interactions between race/ethnicity and educational attainment, indicating notable racial and ethnic differences in the impact of educational attainment on life satisfaction. The effects of baseline on future educational attainment and life satisfaction were weaker for Black and Latino than non-Latino White counterparts. ConclusionsIn accordance with the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, Black and Latino middle-aged and older adults experience a less pronounced positive impact of educational attainment on life satisfaction compared to their Non-Latino and White counterparts. There are non-additive complex interplay between educational attainment and race and ethnicity on subjective well-being of middle-aged and older adults. The identified disparities in the returns of educational attainment underscore the critical need to recognize and address structural barriers that contribute to the diminished returns of educational attainment for Black and Latino populations.

SOCIAL INEQUITIES AND THE IMPAIRMENT PARADOX IN LATER LIFE

Abstract Research on health across the life course consistently documents widening racial and socioeconomic disparities from childhood through adulthood, followed by stabilization or convergence in later life. This pattern appears to contradict expectations set by cumulative (dis)advantage (CAD) theory. Informed by the punctuated equilibrium perspective, we examine the relationship between midlife health and subsequent health change and mortality and consider the impact of earlier socioeconomic exposures on observed disparities. Using the Health and Retirement Study, we characterize the functional impairment histories of a nationally representative sample of 8464 older adults between 1994 and 2016. We employ nonparametric and discrete outcome multinomial logistic regression to examine the competing risks of mortality, health change, and attrition. As expected, exposures to disadvantages are associated with poorer functional health in midlife and mortality. However, we find that a higher number of functional limitations in midlife is negatively associated with the accumulation of subsequent limitations for White men and women and for Black women, and the impact of educational attainment, occupation, wealth, and marriage on later-life health differs across race and gender groups. We conclude that the observed stability or convergence in later-life functional health disparities is not a departure from the dynamics posited by CAD, but rather a result of the differential impact of racial and socioeconomic inequities on mortality and health at older ages. Higher exposure to disadvantages and a lower protective impact of advantageous exposures lead to higher mortality among Black Americans, a pattern which masks persistent health inequities later in life.

The Impact of Educational Attainment and Income on Long-Term Care for Persons with Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias: A Swedish Nationwide Study.

Long-term care improves independence and quality of life of persons with dementia (PWD). The influence of socioeconomic status on access to long-term care was understudied. To explore the socioeconomic disparity in long-term care for PWD. This registry-based study included 14,786 PWD, registered in the Swedish registry for cognitive and dementia disorders (2014-2016). Education and income, two traditional socioeconomic indicators, were the main exposure. Outcomes were any kind of long-term care, specific types of long-term care (home care, institutional care), and the monthly average hours of home care. The association between outcomes and socioeconomic status was examined with zero-inflated negative binomial regression and binary logistic regression. PWD with compulsory education had lower likelihood of receiving any kind of long-term care (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68-0.93), or home care (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70-0.97), compared to individuals with university degrees. Their monthly average hours of home care were 0.70 times (95% CI 0.59-0.82) lower than those of persons with university degrees. There was no significant association between education and the receipt of institutional care. Stratifying on persons with Alzheimer's disease showed significant association between lower education and any kind of long-term care, and between income and the hours of home care. Socioeconomic inequalities in long-term care existed in this study population. Lower-educated PWD were less likely to acquire general long-term care, home care and had lower hours of home care, compared to their higher-educated counterparts. Income was not significantly associated with the receipt of long-term care.

The impact of educational attainment on the transition from nonrenewable to renewable energy use in Nigeria

This paper examines the role of education in promoting renewable energy in Nigeria based on data from 1990 to 2021 using FMOLS second-generation cointegration to estimate two proxies of renewable energy. It also examines how economic growth spurs education as a driver of energy transition and tests the energy mix hypothesis in Nigeria by employing real economic growth and the import of fossil fuels as controllable variables in a model with four education indicators. The results showed that education is vital to Nigeria's renewable energy goals. In contrast to existing studies, the study established that all types of education encourage the move from nonrenewable to renewable energy consumption in Nigeria. However, technical and university education are the most crucial in Nigeria's drive toward the adoption of renewable energy, which implies that Nigeria's energy transformation may require more than general knowledge. The paper also established that to mitigate the influence of Nigeria's low economic growth on its energy transition, a minimum critical level of at least 7% of the per capita income and 7%–9% of higher technical education must be attained consistently. The paper concludes that purchasing power measured by economic growth is more important than education for Nigeria's energy shift. However, education can mitigate the detrimental effects of economic growth on energy transition potential. Therefore, policy to promote energy transition with technical educational development and economic empowerment is needed to achieve Nigeria's energy transformation goal.

Impact of educational attainment on preventive efforts after myocardial infarction: results of the IPP and NET-IPP trials.

Educational attainment might impact secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI). The purpose of the present study was to compare the rate of risk factors and the efficacy of an intensive prevention program (IPP), performed by prevention assistants and supervised by physicians, in patients with MI and different levels of education. In this post hoc analysis of the multicenter IPP and NET-IPP trials, patients with MI were stratified into two groups according to educational attainment: no "Abitur" (no A) vs. "Abitur" or university degree (AUD). The groups were compared at the time of index MI and after 12-month IPP vs. usual care. Out of n = 462 patients with MI, 76.0% had no A and 24.0% had AUD. At the time of index, MI rates of obesity (OR 2.4; 95%CI 1.4-4.0), smoking (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.4-3.6), and physical inactivity (OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.0-2.5) were significantly elevated in patients with no A. At 12months after index MI, larger improvements of the risk factors smoking and physical inactivity were observed in patients with IPP and no A than in patients with IPP and AUD or with usual care. LDL cholesterol levels were reduced by IPP compared to usual care, with no difference between no A vs. AUD. A matched-pair analysis revealed that high baseline risk was an important reason for the large risk factor reductions in patients with IPP and no A. The study demonstrates that patients with MI and lower educational level have an increased rate of lifestyle-related risk factors and a 12-month IPP, which is primarily performed by non-physician prevention assistants, is effective to improve prevention in this high-risk cohort.

Impact of educational attainment on time to cognitive decline among marginalized older adults: Cohort study of 20,311 adults.

The effect of years of education on the maintenance of healthy cognitive functioning may differ by race and ethnicity given historical and ongoing inequities in educational quality. We examined 20,311 Black, Latinx, and White adults aged 51-100 from the Health and Retirement Study (2008-2016). Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-27 data was used to measure cognitive functioning. Generalized additive mixed models were stratified by race and ethnicity and educational attainment (≥12 vs. <12 years). Selected social determinants of health, all-cause mortality, time-varying health and healthcare utilization characteristics, and study wave were included as covariates. On average, Black and Latinx adults scored lower at baseline compared to White adults regardless of educational attainment (p < 0.001), with a significant overlap in the distributions of scores. The rate of cognitive decline was non-linear for Black, Latinx, and White adults (p < 0.001), and a period of stability was witnessed for those with higher educational attainment irrespective of race and ethnicity. Compared to Black, Latinx, and White adults with lower educational attainment, higher-educated White adults received the greatest protection from cognitive decline (13 years; 64 vs. 51), followed by Latinx (12 years; 67 vs. 55), and Black adults (10 years; 61 vs. 51). Latinx adults experienced cognitive decline beginning at a later age. The extent to which higher educational attainment protects adults from cognitive decline differs by race and ethnicity, such that higher-educated White adults received a greater benefit than higher-educated Black or Latinx adults.

Impact of educational attainment and economic globalization on obesity in adult females and males: Empirical evidence from BRICS economies.

Obesity has considerably increased since 1980 and become a global epidemic. Obesity-related health problems and the negative social and economic implications of obesity have led international institutions and countries to combat it. This study investigates the role of educational attainment and economic globalization in the global prevalence of obesity in samples of adult females and males in BRICS economies for 1990-2016 through causality and cointegration tests. The results of the causality tests reveal that educational attainment and economic globalization have a significant influence on obesity in both adult females and males in the short run. Furthermore, cointegration analysis indicates a negative effect of educational attainment on obesity in all BRICS economies in the long run, but the influence of economic globalization on obesity differs among the BRICS economies. Furthermore, the negative influence of educational attainment on obesity is revealed to be relatively higher in females than males.

Impact of Educational Attainment on Renewable Energy Use: Evidence from Emerging Market Economies

Renewable energy has become a crucial factor for circular economies, sustainable development, and the environment given the limited non-renewable energy reserves and global environmental degradation mainly resulting from non-renewable energy use. This study explores the effect of educational attainment and economic growth on renewable energy use in a sample of selected emerging markets over the 2000–2018 period through causality and cointegration analyses. Causality analysis points out a significant unidirectional causality from indicators of educational attainment and economic growth to renewable energy use. In other words, educational attainment indicators and economic growth are significant determinants of renewable energy in the short run. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis ascertains a positive influence of indicators of educational attainment and economic growth on renewable energy use in the long run. The findings of both analyses indicate that educational attainment and economic growth have a significant impact on renewable energy use in the short and long term. Therefore, the policies fostering educational attainment can be used as instruments to increase the share of renewable energy use in total energy consumption.

The impact of educational attainment, intelligence and intellectual disability on schizophrenia: a Swedish population-based register and genetic study

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is highly heterogenous and no subtypes characterizing treatment response or longitudinal course well. Cognitive impairment is a core clinical feature of SCZ and a determinant of poorer outcome. Genetic overlap between SCZ and cognitive traits is complex, with limited studies of comprehensive epidemiological and genomic evidence. To examine the relation between SCZ and three cognitive traits, educational attainment (EDU), premorbid cognitive ability, and intellectual disability (ID), we used two Swedish samples: a national cohort (14,230 SCZ cases and 3,816,264 controls) and a subsample with comprehensive genetic data (4992 cases and 6009 controls). Population-based analyses confirmed worse cognition as a risk factor for SCZ, and the pedigree and SNP-based genetic correlations were comparable. In the genotyped cases, those with high EDU and premorbid cognitive ability tended to have higher polygenetic risk scores (PRS) of EDU and intelligence and fewer rare exonic variants. Finally, by applying an empirical clustering method, we dissected SCZ cases into four replicable subgroups characterized by EDU and ID. In particular, the subgroup with higher EDU in the national cohort had fewer adverse outcomes including long hospitalization and death. In the genotyped subsample, this subgroup had higher PRS of EDU and no excess of rare genetic burdens than controls. In conclusion, we found extensive evidence of a robust relation between cognitive traits and SCZ, underscoring the importance of cognition in dissecting the heterogeneity of SCZ.

Educational Attainment Is Associated With Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the German CKD (GCKD) Cohort

IntroductionProspective data on impact of educational attainment on prognosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are scarce. We investigated the association between educational attainment and all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular (CV) events (MACEs), kidney failure requiring dialysis, and CKD etiology.MethodsParticipants (N = 5095, aged 18–74 years) of the ongoing multicenter German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) cohort, enrolled on the basis of an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30 to 60 ml/min (stages G3, A1–A3) or overt proteinuria (stages G1–G2, A3), were divided into 3 categories according to their educational attainment and were followed for 6.5 years.ResultsParticipants with low educational attainment (vs. high) had a higher risk for mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48, 95% CI: 1.16–1.90), MACE (HR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.02–1.83), and kidney failure (HR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.15–2.05). Mediators between low educational attainment and mortality were smoking, CV disease (CVD) at baseline, low income, higher body mass index, and higher serum levels of CRP, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, NGAL, BAP, NT-proBNP, OPN, H-FABP, and urea. Low educational attainment was positively associated with diabetic nephropathy (odds ratio [OR] 1.65, 95% CI: 1.36–2.0) and CKD subsequent to acute kidney injury (OR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.03–2.35), but negatively associated with IgA nephropathy (OR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.90).ConclusionLow educational attainment is associated with adverse outcomes and CKD etiology. Lifestyle habits and biomarkers mediate associations between low educational attainment and mortality. Recognition of the role of educational attainment and the associated health-relevant risk factors is important to optimize the care of patients with CKD and improve prognosis.

Attitudes towards abortion: what role do educational attainment and cultural traits play?

Education affects individual values and beliefs, mitigates prejudices and enhances open-mindedness. Additionally, education has been shown to affect cultural traits like trust and respect in societies. Building on this literature and employing an extensive individual-level cross country data from World Value Survey (WVS), we explore the role of educational attainment and cultural traits in shaping attitudes towards abortion. Our results show that higher educational attainment is associated with stronger justification of abortion as a choice. We also show that cultural traits like trust and respect enhance the association between educational attainment and attitudes towards abortion. Obedience, however, erodes the impact of educational attainment on the individual justification for abortion. Our results are robust to a wide array of controls as well as estimates taking into bias arising out of simultaneous sample selection.

Abstract 14405: Impact of Educational Attainment on All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: Findings From a National Study of US Adults

Introduction: Education is an important determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the extent to which educational attainment impacts the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality on a population level is relatively understudied. Methods: We used data from 2006-2014 National Death Index-linked National Health Interview Survey for adults ≥ 18 years. We generated age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) by levels of education (&lt; High School (HS), HS/General Education Development (GED), Some College, and &gt; College) in adults with and without CVD. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between educational attainment and all-cause and CV mortality. Results: Final sample comprised of 256,991 participants (mean age=46.3), representing ~230 million adults annually, of which 8% had ASCVD. Overall, 14.8% of participants had &lt;HS education and 27.3%, 19.9% and 38.0% had HS/GED, Some College, and &gt; College education, respectively. During a median follow-up of 4.5 (IQR: 2.5-6.8) years (1179 million person-years), all-cause and CV AAMRs were approximately 1.5 and 2 fold higher, respectively, for &lt;HS vs. &gt;College education in the CVD population and 2 fold higher in the non-CVD population ( Figure 1 ). In fully adjusted models, &lt; HS (reference= &gt;College) was associated with 20% increased risk of all-cause (HR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.07-1.35) and 40% increased risk of CV mortality (HR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.10-1.81) in the CVD population, compared to 40-45% increased risk of mortality in the non-CVD population (all-cause mortality HR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.29-1.49; CV mortality HR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.20-1.75). Similar trends were seen by race/ethnicity (data not shown). Conclusions: Lower education is an independent predictor of all-cause and CV mortality in both CVD and non-CVD populations. Efforts for integration of educational attainment into existing CV risk prediction algorithms are needed to mitigate observed socioeconomic disparities in mortality.

Causal Associations Between Educational Attainment and 14 Urological and Reproductive Health Outcomes: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Background: The impact of educational attainment (EA) on multiple urological and reproductive health outcomes has been explored in observational studies. Here we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate whether EA has causal effects on 14 urological and reproductive health outcomes.Methods: We obtained summary statistics for EA and 14 urological and reproductive health outcomes from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). MR analyses were applied to explore the potential causal association between EA and them. Inverse variance weighted was the primary analytical method.Results: Genetically predicted one standard deviation (SD) increase in EA was causally associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR) 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.25, P = 0.003] and a reduced risk of kidney stone (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.62–0.87, P < 0.001) and cystitis (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67–0.86, P < 0.001) after Bonferroni correction. EA was also suggestively correlated with a lower risk of prostatitis (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59–0.98, P = 0.037) and incontinence (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47–0.87, P = 0.004). For the bioavailable testosterone levels and infertility, sex-specific associations were observed, with genetically determined increased EA being related to higher levels of testosterone in men (β 0.07, 95% CI 0.04–0.10, P < 0.001), lower levels of testosterone in women (β −0.13, 95% CI−0.16 to−0.11, P < 0.001), and a lower risk of infertility in women (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.64–0.86, P < 0.001) but was not related to male infertility (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.52–1.20, P = 0.269) after Bonferroni correction. For bladder cancer, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and erectile dysfunction, no causal effects were observed.Conclusions: EA plays a vital role in urological diseases, especially in non-oncological outcomes and reproductive health. These findings should be verified in further studies when GWAS data are sufficient.

Consistency and Transformation of Filial Responsibility Attitudes in China: Evidence from Panel Study of Family Dynamics of 2004 and 2017

Objective: This study analyzes the trend of change and influencing factors of filial responsibility attitudes in China. Method: The study uses data of Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) conducted in three Southeast regions in China in the year 2004 and 2017. Results: This study has two major findings. First, there was no significant decline in filial responsibility attitudes over the decade in spite of aging tendency. Both Reciprocal Filial Piety (RFP) and Authoritative Filial Piety (AFP) have not declined, with similar trend to men and women. Second, factors affecting filial responsibility attitudes have changed over the 13 years, with the impact of educational attainment and employment declining, while the effect of marital status increasing. Gender heterogeneity in the process was obvious. Conclusion: This study adds to literature on filial piety in Confucian society and provides empirical evidence on the future of cross-cultural filial responsibility attitudes.

Deaths, Disparities, and Cumulative (Dis)Advantage: How Social Inequities Produce an Impairment Paradox in Later Life.

BackgroundResearch on health across the life course consistently documents widening racial and socioeconomic disparities from childhood through adulthood, followed by stabilization or convergence in later life. This pattern appears to contradict expectations set by cumulative (dis)advantage (CAD) theory. Informed by the punctuated equilibrium perspective, we examine the relationship between midlife health and subsequent health change and mortality and consider the impact of earlier socioeconomic exposures on observed disparities.MethodsUsing the Health and Retirement Study, we characterize the functional impairment histories of a nationally representative sample of 8464 older adults between 1994 and 2016. We employ nonparametric and discrete outcome multinomial logistic regression to examine the competing risks of mortality, health change, and attrition.ResultsExposures to disadvantages are associated with poorer functional health in midlife and mortality. However, a higher number of functional limitations in midlife is negatively associated with the accumulation of subsequent limitations for White men and women and for Black women. The impact of educational attainment, occupation, wealth, and marriage on later-life health differs across race and gender groups.ConclusionsObserved stability or convergence in later-life functional health disparities is not a departure from the dynamics posited by CAD, but rather a result of the differential impact of racial and socioeconomic inequities on mortality and health at older ages. Higher exposure to disadvantages and a lower protective impact of advantageous exposures lead to higher mortality among Black Americans, a pattern which masks persistent health inequities later in life.

Can increasing years of schooling reduce type 2 diabetes (T2D)?: Evidence from a Mendelian randomization of T2D and 10 of its risk factors

A focus in recent decades has involved examining the potential causal impact of educational attainment (schooling years) on a variety of disease and life-expectancy outcomes. Numerous studies have broadly revealed a link suggesting that as years of formal schooling increase so too does health and wellbeing; however, it is unclear whether the associations are causal. Here we use Mendelian randomization, an instrumental variables technique, with a two-sample design, to probe whether more years of schooling are causally linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 10 of its attendant risk factors. The results revealed a protective effect of more schooling years against T2D (odds ratio = 0.39; 95% confidence interval: 0.26, 0.58; P = 3.89 × 10–06), which in turn might be partly mediated by more years of schooling being protective against the following: having a father with T2D, being overweight, having higher blood pressure and higher levels of circulating triglycerides, and having lower levels of HDL cholesterol. More schooling years had no effect on risk for gestational diabetes or polycystic ovarian syndrome and was associated with a decreased likelihood of moderate physical activity. These findings imply that strategies to retain adults in higher education may help reduce the risk for a major source of metabolic morbidity and mortality.

The impact of educational attainment on the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus in two successive pregnancies of Finnish primiparous women: a population-based cohort study

AimsTo assess the impact of educational attainment on the occurrence and recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in two successive pregnancies in primiparous women.MethodsThis is a population-based observational cohort study including all 2347 Finnish women without previously diagnosed diabetes, aged ≥ 20 years from the city of Vantaa, Finland, who gave birth to their first and second child between 2009 and 2015. National registries provided data on study participants. We divided the population into four groups according to the presence of GDM in the two pregnancies (GDM−/−, n = 1820; GDM−/+, n = 223; GDM+/−, n = 113; GDM+/+, n = 191).ResultsThe occurrence of GDM in the first pregnancy was 13.0% (n = 304) and 17.6% (n = 414) in the second. The recurrence rate of GDM was 62.8%. The four groups did not differ in relation to educational attainment (p = 0.11). In multinomial regression analysis, educational attainment protected from GDM in the second pregnancy [relative risk ratio 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86–0.99) per year of schooling for being GDM−/+ compared with GDM−/−]. In multivariate logistics models, prepregnancy body mass index at the first pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) 1.53 per 1-standard deviation (SD) (95% CI 1.22–1.91)], first-born birth weight z-score [OR 1.30 per 1-SD (95% CI 1.00–1.67)], and inter-pregnancy weight change [OR 1.66 per 1-SD (95% CI 1.27–2.16)], but not educational attainment, predicted recurrence of GDM.ConclusionsThe recurrence rate of GDM was high. Education protected from novel GDM in the second pregnancy, but was not associated with GDM recurrence.