Impact Of Cycle Research Articles

The Impact of Macroeconomic Cycle on IPO Passing Rate

The Impact of Macroeconomic Cycle on IPO Passing Rate

Environmental perspectives of fine grounded concrete powder: LCA case study of light-weight concrete block

The construction elements produced with low demand for primary resources are being developed in the building industry. However, not only consumption of primary resources but also environmental impacts of such products should be considered to increase the sustainability of the construction industry. To investigate the environmental impacts of lightweight concrete blocks, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used as an analytical tool according to the EN 15 804 + A2. Firstly, the properties of fine grounded concrete powder (FRWC) were measured to declare functionality and potential to use of the considered product. Then, the lightweight concrete block containing FRWC was designed. The potential environmental impacts of the lightweight concrete block were assessed for the following phases: raw material production, transport of materials, production of concrete block, and end of life of the block. The considered system boundaries includes the production of fine grounded concrete powder, which was produced by recycling demolished concrete structures. The results were related to 1 tun of lightweight concrete block. Unsurprisingly, the calculated impact is mainly influenced by cement production. The total impact of the life cycle of 1 t of the lightweight block is 336 kg CO2 eq. On the other hand, the lightweight block reached better results in the comparison with the Aerated Autoclaved Concrete block in most of the categories.

Experimental analysis of improved bearing capacity in offshore foundations due to thermal consolidation

The anchoring of floating platforms is one of many processes in the oil industry that requires innovative strategies. In this respect, there is interest in developing techniques that improve the shear strength of soft soils in order to increase the bearing capacity of offshore foundations anchored in these soils. Normally consolidated clay soil is known to undergo thermal consolidation when submitted to temperature cycles. The present study aimed to assess the impact of a temperature cycle on soft kaolin clay using a reduced-scale physical model submitted to heating at maximum temperatures of 85 °C and 65 °C, followed by cooling. Variables such as pore pressure, temperature at different soil depths and displacement were monitored during the thermal cycle to better understand the phenomenon. The strength profile before and after heating was determined via T-bar tests conducted in different positions in relation to the heat source. The temperature variation increased the undrained shear strength of the soil directly proportional to the temperature applied and inversely proportional to the radial distance from the heat source, reaching improvements of 123%. In this respect, it is believed that applying a temperature cycle to normally consolidated soft clayey soil can improve the pullout capacity of offshore foundations.

The Impact of Operating Cycle on Firm’s Profitability in the Material Sector in Sri Lanka

The Impact of Operating Cycle on Firm’s Profitability in the Material Sector in Sri Lanka

The Use of Brainstorming Strategy to Improve Students’ Speaking Ability

The purpose of this study to investigate whether brainstorming strategy can improve the students’ speaking ability. The subject of research was XI IPA 2 in Academic year 2020/2021. The design of this research is classroom action research (CAR). The researcher evaluates the students’ speaking in five forms those are, Pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency and comprehension. Before doing cycle 1 the researcher gave speaking test of pre-cycle, based on the result the test in pre-cycle; the researcher gave treatments of action 1 and action 2 they are planning, implementing, observing and reflecting to see improvement of students’ speaking ability after the treatments were given. The brainstorming strategy can improve the students’ speaking ability in two cycle. Then the researcher find out there is a significance difference between the mean score of students’ speaking ability in cycle 1 (62,24) and the mean score of students’ speaking ability in cycle 2 (75,68). There is impact of cycle 2 and the result can achieve the criteria of success. By comparing the means, the researcher concluded that improvement students’ speaking ability through brainstorming strategy is an effective to develop students’ speaking skill. Therefore, English teacher are encourage to teach speaking through brainstorming strategy.

Impact of the menstrual cycle on commercial prognostic gene signatures in oestrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancer

PurposeChanges occur in the expression of oestrogen-regulated and proliferation-associated genes in oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast tumours during the menstrual cycle. We investigated if Oncotype® DX recurrence score (RS), Prosigna® (ROR) and EndoPredict® (EP/EPclin) prognostic tests, which include some of these genes, vary according to the time in the menstrual cycle when they are measured.MethodsPairs of test scores were derived from 30 ER-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative tumours sampled at two different points of the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle windows were prospectively defined as either W1 (days 1–6 and 27–35; low oestrogen and low progesterone) or W2 (days 7–26; high oestrogen and high or low progesterone).ResultsThe invasion module score of RS was lower (− 10.9%; p = 0.098), whereas the ER (+ 16.6%; p = 0.046) and proliferation (+ 7.3%; p = 0.13) module scores were higher in W2. PGR expression was significantly increased in W2 (+ 81.4%; p = 0.0029). Despite this, mean scores were not significantly different between W1 and W2 for any of the tests and the two measurements showed high correlation (r = 0.72–0.93). However, variability between the two measurements led to tumours being assigned to different risk categories in the following proportion of cases: RS 22.7%, ROR 27.3%, EP 13.6% and EPclin 13.6%.ConclusionThere are significant changes during the menstrual cycle in the expression of some of the genes and gene module scores comprising the RS, ROR and EP/EPclin scores. These did not affect any of the prognostic scores in a systematic fashion, but there was substantial variability in paired measurements.

Abstract MP21: Circadian Cycle Exaggerates Sympathoexcitatory Responses To Activation Of Chemosensitive Renal Sensory Nerves

Renal sensory nerves contribute to hypertension and renal dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Selective chemokines (e.g., bradykinin or capsaicin) activate renal sensory nerves and produce reflexive efferent sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) responses. SNA, ABP, and renal function exhibit circadian patterns; yet the impact of circadian cycle on chemosensitive responses is unknown. We hypothesized that SNA and hemodynamic responses would be greater during the active phrase or nighttime versus the inactive phase or daytime. In Inactin anesthetized rats, simultaneous renal and splanchnic SNA and ABP were measured during intrarenal arterial infusion of capsaicin or bradykinin (0.1 μM - 30.0 μM; 50 μl over 15 s) at nighttime (N; 20:00-04:00; n= 12M, 10F) versus daytime (D; 09:00-16:00; n= 8M, 8F). Baseline mean ABP was significantly elevated during nighttime (N: 104±2 mmHg; D: 97±2 mmHg, p=0.04). Intrarenal capsaicin infusion produced concentration-dependent increases in renal and splanchnic SNA. Renal SNA increased more at nighttime versus daytime at 10 μM (N: 723±136 vs D: 409±79 %; p=0.03) and 30 μM (N: 826±181 vs D: 509±80 %; p=0.03). Similarly, splanchnic SNA was greater during nighttime versus daytime at 10 μM (N: 501±117 vs D: 204±53 %, p=0.03) and 30 μM (N: 537±101 vs D: 295±68 %; p=0.03). However, ABP responses were similar between nighttime versus daytime (30uM: 7±1 vs 6±1 mmHg, respectively). Intrarenal infusion of bradykinin produced concentration-dependent increases in renal and splanchnic SNA. Renal SNA increased more at nighttime versus daytime at 10 μM (N: 1773±216 vs D: 1249±112 %; p=0.01) and 30 μM (N: 2605±263 vs D: 1783±163 %; p=0.001). Similarly, splanchnic SNA was exaggerated at nighttime versus daytime at 0.1 μM (N: 163±65 vs D: 0±0 %; p=0.02), 1.0 μM (N: 566±114 vs D: 184±52 %; p=0.005), 10 μM (N: 1110±193 vs D: 583±87 %; p=0.006) and 30 μM (N: 2008±193 vs D: 1044±162 %; p<0.001). ABP response were similar between nighttime versus daytime at 30 μM (10±2 vs 6±1 mmHg, respectively). Circadian cycle exaggerates sympathoexcitatory responses produced by chemosensitive renal sensory nerve activation.

Monetary and macroprudential policy under global financial cycle: The experience of small open economies

This review examines the impact of the global financial cycle on small open economies and compares the effectiveness of various monetary and macroprudential policies in the presence of global financial cycle. First, we provide a classification of the channels through which the monetary policy of the world financial regulators (US Federal Reserve, ECB), which largely determines the global financial cycle, is transmitted to small open economies: the channel for interest rates differential, the channel for the activities of global financial institutions, and the channel for commodity prices. Second, by analyzing the arguments of supporters and critics of the monetary policy trilemma, we show how the literature comes to the conclusion that inflation targeting policy is still one of the most optimal solutions for achieving the goals of price and macroeconomic stability but fails to ensure financial stability. The latter requires active coordination with macroprudential policy measures. These conclusions are supported by the analysis of case studies of specific countries (Russia, New Zealand, Brazil, Turkey, etc.), which attempted to mitigate negative consequences of the 2007—2009 global financial crisis.

Cash Conversion Cycle and Value of Listed Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria

This study investigated the impact of cash conversion cycle on the value of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria, with the specific objectives of determining its impact on share price and Tobin’s Q. To achieve this, panel data is applied with the use of descriptive, correlational and explanatory research design. The study hypothesised two research hypotheses and generalised least square regression is used in analysing the collected data that were extracted from the annual reports and accounts of eight listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria for the period 2006-2019. Share price and Tobin’s Q were used as proxies for value of firm. The study found that cash conversion cycle has a negative and significant impact on the value of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. In view of this finding, the study recommended, among others, that the cash conversion cycle should be reduced as reasonably possible below 365 days when the economic condition is good and vice versa when the economic situation is hard as this will enhance the value positively. It is further recommended that the individual components of cash conversion cycle, such as inventory, receivables and payables, be studied individually as net off effect exist using cash conversion cycle. JEL Classification: G31, G32

Cyber-physical system for assessing the impact of wind farms on environmental elements

The article assesses the impact of wind power plants on the components of the environment, which are compartments of complex landscape systems, taking into account a number of their parameters. A list of impact categories has been made up, which represent the load on the environment; also, for each category, the relative contribution of harmful factors has been identified, taking into account possible scenarios for waste management. For all potential impacts, using the Eco-indicator methodology, ecological profiles have been built, which made it possible to obtain the values of ecological indexes (impacts) and eco-indicators, expressed in eco-points, characterizing the impact of the wind power plant under study.
 Mathematical modeling of the processes of influence of a separate wind power plant on the subsystems and layers of compartments was carried out, according to the results of which a system of differential equations has been obtained, the input data for which are individual indexes and eco-indicators, as well as statistical information on the functioning of the elements of the hierarchical structure of compartments of a complex landscape system. The structure graphs are formalized using the Kolmogorov system of differential equations. It is proposed to study the dynamics of the structure on the basis of solving a system of differential equations using the fourth-order numerical Runge – Kutta method.
 By solving the system of equations, it is possible to study (predict) the developmental stages of a complex landscape system in dynamic and stationary modes during the impact of the life cycle of wind turbines on the subsystems and layers of their compartments, in order to optimize human activities to ensure minimal environmental impact.
 It is proposed to use the presented algorithms as a mathematical support for a cyber-physical system for studying the states of complex landscape systems and assessing the impact of wind turbines on environmental components.
 
 Keywords: cyber-physical system; renewable energy sources; complex landscape system; life cycle, ecosystem states; eco-points

Monitoring the Organic Matter Quality Highlights the Ways in Which Organic Matter Is Removed from Wetland Soil

It has long been considered that ferric phases stabilize organic matter (OM) in soils. Temporarily waterlogged soils, in which Fe is submitted to regular reductive solubilization and oxidizing precipitation, have often been used to study these processes. However, few studies have been interested in the evolution of the OM quality under such conditions. We therefore experimentally investigated the impact of a redox cycle on the quality of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) from wetland soil. The DOM quality was monitored using a combination of analyses run on the elements (%C, %N, C/N), isotopes (δ15N, δ13C), optical index (specific UV absorbance at 254 nm), and fluorescence indexes (FI, HIX, BIX). In addition, the cation and anion concentrations were also determined in the soil solutions throughout the experiment. As classically demonstrated, OM is solubilized as terrestrial aromatic molecules in the first stage of the reducing period, and then as nonaromatic molecules until the end of the reduction, in response to the dissimilatory reductive dissolution of Fe-oxyhydroxides in the soil. More interestingly, we demonstrate that the reintroduction of O2 involves significant lysis of reducing bacterial cells involving the production of small labile organic carbon which represents a significant pathway for OM degradation. Moreover, in response to the physical constraints, the newly formed Fe-OM precipitates produce small aggregates rich in aromatic OM that are expected to disseminate in the environment, representing a second significant way to remove OM.

Political cycle and the financial lending scale

ABSTRACT We study the impact of the political cycle on financial lending. The change of party secretaries every several years in the Chinese cities provides a good setting for our analysis. Empirical results indicate the scale of lending by financial institutions increased one year before and after the congress of the Chinese Communist Party and decreased during the convening year, showing political cyclicality. In addition, the size of financial lending by the cities whose party secretary’s age is over 55 is smaller than others. The results reflect the incentive to achieve promotion by stimulating economic performance is smaller for the ageing secretary.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СХИЛЬНОСТІ МОЛОДИХ ВИБОРЦІВ ДО АБСЕНТЕЇЗМУ

The article examines the problem of the political absenteeism and presents the results of a study of the psychological features of young people who have a tendency to electoral non-participation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the potential socio-psychological factors of young citizens` political abstention. The authors analyze the main political, social, cultural factors of the political absenteeism. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the causes of political passivity of young citizens (the impact of the life cycle, a narrow understanding of the policy concept, and specifics of the political socialization). The authors explore the features of the self-consciousness of the politically passive youth, in particular, it was analyzed the influence of such internal factors as a personal responsibility of the citizen, general trust to the world, a sense of control over events, their awareness of the own significance. The results of the study of socio-psychological factors of youth (18-25 years) propensity to the absenteeism are presented. The researchers found that young people prone to absenteeism are characterized by a higher level of employment (not only education but also work), the presence of unofficial income. Some of them show a certain infantilism and the financial dependence on other family members. Such young people are characterized by a higher (compared with politically active youth) degree of distrust of socio-political institutions (church, courts, President, Verkhovna Rada, Cabinet of Ministers) and an experience of dealing with corruption in various instances. Their avoidance of participation in elections is not related to cognitive factors (lack of the information about this process, candidates, etc.). They explain the reason for their non-participation in the elections by external and situational circumstances. Such respondents tend to show the political passivity, be less interested in politics, and do not show their own initiative in the public sphere. Male respondents were more prone to absenteeism. There is a clear tendency to show absenteeism among young people with distrust and alienation to the world around them, with a generally negative attitude towards controllability and fairness of events in it and a pessimistic attitude to their own "I", their self-worth, and to their own ability to manage events. In addition, respondents prone to absenteeism showed a reduced level of the personal responsibility and the dominance of the situational responsibility especially at the level of the moral-spiritual, emotional-motivational, and behavioral-volitional components of responsibility.

Impact of the behavioral Cycle on Cash Flow Formation

This study highlights the mechanisms of the behavioral cycle impact on the cash flows generation. The need to develop original approaches to the analysis of the behavioral cycle associated with the dominant behaviors change demonstrates the relevance of the research. The aim of the study is to determine the mechanism of the behavioral cycle impact on the actions of economic entities. The authors use the method of statistical analysis of the Rosstat data from 1998 to 2018 to test two hypotheses: 1. The behavioral cycle impacts the distribution of household income between consumption, savings, and investment; 2. The actions of economic entities with active behaviors do not always lead to further actions of economic entities with an adaptive and reactive type of behavior. The study examines the structure of the household income use and the dynamics of the index of expected changes in the economic situation in Russia in a year. The behavioral cycle has been shown to have a direct impact on consumption and investments. The economic actions of the entities are influenced by the formed dominant behaviors, as well as the macroeconomic conditions. The authors concluded that the behavioral cycle is not able to change the structural imbalances in the economy, however, it can increase their potential impact, since it facilitates the adoption of certain economic decisions by economic entities and largely determines the dynamics and direction of cash flows in financial markets. The behavioral cycle reflects the moods and expectations of economic entities. The behavioral cycle change occurs due to the significant actions performed by economic entities with active behaviors aimed at changing the external environment. The results of the study demonstrate the feasibility of developing countercyclical mechanisms for smoothing out socially unfavorable outcomes of the activities of economic entities at various phases of the behavioral cycle. The authors propose to monitor the phases of the behavioral cycle based on the analysis of the cash flow generation.

Methods and technologies of electroslag welding with controlled thermal cycle

Introduction. Improving the quality and operational reliability of welded structures of power equipment is an urgent task of welding production. Its solution is possible on the basis of the development or selection of advanced methods and technologies of electroslag welding (ESW), which eliminate the causes of the formation of tempering cracks (TC) in thick-plate welds. This paper considers a comparative assessment and recommendations on the selection of such advanced ESW methods. The work objectives are to solve the problem of forming a fine-grained, uniform, crack-resistant metal structure of a welded joint with high mechanical characteristics and to reduce the negative impact of the ESW thermal cycle on the base metal. The solution to this problem is possible on the basis of a reasonable choice of methods and technologies for ESW with regulated (controlled) thermal cycle. Materials and Methods. A comparative analysis of advanced methods and technologies of ESW with a controlled thermal cycle is carried out; a comparison of their pros and cons is provided; practical recommendations on the selection of advanced methods for controlling the thermal cycle parameters are offered. Results. It is shown that moderate heat input at high-speed ESW in a narrow gap provides a single pass to form a welded joint with a finer-grained structure and high mechanical properties compared to the in-house technologies of ESW and automatic submerged-arc welding. Recommendations for practical use of the method in welding production are given. Discussion and Conclusions. The results obtained are recommended to be used in the development of ESW technology for thick-sheet welded structures of nuclear and thermal power equipment that enables to abandon postwelding heat treatment (normalization and high tempering).

The Impact of Business Cycle on Health Financing: Subsidized, Voluntary and Out-of-Pocket Health Spending.

Diverse types of healthcare systems in countries offer opportunities to explore the heterogeneous sources of health financing. This paper widely explores the effect of the business cycle on subsidized, voluntary and out-of-pocket health spending in 34 countries with different types of healthcare systems, by the methodology of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). We use a panel of annual data during the years from 2000 to 2016. It further examines the business cycle-health financing mechanism by inquiring into the mediating effect of external conditions and innovative health financing, based on the structural equation modeling (SEM). The empirical results reveal that the business cycle harms subsidized spending, whereas its effect on voluntary and protective health spending is positive. Results related to the SEM indicate that the mediating effect of external conditions on the relationship between the business cycle and health financing is negative. However, we find that the business cycle plays a positive effect on health financing through innovative health financing channels. Thus, designing and implementing efforts to shift innovative health financing have substantial effects on the sustainability of healthcare systems.

Working capital management and profitability of wine firms in France: an empirical analysis

We estimated the impact of cash conversion cycle (CCC) on the return on assets of wine firms in France over the 2003-2014 period. After controlling for factors such as size, growth, tangibility and leverage, we found that CCC had a negative impact on the profitability of French wine firms, suggesting an aggressive working capital management strategy. However, there was no optimal level of CCC allowing firms to maximise their profitability. On the other hand, French wine firms should grant a payment delay to their customers while reducing the delay to sell stocked wines. They should also lengthen the payment delay to their suppliers while considering potential borrowing cost and potential discounts for early payments. A robustness check on two different sub-periods shows that the recent global financial crisis had a significant impact on the relationship between working capital management and the profitability of wine firms in France.

Life Cycle of Selected Package Waste

One of the main priorities of the EU is the rational management of packaging as part of sustainable development. The Tetra pak analyzed in this work is a popular packaging material that is used to pack liquid food, i.e. juices, milk, etc. The Tetra pak is a multilayer material consisting of several layers, bonded under the influence of temperature, without the addition of glue. These packaging are disposable, and because it is a waste that is difficult to naturally biodegrade, it is a serious problem and a threat to the environment. Due to the growing public awareness and restrictive legal conditions in the field of waste management and related environmental protection, the interest and importance of methods assessing the impact of products' life cycle on the natural environment and the human body is increasing. This assessment covers the path from obtaining raw materials to the management of waste that arose from its use. One of such methods is the management of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The article presents the analysis of the life cycle of selected packaging waste, the course of the process of formation and recycling, including multi-material packaging, Tetra pak type. In addition, possibilities of the utilisation of Tetra pak in the pyrolysis process are discussed. The basic physicochemical properties of the analysed waste were presented, as well as the calorific value of the resulting pyrolysis gas was determined. The obtained research shows that the use of pyrolysis process for the utilisation of Tetra pak allows their mass to be reduced to 72% relative to their original weight.

The Effect of an Acquirer’s Life Cycle Stage on the Performance of M&As: Evidence from Mega and Non-Mega Deals in the US

A substantial body of academic literature continues to investigate whether M&A deals create or destroy shareholdervalue and what are the main determinants of M&A performance, but the results are still inconclusive. In this paper, weinvestigate the impact of corporate life cycle on M&A performance from the perspective of acquiring firms.We shed additional light on the performance of M&A deals from the perspective of bidders’ life cycle stages and thedeal size . We single out mega deals, where activity remains upbeat, and compare their effects on M&A performancewith the effect of non-mega transactions. In contrast to previous studies in the area, we identify four life cycle stages(introduction, growth, maturity and decline), whereas the existing literature mostly focuses on three life cycle stages.Our sample includes 2413 US domestic M&A deals from 2003 to 2017, and consists of 386 mega deals and 2027 nonmega transactions. The data for analysis were obtained from Capital IQ, Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters Eikondatabases.Based on the event study method and regression analysis, we find that stock market reaction is positive for M&A deals inthe US and this reaction is more favourable for non-mega acquisitions than for mega M&A deals. We show that nonmega deals outperform mega transactions for acquirers at the introduction and growth stages of the business life cycle.Our results also indicate that benefits for shareholders from acquiring firms decrease on average with the lifecycle of anorganisation, but the returns for shareholders are positive in both cases. By contrast, in mega deals, shareholders receivenegative returns when the acquiring firm is at introductory life cycle stage.The scientific novelty of this paper is reflected in our contribution and expansion of the scope of research in this field.There is a relative scarcity of analysis examining M&A deals from the perspective of life cycle stage, and our addition of afourth category of analysis in this area, along with a focus on the value of the deal, expands the range of methodology forfuture research. This research is open to further expansion in different markets and our methodology is readily adaptablefor the addition of further analytical variables. Importantly, with the validation of our research hypotheses and theconfirmation of significant results, we provide a useful new tool for managers and professionals engaged in M&A dealsto actively gauge and forecast practical implications of their deals.

Impact of the academic calendar cycle on survival outcome of injured patients: a retrospective cohort study at a community emergency department in Japan

BackgroundCommencement of a new academic cycle is presumed to be associated with poor patient outcomes. However, supportive evidence is limited for trauma patients treated in under-resourced hospitals, especially those who require specialized interventions and with little physiological reserve. We examined whether a new academic cycle affects the survival outcomes of injured patients in a typical Japanese teaching hospital.MethodsThis historical cohort study was conducted at a Japanese community emergency department (ED). All injured patients brought to the ED from April 2002 to March 2018 were included in the analysis. The primary exposure was presentation to the ED during the first quartile of the academic cycle (April–June). The primary outcome measure was the hospital mortality rate.ResultsOf the 20,945 eligible patients, 5282 (25.2%) were admitted during the first quartile. In the univariable analysis, the hospital mortality rate was similar between patients admitted during the first quartile of the academic year and those admitted during the remaining quartiles (4.1% vs. 4.4%, respectively; odds ratio [OR], 0.931; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.796–1.088). After adjusting for the potential confounding factors of the injury severity score, age, sex, Glasgow coma scale score, systolic blood pressure, trauma etiology (blunt or penetrating), and admission phase (2002–2005, 2006–2009, 2010–2013, and 2014–2018), no statistically significant association was present between first-quartile admission and trauma death (adjusted OR 0.980; 95% CI 0.748–1.284). Likewise, when patients were subgrouped according to age of > 55 years, injury severity score of > 15, Glasgow coma scale score of < 9, systolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg, requirement for doctor car system dispatches, emergency operation, emergency endotracheal intubation, and weekend and night presentation, no significant associations were present between first-quartile admission and hospital mortality in both the univariable and multivariable analysis.ConclusionsAt a community hospital in Japan, admission at the beginning of the academic year was not associated with an increased risk of hospital mortality among trauma patients, even those requiring specialized interventions and with little physiological reserve. Our results support the uniformity of trauma care provision throughout the academic cycle in a typical Japanese trauma system.