Impact Of Computers Research Articles

Developing standards for computerized psychological testing

The growth of computerized psychological testing (CPT) requires that we analyze its ethical and legal ramifications. The response of the legal community and the profession of psychology is reviewed. There are potential problems with the administration of tests by computer, especially the interpretation of computer-administered tests with norms and validity data from paper-and-pencil administrations, and the impact of computerization on certain test-taker groups and item types. Criteria for assessing the adequacy of classification systems used to assign people to interpretive statements, and the validity of computer-generated reports, are analyzed. CPT users should review reports and developers should disclose the rationale underlying interpretations. Not only the scientific merit, but also the fairness and efficiency of CPT will determine whether its potential is fully realized.

Assessing the computer's impact: Professional concerns

The greatest impetus for the computerization of practice in psychology will come from the rapidly changing health climate that will foster the formation of Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs). These new mental health care delivery models will rely heavily on computerization. The dangers inherent are illustrated by several studies indicating that in spite of well-conducted reliability and validity studies, the effects of computerization on practice can be negative and thereby reduce quality care. The criterion of efficacy in practice must be added to that of efficiency of practice before technology can be accepted into a mental health care delivery system.

Intellectual Assembly Lines: The Rationalization of Managerial, Professional, and Technical Work

This paper examines recent trends in computer technology in the context of the theoretical argument that intellectual labor is being subjected to the same processes of rationalization and control that affected manual labor during the industrial revolution. It is argued that expert systems and other products of knowledge engineering are being developed as mechanisms to rationalize and mechanize the mental labor of individuals in technical, professional, and managerial occupations. Because there are at present very few applications of "intelligent" software, empirical evidence of their effects is meager. However, debates about the impact of computerization on the labor process must take into account the theoretical potential for automating expert knowledge, professional judgment, and managerial decision-making.

The impact of computerisation on work and society

This paper examines the impact that new information processing technologies have had on people in their working lives in the recent past and some implications for future trends that are affecting the concept and nature of 'work', particularly in developed societies. Within this framework, an overview of the impact of computensation, as one of the most powerful technologies affecting work is covered in its relation to employ ment, unemployment, job obsolescence and other personnel related matters. In doing so, it hopes to clarify a number of issues that have necessarily been of concern to the ordinary man.

Computer systems planning, development, and impact assessment

In this final installment of a 12-article series on managing computer systems for the hospital pharmacy department, contemporary issues related to the topic of the series are discussed. Assessment of institutional strategy for acquiring systems and determining the departmental direction is reviewed. The far-reaching impact of computerization on personnel staffing and job functions is discussed. The results of a telephone survey of 23 pharmacy computer system vendors that had at least one installation of a unit dose and i.v. admixture system are also presented. Because of the current and future widespread use of computers, pharmacists must acquire knowledge of computer systems.

The Computer's Impact on Mathematics: Numerical and Monte Carlo Methods

Interesting computer methods for computing a definite integral are presented. High school or junior college students, as well as teachers of mathematics, should find this article worthwhile.

A Practitioner's Primer on Computer-Generated Evidence

Few, if any, inventions have had as great an impact on society as the computer.' The computer has permitted and, if correctly understood and properly used, will continue to permit geometric progress in ali fields of endeavor; the potential result is more efficient use and more equitable allocation of resources and great advances in science and industry. Used improperly, the computer could lead to a destruction of individual privacy and the ultimate police state.2 Although we are only at the dawn of the computer age, the computer has already affected virtually every aspect of our lives.8 As the use of the computer further develops, the impact of computerization on the legal profession will be widespread, reaching all facets of legal practice. The