Impact Of Air Pollution Research Articles

Unseen crisis: Revealing the hidden health impact of indoor air pollution—A scoping review

Indoor air pollution presents a critical public health challenge, particularly in countries such as India, where millions are exposed to harmful pollutants within their homes and workplaces. This scoping review delves into the multifaceted impacts of indoor air pollution on health outcomes, synthesizing evidence from various study designs and geographical regions A scoping review was conducted. Drawing on a comprehensive search strategy, which yielded 320 records, wherein 120 in PubMed, 108 in Web of Science, and 92 in SCOPUS. Ten studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, totaling a sample size of 37,43166 individuals. The synthesis of findings from the selected studies reveals the multifaceted impact of indoor air pollution on health status. Respiratory symptoms and illnesses were found to be prevalent among individuals exposed to indoor pollutants, with biomass fuel combustion posing a particularly high risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women. In addition, indoor air pollution was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system impacts, cognitive impairment, and developmental delays. Urgent action is needed to reduce indoor air pollution, safeguard health, and promote cleaner technologies for healthier indoor environments. Vulnerable populations, such as women, children, and the elderly, are disproportionately affected by indoor pollutants, highlighting the importance of targeted interventions and policies.

Impact of air pollution on mortality: Geo-epidemiological study in French-speaking Africa

According to the World Health Organization, air pollution is responsible for 90 % of deaths in Africa. However, limited data on exposure to air pollution is available, and studies are rare, particularly in French-speaking Africa. This study aims to investigate the impact of air pollution on mortality in 12 French-speaking African countries (Algeria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, Tunisia). Using data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), annual concentrations of the PM2.5 pollutant from different cities were integrated into a spatial interpolation model (IDW) at the scale of each country. The interpolation was validated using cross-validation models. For each of the considered cardiorespiratory diseases (LRI, stroke, COPD, IHD), the attributable mortality fraction was estimated using literature data and population exposure calculated using demographic data from each country. Large variations in ambient PM2.5 concentration between the 12 countries are observed, with concentrations ranging from 1.76 μg/m3 in Morocco to 64.99 μg/m3 in Cameroon. Concentrations are higher in West Africa than in Central or North Africa. In 2019, 136 457 deaths attributable to air pollution were recorded in the 12 countries: 40.8 % from ischemic heart disease, 38.5 % from stroke, 13.2 % from lower respiratory infections and 7.5 % from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Our model allowed us to obtain a spatial distribution and the number of deaths related to air pollution. However, the estimation of the health impact from air pollution could be improved by more systematic and comprehensive local exposure assessments from a robust air quality monitoring system.

Modelling of Glass Soiling Due to Air Pollution Exposure at Urban and National Scales: Coimbra (Portugal) Case Study

Impacts of air pollution are not limited to human health and ecosystems, but are also important for building materials. The main objective of this study is the quantification and mapping of air pollution effects on the materials, namely the soiling effect of modern glass. An integrated modelling approach was implemented to quantify and analyze the spatial distribution of glass soiling due to exposure to air pollution. The methodology is based on an integrated modelling approach (transportation-emissions-dispersion modelling) applied with high spatial resolution for Coimbra (Portugal) urban area and compared with national scale modelling, showing the important contribution of local pollution sources affecting spatial variability in the soiling effect. Air quality data from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) were used to quantify the soiling effect at national scale. The results are presented and analyzed in terms of haze. The results obtained at national scale suggest that the average time to reach a 1% haze is 320 days, and this time is reduced to 180 days in the most affected areas. However, urban scale modelling applied with a detailed characterization of local pollution sources in Coimbra provides significantly different results and reveals that in the most affected areas, near road traffic, 1% haze could be reached in approximately 80 days. The methodology proposed and implemented in this study provides relevant information for the maintenance and preservation of building materials and highlights the importance of integrated modelling with high spatial resolution for the assessment of the soiling effect in the built environment.

Air pollution and the digital transformation

This paper examines whether air pollution increases the digital transformation of companies. Using observations of 18,101 firm-years from China over 2014-2021, we find a positive relation between air pollution and firms’ digital transformation. Our findings are robust to a battery of endogeneity tests and robustness tests. Moreover, the impact of air pollution on digital transformation is more responsive to companies that are labor-intensive, generate lower profits per capita, and pay less per capita. Additional analysis shows that digital transformation to combat air pollution can increase total factor productivity in companies. In general, we emphasize that companies mitigate the negative impact of air pollution on the productivity of their workforce and labour costs through digital transformation.

Impact of Indoor Air Pollutants on the Cardiovascular Health Outcomes of Older Adults: Systematic Review.

Indoor air pollution accounts for approximately 3.8 million inopportune deaths annually at global level. Due to spending more time indoors, children and older adults are especially susceptible to the health risks of indoor air pollution. This review seeks to summarise existing knowledge on the cardiovascular health effects of three common indoor air pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), focusing on older adults. We systematically reviewed the literature (PROSPERO CRD42024479220) on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase. The search yielded 20,914 records. Two independent reviewers screened the articles using titles, abstracts, and full-length articles written in English. Upon a detailed assessment of all the records, the review considered 38 full-length articles. Several studies reported mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, increased hospitalisation and increased emergency room visits due to exposure to indoor air pollution. A few studies reported arrhythmias, hypertension and Ischaemic heart disease due to exposure to indoor air pollutants. The increased mortality, morbidity, hospitalization, and emergency rooms visits resulting from indoor air pollution associated CVDs makes indoor air pollution a health risk for older adults. There is, therefore, a need to synthesize information on studies relate d to how the selected indoor air pollutants affected the cardiovascular health of older adults.

Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and preterm birth in Brazil

Ambient air pollution is a significant environmental risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth. However, the impact of different pollutants across various regions and trimesters of pregnancy has not been fully investigated in Brazil. This study aimed to examine the associations between exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 during different trimesters of pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth across five regions of Brazil. We used logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of preterm birth associated with PM2.5, NO2, and O3 adjusting for potential confounders such as maternal age, education, and socioeconomic status. Our study included over 9.9 million live births from 2001 to 2018, with data obtained from the Ministry of Health in Brazil. On average, for each 1-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, we estimated a 0.26 % (95 % CI: 0.08–0.44 %) increase in the risk of preterm birth nationally in the first trimester. For NO2, each 1ppb increase was associated with a percentage increase in preterm birth risk of 7.26 % (95 % CI: 4.77–9.74 %) in the first trimester, 8.05 % (95 % CI: 5.73–10.38 %) in the second trimester, and 7.48 % (95 % CI: 5.25–9.72 %) in the third trimester. For O3, each 1ppb increase was associated with a percentage increase in preterm birth risk of 1.24 % (95 % CI: 0.29–2.18 %) in the first trimester, 1.51 % (95 % CI: 0.60–2.41 %) in the second trimester, and 0.72 % (95 % CI: −0.18–1.62 %) in the third trimester. This study highlights the significant impact of ambient air pollution on preterm birth risk in Brazil, with significant regional variations. Our findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions to mitigate the effects of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes, particularly in the most affected regions.

Ambient air pollution and low birth weight in Brazil: A nationwide study of more than 10 million births between 2001 and 2018

Low birth weight (LBW) is a global health concern. While it is commonly associated with maternal health and behavior, exposure to ambient air pollution, can also play a role in contributing to LBW. In Brazil, where diverse environmental conditions and regional disparities exist, assessing the impact of ambient air pollution on LBW becomes particularly pertinent. To our knowledge, there is a gap in the existing literature, as no previous study has specifically investigated the relationship between ambient air pollution and LBW nationwide in Brazil. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the association between ambient air pollution and LBW in each trimester of pregnancy across the Brazilian states. In this work, birth data from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2018 has been used. We utilized logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for low birth weight (LBW) associated with ambient air pollution (PM2.5, NO2, and O3) during each trimester of pregnancy (1st to 3rd trimester) across all 27 Brazilian states in our nationwide case-control study. We adjusted our model for several variables, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, and socioeconomic status (SES) variables at the individual level. We also conducted effect modification analyses by infant sex, mother's age, and the number of prenatal visits. Our study comprises over 10,213,144 birth records nationwide. Of these, 479,204 (4.92%) infants were included as cases of LBW. Our results indicate positive associations between PM2.5 and LBW, mainly in the Southern region. For example, in the state of Santa Catarina (South region), ORs were 1.003 (95% CI: 1.002, 1.004), 1.003 (95% CI: 1.002, 1.004), and 1.005 (95% CI: 1.003, 1.007) for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters of exposure, respectively. NO2 had a robust association with LBW in the Northern and Northeastern states, including the state of Amapá (North region, where the Amazon Forest is located) with ORs of 1.377 (95% CI: 1.010, 1.878), 1.390 (95% CI: 1.020, 1.894), and 1.747 (95% CI: 1.297, 2.352) for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters of exposure, respectively. Similarly, O3 had a robust association in the North and Midwest states, as observed in the state of Amapá with ORs of 1.033 (95% CI: 1.012, 1.054), and 1.033 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.053) for the 2nd, and 3rd trimesters, respectively. In the stratified analysis, boys were more vulnerable than girls, and the lower number of prenatal visits was associated with higher OR. Our findings are essential to the development of guidelines to prevent maternal exposure and protection of newborns in Brazil. This study provides valuable insights for region-specific strategies to improve maternal and neonatal health.

Gobi wind blows housing price away: Willingness to pay for clean air in China

Economists often reply on housing market to investigate the willingness to pay for clean air, while potential endogeneity concerns pose challenges. This paper proposes an identification strategy based on the Gobi Desert dust storm, providing suitable instrumental variable for hedonic models at the house-day level in East Asia. We exploit within-Beijing and over-time variation in air pollution caused by dust storm and find that after addressing endogeneity issues, the negative impact of air pollution on housing prices strengthened nearly fivefold. Buyers in Beijing are willing to pay an additional 7.9% in housing prices for a decrease of PM10 by 100 μg/m³, indicating that the benefits of air pollution improvement in Beijing over the past decade are more than 1.5 trillion yuan in the housing market. This paper also reveals that an increase in air pollution leads sellers to exhibit a higher willingness to sell, reflecting in lower listing prices, heightened bargaining power for buyers, and a shorter transaction cycle.

Air pollution and the mystery of high household savings in China

Despite consumption being a key measure of residential welfare, the relationship of the residential savings rates, an inverse proxy for household consumption, with air pollution is unclear. This study empirically examines the impact of air pollution on household savings rates, and the underlying mechanism. The results reveal that worsening air pollution significantly increases household savings rates; this finding holds under alternative variable specifications and employing instrumental variables to address endogeneity issues. The mechanism analysis demonstrates that air pollution enhances household savings rates through health risks. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that in developed areas with more comprehensive public medical service systems, the positive effect of air pollution on household savings rates weakens in second-tier cities and above as well as in high-income areas. Furthermore, improvements in commercial insurance coverage mitigates the positive effect of air pollution on household savings rates. Overall, this study explains the high savings phenomenon among Chinese households from an environmental perspective. The Chinese government should encourage the use of renewable energy, improve air pollution control, and reduce the inhibitory effects of air pollution on residential consumption.

The Socioeconomic Impact of Air Pollution on Urban Communities in Asia: A Review of Empirical Evidence

The Socioeconomic Impact of Air Pollution on Urban Communities in Asia: A Review of Empirical Evidence

ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN ASTANA: COMPARISON OF POLLUTANT LEVELS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH

This study presents an in-depth analysis of air quality in Astana, Kazakhstan, utilizing both mobile and stationary air monitoring systems over a two-year period. The research focuses on tracking key air pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), providing a comparative assessment of seasonal trends and the sources of pollution, which include transportation, industrial emissions, and domestic heating during the cold season. The study emphasizes the significance of monitoring systems in urban environments to understand better the impact of air pollution on public health and the effectiveness of sustainable interventions. One of the major insights from this research is the comparison between seasonal variations in pollutant levels and the city's transition toward sustainable energy practices, such as increased gasification and the use of electric transportation, which has already demonstrated a positive impact on reducing emissions during peak heating periods. The results show that while Astana has improved air quality, air pollution remains a concern, especially in winter due to the increased use of solid fuel. This paper emphasizes the importance of real-time data from mobile sensors and suggests their wider use to complement stationary sensors for better monitoring. In addition to pollutant tracking, the study delves into the health implications of prolonged exposure to air pollutants, particularly in urban areas. The study concludes by advocating for expanded use of mobile monitoring systems and advanced data analytics to provide actionable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and public health officials.

Retraction Note: The impact of air pollution on commercial health insurance demand amidst China's green transition

Retraction Note: The impact of air pollution on commercial health insurance demand amidst China's green transition

INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE CONDITION AND SILICA SAND ON FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF WIND TURBINE BRAKE SYSTEM

Major drive train parts for the horizontal wind turbines including the gearbox, generator, and brake system have very high repair and replacement costs and take a long time to complete. This paper investigates the impact of environmental air pollution on drivetrain tribology behaviors. Experimental research of the wind turbine's drive train system is simulated and investigated. The mechanical brake system of wind turbines is the subject of one case study chosen for this research paper. This research paper is examined how impurities affect the friction coefficient of the brake on wind turbines. According to the findings, the friction coefficient rises with each increase in wind turbine shaft speed. Also, it has been discovered that the size of the contaminants' particles significantly affects the friction coefficient. Furthermore, the findings may offer helpful insights of the drive train system that as humidity increased from 30 mm3 to 90 mm3, the coefficient of friction significantly decreased.

Association of residential air pollution and green space with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in individuals with diabetes: an 11-year prospective cohort study

To assess the long-term impact of residential air pollution and green space exposure on cause-specific mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study includes 174,063 participants newly diagnosed with T2DM from a prospective cohort in Shanghai, China, enrolled between 2011 and 2013. Residential annual levels of air pollutants, including fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), along with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were derived from satellite-based exposure models. During a median follow-up of 7.9 years (equivalent to 1,333,343 person-years), this study recorded 22,205 deaths. Higher exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with increased risks for all mortality outcomes, whilst PM2.5-10 showed no significant impacts. The strongest associations of PM2.5 were observed for diabetes with peripheral vascular diseases [hazard ratio (HR): 2.70; per 10μg/m3 increase] and gastrointestinal cancer (2.44). Effects of NO2 became significant at concentrations exceeding approximately 45μg/m³, with the highest associations for lung cancer (1.20) and gastrointestinal cancer (1.19). Conversely, each interquartile range increase in NDVI (0.10) was linked to reduced mortality risks across different causes, with HRs ranging from 0.76 to 1.00. The association between greenness and mortality was partly and significantly mediated by reduced PM2.5 (23.80%) and NO2 (26.60%). There was a significant and negative interaction between NO2 and greenness, but no interaction was found between PM2.5 and greenness. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of individuals with T2DM to the adverse health effects of air pollution and emphasise the potential protective effects of greenness infrastructure. The 6th Three-year Action Program of Shanghai Municipality for Strengthening the Construction of Public Health System (GWVI-11.1-22), the National Key Research and Development Program (2022YFC3702701), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82030103, 82373532).

The Influence of Biocementation on the Compressive Strength of Fireless Bricks

Waste sludge from the Water Treatment Plant (IPA) is used as an additive in the manufacture of environmentally friendly bricks to reduce river pollution. In the process of making these bricks, clay is mixed with sewage sludge at 15% of the total weight of clay. In addition, to reduce the impact of air pollution, the bricks were not burned. This research emphasizes the importance of using environmentally friendly alternative materials in brick production. Bacillus Huizhouensis bacteria was applied to strengthen bricks with variations of bacteria concentration of 8%, as well as bacterial culture age variations of 8 hours, 10 hours, and 15 hours. After the bricks were matured for 14 days, the test results showed that bricks using 8% bacterial solution with 10 hours of culture increased by 70.65% to 1.57 MPa, compared to normal bricks of 0.92 MPa. So that bricks with 8% bacteria with a culture age of 10 hours with a period of 14 days have a higher value than normal bricks.

Time Series Forecasting of Air Quality Index in Lahore : A Machine Learning Perspective with Facebook Prophet Model

This research investigates the rising problem of air pollution, which is a serious issue affecting people's health and the environment on a global scale. Focusing on Lahore, Pakistan, a city facing severe pollution, the research examines the Air Quality Index (AQI) from May 2019 to December 2023. Using the Facebook Prophet model for time-series forecasting, the analysis reveals trends at monthly, weekly, and hourly intervals. Peak AQI concentrations are identified in winter months, notably December and January, aligning with hazardous smog levels. Weekly trends show minimum AQI on weekends, particularly Saturday and Sunday. The hourly trend points to peak AQI concentrations between 7:00 and 09:00 AM, correlating with morning traffic and emphasizing the role of vehicular emissions in air quality degradation. These forecasts are crucial for anticipating and mitigating the adverse impact of air pollution on human health. This research underscores the critical need for comprehensive strategies to address air pollution, acknowledging the Lahore High Court and Government's initiatives, such as artificial rain experimentation, closure of commercial markets by 10 PM, ban on cutting trees and smoke-emitting vehicles. In summary, this research significantly contributes to understanding and tackling the increasingly urgent challenges associated with air quality.

Implementation of An Application-Based Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Level Detection System

Currently, air conditions on earth are getting worse over time due to the impact of air pollution. One example of air pollution is motor vehicle exhaust emissions. Exhaust gas emissions are the result of combustion residue in motor vehicle engines that use fuel. Motor vehicle exhaust emissions contain carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide gas (CO2) which have a negative impact on the environment and living creatures. This research will create a motor vehicle exhaust emission detection device. In this design, an Arduino microcontroller was used and the manufacture of this tool used an MQ-7 gas sensor to detect carbon monoxide (CO) gas, an MQ-2 sensor to detect hydrocarbon gas (HC), and an MQ-135 to detect carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The emission test results will be sent to the application, this data includes plate number, vehicle type, vehicle brand, vehicle year and emission test results. The results of the carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensor calibration test taken from 5 data showed an error of 5.51%. The results of the hydrocarbon (HC) gas sensor calibration test taken from 5 data showed an error of 4.23%. The results of the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas sensor calibration test taken from 5 data showed an error of 1.06%. In the implementation of the tool and application, the test results were obtained for 15 vehicles. Where the highest hydrocarbon (HC) gas content value was 412 ppm, the highest carbon monoxide (CO) gas content value was 1.48%, and the highest carbon dioxide (CO2) gas content value was 21.4%.

Impact of the Lung Microbiota on Development and Progression of Lung Cancer.

The past several years have provided a more profound understanding of the role of microbial species in the lung. The respiratory tract is a delicate ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Detecting microbial DNA, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and metabolites in sputum is poised to revolutionize the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The longitudinal monitoring of the lung microbiome holds the potential to predict treatment response and side effects, enabling more personalized and effective treatment options. However, most studies into the lung microbiota have been observational and have not adequately considered the impact of dietary intake and air pollutants. This gap makes it challenging to establish a direct causal relationship between environmental exposure, changes in the composition of the microbiota, lung carcinogenesis, and tumor progression. A holistic understanding of the lung microbiota that considers both diet and air pollutants may pave the way to improved prevention and management strategies for lung cancer.

Causal effect of air pollution on the risk of brain health and potential mediation by gut microbiota

ObjectiveEpidemiologic investigations have examined the correlation between air pollution and neurologic disorders and neuroanatomic structures. Increasing evidence underscores the profound influence of the gut microbiota on brain health. However, the existing evidence is equivocal, and a causal link remains uncertain. This study aimed: to determine if there is a causal connection between four key air pollutants, and 42 neurologic diseases, and 1325 distinct brain structures; and to explore the potential role of the gut microbiota in mediating these associations. MethodsUnivariable Mendelian randomization (UVMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) models were deployed to estimate the causal impact of air pollutants (including particulate matter [PM] with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 μm [PM2.5], and <10 μm [PM10]; PM2.5 absorbance; and nitrogen oxides [NOx]) on brain health through various Mendelian randomization methodologies. Lastly, the mediating role of the gut microbiome in the connections between the identified pollutants and neurologic diseases and brain structures was systematically examined. ResultsThe potential causal associations of PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10, and exposure to NOx, with the risks of intracerebral hemorrhage, hippocampal perivascular spaces, large artery strokes, generalized epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, anorexia nervosa, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and 420 brain structures, were investigated by UVMR analysis. Following adjustment for air pollutants by MVMR analysis, the genetic correlations between PM10 exposure and PTSD and multiple sclerosis remained significant and robust. Importantly, we observed that phylum Lentisphaerae may mediate the association between PM10 and multiple sclerosis. Additionally, PM2.5 absorbance with a greater risk of reduced thickness in the left anterior transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl and a decreased area in the right sulcus intermedius primus of Jensen, mediated by genus Senegalimassilia and genus Lachnospiraceae UCG010, respectively. Finally, we provided evidence that Clostridium innocuum and genus Ruminococcus2 may partly mediate the causal effect of NOx on altered thickness in the left transverse temporal cortex and area in the right sulcus intermedius primus of Jensen, respectively. ConclusionThis study established a genetic connection between air pollution and brain health, implicating the gut microbiota as a potential mediator in the relationship between air pollution, neurologic disorders, and altered brain structures.

Study on the Precise Evaluation of Environmental Impacts of Air Pollution in Cold Regions Using the Cost Control Method

Objective: With the acceleration of industrialization, air pollution has become a global environmental issue, particularly in cold regions where the unique climatic and geographical conditions give rise to distinctive types of air pollution and impacts. Considering the economic evaluation of environmental damage is crucial for effective pollution control policies, this study aims to provide a more precise environmental damage assessment method through the Improved Virtual Control Cost Method (IVCCM) to optimize air pollution governance strategies in cold regions. Method: This study utilizes a case study of a major company producing methanol and coal-based natural gas, where the emissions from the boiler exhaust exceeded the prescribed standards for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides during a specific period. By employing a segmented counting approach that accounts for downtime, precise calculations were conducted for the actual periods of excess emissions. Adjustments were made to the calculation coefficients within the Virtual Control Cost Method to more accurately reflect the ecological damage caused by air pollution. Results: The IVCCM calculations revealed that the total environmental loss caused by the company’s excessive air pollution emissions amounted to USD 1.6844 million, significantly lower than the original calculation method (USD 2.1885 million). Specifically, the environmental losses due to particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides were USD 0.0032 million, USD 0.3600 million, and USD 1.3212 million, respectively. Conclusions: The IVCCM enables a more precise assessment and prediction of ecological environmental damage caused by air pollution in cold regions. Compared to traditional methods, it effectively reduces assessment costs, mitigates disputes arising from unclear parameter values and calculation methods, and facilitates the development of more rational environmental protection policies and measures.