Impact Of Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Effects of various exercise types on inflammatory response in individuals with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

To explore effective exercise types for reducing chronic inflammation in individuals with overweight and obesity (IOO) while accounting for confounders. A systematic search for RCTs in English between January 2000 and August 2023 was conducted to evaluating exercise effects on inflammatory biomarkers in IOO. A network meta-analysis conducted. A total of 123 RCTs were analyzed. Different exercise type yielded distinct effects on various inflammatory biomarkers. Specifically, aerobic exercise combined with resistance training (COM) and aerobic exercise (AE) were the most effective for improving leptin levels. AE exhibited the greatest effectiveness in reducing CRP and increasing adiponectin. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) was identified as the most effective exercise modality for ameliorating IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10. Resistance training (RT) had the least effect compared to other exercise types. Meta regression and subgroup analyses revealed that high-intensity AE demonstrated a greater effect size compared to moderate-intensity AE. The impact of AE on IL-10 was positively associated with both the training period and the age of participants. Positive correlations were observed between reductions in body fat and the effect sizes of CRP, TNF-α, and IL-10. Gender influenced AE effects on IL-6 and TNF-α, with females responding better. This study highlights the potential of exercise in alleviating the inflammatory status in IOO, with different exercise types showing various effects on specific inflammatory biomarkers. The intensity and duration of exercise had a dose-response relationship with intervention effectiveness. Changes in body composition correlated with the effectiveness of the intervention. COM, AE, and HIIT are recommended exercise approaches.

Impact of home-based exercise on residual kidney function in patients initiating peritoneal dialysis: A feasibility multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Although the impact of aerobic exercise (AE) and resistance training (RT) on peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is well established, the impact of exercise programs on residual kidney function (RKF) has not been elucidated. Patients were randomly assigned to either the exercise (n = 25) or control groups (n = 30). Patients in the exercise group performed AE three times a week and RT twice a week at home for 24 weeks. The control group did not receive any specific intervention. The primary outcome was RKF, assessed by residual glomerular filtration rate (rGFR). Secondary outcomes included urinary protein levels, distance covered in the incremental shuttle walking test (ISWT), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) percentages. Linear mixed-effects models showed no significant changes in mean rGFR between the exercise and control groups at 12 weeks (-0.40; 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.17, 1.36; p = 0.65) and at 24 weeks (0.65; 95% CI: -1.15, 2.45; p = 0.48). There was a trend toward improvement in mean urinary protein level and ISWT results, and a significant decrease in mean HbA1c percentage at 24 weeks in the exercise group (-1.07, 95% CI: -2.29, 0.15, p = 0.09; 37.7, 95% CI: -10.1, 85.5, p = 0.12; -0.57, 95% CI: -0.97, -0.18, p = 0.005, respectively) compared to the control group. The 24-week home-based exercise program did not demonstrate beneficial effects on RKF in incident PD patients. Nonetheless, it may have an impact on reducing urinary protein levels and HbA1c percentages.

Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Physical Health, Cardiorespiratory Parameters, and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Children With Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) in children poses significant challenges to their physical health and overall well-being. While aerobic exercise (AE) has been extensively studied in managing DM, its role remains underexplored in the pediatric population. This narrative review aims to systematically evaluate the impact of AE on physical health, cardiorespiratory parameters, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children with DM. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies examining AE interventions in children with DM. The review assessed the effects on physical health, cardiorespiratory fitness, and HRQoL, utilizing more commonly used HRQoL tools, such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). A total of eight studies with 589 participants were included in the review. The mean age of participants was 12.4 ± 2.8 years. Evidence indicates positive influences on cardiorespiratory parameters, including improved endothelial function, increased aerobic capacity, and better blood pressure control. HRQoL assessments reveal improved self-esteem, mood, and overall well-being, attributed to the physical and psychological benefits of regular exercise. AE holds significant potential as an adjunctive therapy to improve physical health, cardiorespiratory parameters, and HRQoL in children with DM. The comprehensive evaluation of social, psychological, and physical effects using HRQoL tools, such as PedsQL, and other factors, such as independent functioning, underscores the importance of integrating AE into diabetes management plans.

The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Autonomic Functions in Patients withChronic Kidney Disease-A Randomized Control Trial

The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Autonomic Functions in Patients withChronic Kidney Disease-A Randomized Control Trial

Impact of aerobic exercise with music on the emotional intelligence of teachers training program students

Impact of aerobic exercise with music on the emotional intelligence of teachers training program students

The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Athletic Performance in Recovered and Uninfected COVID-19 Athletes during Post-COVID-19 Period

Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced athletes worldwide. Objectives: This research aims to investigate the effects of a 4-week aerobic exercise program on athletic performance in both recovered and uninfected COVID-19 athletes during the post-COVID-19 period. Methods: Fourteen male student-athletes aged 18 - 25 years from Imam Khomeini International University participated in this study. The participants comprised 7 recovered COVID-19 athletes and 7 athletes with no prior COVID-19 infection. The study employed a pre-test/post-test design conducted in 2 phases. During the pre and post-test phases, participants underwent baseline assessments of athletic performance, including maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and anaerobic power. Subsequently, the participants engaged in a 4-week aerobic exercise intervention. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes within groups were compared using paired t-tests, while independent t-tests were utilized for comparisons between the recovered COVID-19 athlete group and the uninfected athlete group. Results: Independent t-tests demonstrated significant increases in VO2 max and peak power after 4 weeks of aerobic exercise in both the recovered COVID-19 group (P = 0.001, P = 0.0001) and the uninfected COVID-19 group (P = 0.012, P = 0.001). However, dependent t-tests revealed a significant difference between the recovered COVID-19 group and the uninfected COVID-19 group in the post-test of VO2 max (P = 0.044) and peak power (P = 0.001). Conclusions: This study indicates that a 4-week aerobic exercise regimen can improve athletic performance in both recovered and uninfected COVID-19 athletes. However, recovered COVID-19 athletes exhibited a notably slower rate of improvement compared to their uninfected counterparts. Therefore, it is recommended that, in addition to aerobic exercise, recovered athletes integrate supplementary strategies to optimize their return-to-sport timeline and maximize performance recovery.

Impact of Aerobic Exercises on Self-Efficacy, Anxiety and Depression among University Students

Impact of Aerobic Exercises on Self-Efficacy, Anxiety and Depression among University Students

Acute Aerobic Exercise at Different Intensities Modulates Motor Learning Performance and Cortical Excitability in Sedentary Individuals.

Converging evidence indicates the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on motor learning performance. Underlying mechanisms might be an impact of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity and cortical excitability. Evidence suggests that motor learning and cortical excitability alterations correlate with the intensity of aerobic exercise and the activity level of participants. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on motor learning and cortical excitability in sedentary individuals. The study was conducted in a crossover and double-blind design. Twenty-six healthy sedentary individuals (13 women and 13 men) performed a motor learning task and received a cortical excitability assessment before and after a single session of low-, moderate-, and high-intensity aerobic exercise or a control intervention. The study revealed that motor learning performance and cortical excitability were significantly enhanced in the moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, compared with the other conditions. These findings suggest aerobic exercise intensity-dependent effects on motor learning in sedentary adults. The underlying mechanism might be an exercised-induced alteration of cortical excitability, specifically a reduction of GABA activity.

The impact of aerobic exercise (Light Contact) on mental patients' physical characteristics, phobias, and depression

The subject of the study is as follows: The increasing number of accidents during this time period resulted in the creation of numerous difficulties, including mental diseases and their personal and social effects. As a result, the researcher decided to develop Light Contact Boxing exercises and assess their influence on the physical and psychological components of anxiety and depression in the treatment of certain mental patients in the province of Babylon. The study's goals were to: - -Prepare Light Contact activities for mental patients suffering from phobias and despair. The researcher employed the experimental strategy: The researcher was chosen from two equal groups for the experimental approach. (an experimental group and a control group with a pre and post-test). The sample size is (26) boxers, and (13) boxers were chosen at random. The sample was separated into two groups (experimental and control) and ranged in age from 20 to 25 years. The researcher then presented, examined, and discussed the findings: It showed the arithmetic mean and standard deviations and the data were put into tables, where the researcher utilized the statistical package (SPSS) and then examined and discussed the results in an accurate scientific manner. The most important conclusions: Based on the findings of this investigation, the researcher came to the following conclusions: 1- The light-contact technique exercises utilized on mental patients had an effect on the development of physical variables. 2- The light-contact technique exercises utilized on mental patients had an effect on the development of fear and depression characteristics. The following were the most important recommendations: 1- Paying close attention to the weekly evaluation of pulse variables in all exercise strains and determining the time for rest and effort on this basis. 2- Taking care of and focusing on the mechanical mechanism of executing physical and skilled activities. 3- Emphasizing training variety, such as weights, flexibility, and others. 4- Concentrating on other talents in various kinds with aerobic exercises. 6- Instructing patients to conduct exercises in sports with limited areas and open skills, such as swimming, volleyball, and martial arts training with shadow boxing or mild contact.

Assessing the Effects of Exercise, Cognitive Demand, and Rest on Audiovisual Multisensory Processing in OlderAdults: A Pilot Study.

A single bout of aerobic exercise is related to positive changes in higher-order cognitive function among older adults; however, the impact of aerobic exercise on multisensory processing remains unclear. Here we assessed the effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on commonly utilized tasks that measure audiovisual multisensory processing: response time (RT), simultaneity judgements (SJ), and temporal-order judgements (TOJ), in a pilot study. To our knowledge this is the first effort to investigate the effects of three well-controlled intervention conditions on multisensory processing: resting, completing a cognitively demanding task, and performing aerobic exercise for 20 minutes. Our results indicate that the window of time within which stimuli from different modalities are integrated and perceived as simultaneous (temporal binding window; TBW) is malleable and changes after each intervention condition for both the SJ and TOJ tasks. Specifically, the TBW consistently became narrower post exercise while consistently increasing in width post rest, suggesting that aerobic exercise may improve temporal perception precision via broad neural change rather than targeting the specific networks that subserve either the SJ or TOJ tasks individually. The results from the RT task further support our findings of malleability of the multisensory processing system, as changes in performance, as assessed through cumulative probability models, were observed after each intervention condition. An increase in integration (i.e., greater magnitude of multisensory effect) however, was only found after a single bout of aerobic exercise. Overall, our results indicate that exercise uniquely affects the central nervous system and may broadly affect multisensory processing.

The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Athletic Performance in Recovered and Uninfected COVID-19 Athletes during Post-COVID-19 Period

Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced athletes worldwide. Objectives: This research aims to investigate the effects of a 4-week aerobic exercise program on athletic performance in both recovered and uninfected COVID-19 athletes during the post-COVID-19 period. Methods: Fourteen male student-athletes aged 18 - 25 years from Imam Khomeini International University participated in this study. The participants comprised 7 recovered COVID-19 athletes and 7 athletes with no prior COVID-19 infection. The study employed a pre-test/post-test design conducted in 2 phases. During the pre and post-test phases, participants underwent baseline assessments of athletic performance, including maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and anaerobic power. Subsequently, the participants engaged in a 4-week aerobic exercise intervention. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes within groups were compared using paired t-tests, while independent t-tests were utilized for comparisons between the recovered COVID-19 athlete group and the uninfected athlete group. Results: Independent t-tests demonstrated significant increases in VO2 max and peak power after 4 weeks of aerobic exercise in both the recovered COVID-19 group (P = 0.001, P = 0.0001) and the uninfected COVID-19 group (P = 0.012, P = 0.001). However, dependent t-tests revealed a significant difference between the recovered COVID-19 group and the uninfected COVID-19 group in the post-test of VO2 max (P = 0.044) and peak power (P = 0.001). Conclusions: This study indicates that a 4-week aerobic exercise regimen can improve athletic performance in both recovered and uninfected COVID-19 athletes. However, recovered COVID-19 athletes exhibited a notably slower rate of improvement compared to their uninfected counterparts. Therefore, it is recommended that, in addition to aerobic exercise, recovered athletes integrate supplementary strategies to optimize their return-to-sport timeline and maximize performance recovery.

A single bout of aerobic exercise modulates motor learning performance and cortical excitability in humans

BackgroundEvidence indicates beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on motor learning performance, which might be caused by the impact of aerobic exercise on cortical excitability. It is thus suggested that physiological effects of aerobic exercise on cortical excitability determine the effects of aerobic exercise on motor learning. Nevertheless, respective results usually come from independent studies, and a prove of the causal relationship between neurophysiological and motor learning effects is still missing. This study aims to explore the impact of a single bout of aerobic exercise on brain physiology and motor learning, and the association between these phenomena in humans MethodThe study was conducted in a cross-over design. In twenty healthy subjects, cortical excitability and motor learning were assessed before and after a single bout of aerobic exercise or a control intervention ResultsThe results show that aerobic exercise improved motor sequence learning and enhanced cortical excitability in humans. Furthermore, a correlation between the exercise-dependent alteration of cortical excitability (short intracortical inhibition, which is determined primarily by the GABAergic system) and improvement of motor learning has been found DiscussionThe study found motor learning performance-improving effects of aerobic exercise, and these results might be explained by an exercised-caused alteration of cortical excitability, especially a reduction of GABA activity.

Impact of Aerobic Exercise and Yoga Asanas along with Diet Supplements on Haemoglobin Level among Female Collegiate

Haemoglobin is a conjugate iron containing protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs during all body functions. In India, anaemia is a widespread condition, due to lack of haemoglobin in children, non-pregnant women, and pregnant women. Anaemia increases the risk of death during pregnancy and leads to fatigue, poor motor and mental performance in adolescent girls. Recent literature also suggests an independent association of chronic anaemia with increased mortality in a variety of conditions including chronic kidney disease, heart failure, acute coronary syndromes and acute stroke. Hence, it is necessary to prevent the occurrence and progression of anaemia from mild to a severe form in young girls. Although the current medical management is effective in improving the Hb level, researches have found few adverse effects due to the high dose usage of such medications. Thus, this study intended to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise versus yoga along with diet supplement on the haemoglobin level. 20 female collegiate between 17 to 22 years with a BMI range of 20-25 kg/m2 and haemoglobin level from 8 to 11.5g/dl participated in this study. 10 subjects in Group A performed moderate intensity aerobic exercise and 10 subjects in Group B performed yoga asanas for 1 hour in the morning for 2 months after taking 5 grams jaggery and raisins. The result of this study suggested that both aerobic activity and yoga asanas along with raisins and jaggery helped to speed up the Hb synthesis and reduce mental and physical fatigue.

Impact of aerobic exercises on taste perception for sucrose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundRegular exercise is a key element in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although the importance of regular exercises on glycemic control in people with diabetes is studied extensively, evidence is lacking on its impact on sweet taste perception. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of aerobic exercises on taste perception for sucrose in people with diabetes.MethodsA sample of 225 people with diabetes aged 35-60 years was assigned randomly into 3 groups; aerobic exercise, combined exercise and a control group. The outcomes of the combined exercise group is not reported. The aerobic exercise group performed brisk walking 30min/day, 4-5days/week for 6 months. The primary outcome measures were supra-threshold intensity ratings and preference for sucrose assessed at baseline, at 3 and 6 months using ‘general Labeled Magnitude Scale’ and ‘Monell 2-series-forced choice method’ respectively. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was assessed at baseline and at 6 months to determine glycemic control.ResultsAerobic exercise group showed significantly increased ratings (mm) for higher sucrose concentrations at 3 months (mean difference for 2.02M; +6.63±2.50, p=0.048 and for 0.64M; +7.26±2.76, p=0.026) and at 6 months (mean difference for 0.64M; +7.79±4.49, p= 0.044) compared to baseline and also when compared to controls (mean difference for 2.02M between baseline and 3 months; intervention: +6.63±2.50, control: -4.01±1.79, p=0.02 and between baseline and 6 months for 2.02M; intervention: +3.15±0.57, control: -7.96±0.40, p=0.022 and for 0.64M; intervention: +7.79±4.49, control: -8.98±0.99, p=0.003). A significantly reduced preference (mol/L) was seen both at 3 (mean difference; -0.03±0.02, p= 0.037) and at 6 months (mean difference; -0.05±0.12, p=0.011) compared to baseline within the intervention group. Also, a significant reduction was seen in the intervention group compared to controls at 6 months (mean difference; intervention: -0.05±0.12, control: 0.01±0.03, p=0.044). HbA1c was significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to controls at 6 months (mean difference; intervention -0.43±1.6%, control +0.33±1.8%, p=0.018).ConclusionRegular aerobic exercises increase the sweet taste sensitivity, especially for higher concentrations of sucrose and decrease sweet taste preference in people with diabetes . These alterations in sweet taste perception, are likely to contribute to a better glycemic control in people with diabetes.Trial registrationThis trial was registered at the Sri Lanka Clinical Trial registry on 16/12/2015. (Trial registration number- SLCTR/2015/029, https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2015-029).

Impact of aerobic exercise against general mobilisation exercise on exercise tolerance among type 2 diabetes mellitus

The objective of the study was to compare general mobilisation exercises with aerobic exercises on exercise tolerance in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thirty type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects of both the genders in age-group between 35 and 60 years were divided into 2 groups (A and B) and were subjected to a 6-minute walk test pre- and post-training exercise. Group A participants were subjected to general mobilisation exercises and group B to aerobic exercises. The six-minute walk test between the two groups (A and B) was statistically different at P=0.03. Our study showed a significant difference in improvement of exercise tolerance in Group-B subjects, who underwent aerobic exercise. In conclusion, aerobic exercise is a better health intervention in the improvement of exercise tolerance among type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects, which could improve their cardio-respiratory fitness and thereby prevent further cardiovascular complications and improve their well-being.

Impact of Aerobic Exercise and Acupuncture Treatment on Obese Patients; A Retrospective Case-Controlled Study.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise and acupuncture treatment in obese patients.MethodsThe effects of exercise in obese patients receiving acupuncture therapy were investigated in this retrospective, case-controlled study in which subjects complying with exercise were enrolled in the case and non-compliers were enrolled in the control group.ResultsThere was a statically significant weight loss in both the study case group (94.39 ± 20.36; 88.91 ± 19.00; n = 22; p = 0.001) and the control group (103.18 ± 21.92; 99.56 ± 21.92; n = 34; p = 0.001) after 3 months. Weight loss occurred in all 22 patients in the case group. In the control group, while weight loss occurred in 27 of the 34 patients, weight gain occurred in three patients.ConclusionIn conclusion, the addition of modalities such as acupuncture, exercise and diet may provide effective improvement in weight control.

Effect of Aerobic Exercise in Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that impacts on the individual and society. It is characterized by positive, negative, cognitive, affective, and aggressive symptoms. This condition has a detrimental influence on the ability of schizophrenic patients to work across all facets of everyday life, making it a significant clinical goal that cannot be handled with antipsychotics in a sufficient manner. The International Organization of Physical Therapy in Mental Health has confirmed that physical therapy helps to improve physical mental health and quality of life in multidisciplinary care for people with schizophrenia. AIM: The aim of this study is to see the impact of aerobic exercise on schizophrenic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital in 2016. Methods: 34 female chronic schizophrenic patients included in this study. They divided into two groups: Intervention and control group. The intervention group was given aerobic exercise, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. RESULTS: We obtained a significant difference change in positive and negative scores of positive and negative syndrome scales between intervention group and control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a significant change in positive and negative score of PANSS between intervention group and control group.

Impact of aerobic exercise on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in persons with multiple sclerosis: An exploratory randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundThere is insufficient knowledge about how aerobic exercise impacts the disease process of multiple sclerosis, which is characterized by accumulation of white matter lesions and accelerated brain atrophy.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of aerobic exercise on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by magnetic resonance imaging and clinical measures of disease activity and progression in persons with multiple sclerosis.Patients and methodsAn exploratory 12-week randomized control trial including an intervention group (n = 14, 12 weeks of aerobic exercise twice weekly) and a control group (n = 14, continuation of usual lifestyle). Primary outcomes were magnetic resonance imaging measures (lesion load, brain structure volume change), while secondary outcomes included disability measures, blood cytokine levels, cognitive tests and patient-reported outcomes.ResultsThe effects of aerobic exercise on whole brain and grey matter atrophy were minor. Surprisingly, the observed effect on volume (atrophy) in selected brain substructures was heterogeneous. Putaminal and posterior cingulate volumes decreased, parahippocampal gyrus volume increased, thalamus and amygdala volume remained the same, and active lesion load and count decreased. However, apart from weak improvements in walking speed and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, there was no effect of aerobic exercise on other clinical, cognitive or patient-reported outcomes.ConclusionThese results suggest that aerobic exercise in persons with multiple sclerosis has a positive effect on the volume of some of the substructures of the brain, possibly indicating a slowing of the neurodegenerative process in these regions, but a negative impact on the volume of some other substructures, with unclear implications. Further research is needed to determine whether the slight decrease in active lesion volume and count implies an anti- inflammatory effect of aerobic exercise, and the exact significance of the heterogeneous results of volumetric assessments.LAY ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise (physical exercise in the form of aerobics) on people with multiple sclerosis who were being treated with fingolimod. Two groups of patients with multiple sclerosis were studied: an intervention group (n = 14) who undertook 12 weeks of exercise training, and a control group (n = 14) who continued with their usual lifestyle. Magnetic resonance imaging, bloodwork analysis and some other clinical assessments were performed before and after the 12-week period, and the patients completed several questionnaires about their wellbeing and accompanying symptoms of multiple sclerosis. The results suggest that aerobic exercise (combined with appropriate pharmacological treatment) can positively affect some of the brain regions in people with MS by reducing the rate of their degeneration and might decrease the inflammatory activity. However, longer and larger studies should be performed to evaluate whether such rehabilitation is effective and could, in the long-term, possibly slow down the rate of disability accrual.

Suicide Reduction in Schizophrenia via Exercise (SUnRISE): study protocol for a multi-site, single-blind, randomized clinical trial of aerobic exercise for suicide risk reduction in individuals with schizophrenia

BackgroundSuicide risk among individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) is intractably high, with over 40% of individuals attempting to take their own lives during their lifetime and an estimated 5–10% completing suicide. At present, available pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments offer limited risk reduction benefits, and thus, there remains an urgent need to explore novel interventions that will ameliorate this risk. Aerobic exercise (AE) has been shown to improve a number of predictors of suicide risk (e.g., depressed mood, sleeping difficulties). As individuals with SZ display a highly sedentary lifestyle, AE may reduce suicide risk.MethodsEmploying a multi-site, single-blind, randomized clinical trial design, we will examine the impact of AE on risk for suicide and related variables in individuals with SZ. Participants will be randomized to one of two 12-week exercise interventions: AE or a stretching and toning (ST) control intervention. Primary outcome measures will include suicide risk (Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, C-SSRS) and aerobic fitness (VO2max), along with additional measures of suicide risk, mood, emotion regulation, sleep, cognition, and physical activity, with assessments completed at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of interventions.DiscussionIt is hypothesized that AE will reduce suicide risk among individuals with SZ. This study may offer support for a more efficacious treatment method for this population in addition to the pre-existing pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment regimens.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, NCT03270098. Registered on September 1, 2017.

Aerobic Exercise Acutely Improves Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation During Brain Activation

PURPOSE: Cognitive function is temporarily improved by acute aerobic exercise, especially clinical high-intensity interval exercise (cHIIE; four 4 min bouts of high-intensity exercise) (Tsukamoto et al. 2016). Meanwhile, dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) is an important cerebrovascular mechanism to maintain relatively constant cerebral blood flow (CBF) against the rapid fluctuations in perfusion pressure, but it is impaired during cognitive tasks (causing brain activation) due to cerebral vasodilation (Ogoh et al. 2018). Although it has been demonstrated that dCA is not changed by aerobic exercise (Tsukamoto et al. 2019), which improves cognitive function (Tsukamoto et al. 2016), the impact of aerobic exercise on the brain activation-induced dCA impairment remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in dCA during a cognitive task prior to following different types of aerobic exercise. METHODS: Nine healthy male subjects performed three trials in a randomized crossover order; moderate-intensity continuous exercise (for 40 min), low-volume HIIE (lvHIIE; ten 1 min bouts of high-intensity exercise), and cHIIE protocols. The participants performed a 5 min color-word Stroop task (cognitive task) before, immediately after, and 30 min after each exercise bout. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Transcranial doppler ultrasonography) and arterial pressure (Finger photosplethysmography) were continuously measured to determine dCA using transfer function analysis, and dCA was estimated at rest and during each cognitive task. RESULTS: Before exercise, transfer function phase in the very low-frequency (VLF) was decreased during cognitive task compared to the resting measurement (P < 0.01), indicating that there was brain activation-induced dCA impairment. However, VLF phase during the cognitive task immediately after exercise was higher than before (P < 0.01) and 30 min (P < 0.01) after exercise regardless of exercise protocol, indicating that dCA impairment during the cognitive task was blunted immediately after exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The brain activation-induced dCA impairment is attenuated immediately after exercise. This result implies that aerobic exercise improves dynamic CBF regulation in response to brain activation during a cognitive task.