Impact Force Research Articles

Numerical Analysis of the Dynamic Response of Concrete Bridge Piers under the Impact of Rock Debris Flow

The impact and damage caused by debris flow on concrete bridges have become a typical disaster scenario. However, the impact disaster mechanism of debris flow on bridge structures remains unclear. This study focused on investigating the impact mechanism of debris avalanches on concrete bridge piers. By employing the discrete element numerical simulation method to examine the effect of debris on concrete bridge piers, the analysis explored the influence of three significant factors: the pier’s section shape, the impact distance, and the slope angle of the sliding chute. The discussions included the accumulation pattern of rock debris, the impact force on the pier, and the shear force and bending moment at the pier’s bottom, as well as the displacement and velocity response laws at the pier’s top. The results demonstrate that rectangularly shaped piers have a high efficiency in obstructing debris, leading to higher impact forces and internal forces on piers. Arched-shaped piers exhibit a short-duration, high-peak instantaneous impact from debris. Increasing the impact distance of the piers can significantly reduce the impact force of debris. The accumulation height of debris, pier impact force, and the pier’s bottom internal forces decrease and then increase with the increase in slope angles, with a 45° slope angle being the critical point for the transition of debris impact on piers. The results can provide references for the disaster prevention design of concrete bridge structures in hazardous mountainous areas.

Design and Control of an Ultra-Low-Cost Logistic Delivery Fixed-Wing UAV

In contemporary logistics, the deployment of fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a transportation platform is experiencing rapid advancements, garnering substantial application within numerous logistic operations with pronounced efficacies. There are notable impediments to the utilization of commercial logistic-oriented fixed-wing UAVs, including elevated procurement and maintenance costs, extensive maintenance intervals, and unsuitability for small-volume, low-altitude transport tasks. These factors collectively exacerbate the risk associated with enterprise procurement and elevate the cost–benefit ratio. This study introduces the design and fabrication of a cost-efficient UAV for logistic delivery purposes, constructed primarily from cost-effective wood materials. This UAV is engineered to ferry payloads of up to 1000 g across a predefined aerial route at an altitude of 40 m. Upon reaching the designated location, the UAV is programmed to initiate the identification of the drop zone, thereafter descending to facilitate the release of the cargo. To mitigate the impact force during the landing phase, the payload was encapsulated within a sponge-damping layer, thereby preserving the integrity of the transported items. The empirical findings from outdoor delivery trials underscore the UAV’s ability to precisely execute payload drops at the targeted locations, confirming its potential to fulfill the logistical requirements for the transportation and delivery of small-volume items in a cost-effective, low-altitude framework. This investigation contributes to the burgeoning discourse on leveraging ultra-low-cost UAVs in logistics, offering a feasible solution to the challenges of cost and efficiency in UAV-operated delivery systems.

A Bioinspired Design of Protective Al2O3/Polyurethane Hierarchical Composite Film Through Layer-By-Layer Deposition.

Structural materials such as ceramics, metals, and carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are frequently threatened by large compressive and impact forces. Energy absorption layers, i.e., polyurethane and silicone foams with excellent damping properties, are applied on the surfaces of different substrates to absorb energy. However, the amount of energy dissipation and penetration resistance are limited in commercial polyurethane foams. Herein, a distinctive nacre-like architecture design strategy is proposed by integrating hard porous ceramic frameworks and flexible polyurethane buffers to improve energy absorption and impact resistance. Experimental investigations reveal the bioinspired designs exhibit optimized hardness, strength, and modulus compared to that of polyurethane. Due to the multiscale energy dissipation mechanisms, the resulting normalized absorbed energy (≈8.557MJ m-3) is ≈20 times higher than polyurethane foams under 50% quasi-static compression. The bioinspired composites provide superior protection for structural materials (CFRP, glass, and steel), surpassing polyurethane films under impact loadings. It is shown CFRP coated with the designed materials can withstand more than ten impact loadings (in energy of 10 J) without obvious damage, which otherwise delaminates after a single impact. This biomimetic design strategy holds the potential to offer valuable insights for the development of lightweight, energy-absorbent, and impact-resistant materials.

Evaluation of the results of the study of individual indicators of physical development, special physical fitness and sports nutrition "Power Pro" of graduates of higher education with specific training conditions, engaged in mixed martial arts

Evaluation of the results of the study of individual indicators of physical development, special physical fitness and sports nutrition "Power Pro" of graduates of higher education with specific training conditions, engaged in mixed martial arts and law enforcement officers In order to achieve and maintain a high level of functional and physical fitness, high sports results, and maintaining the health of those who practice, a number of pedagogical, methodical, psychological, and medical-biological aspects are necessary. Therefore, the introduction of specialized sports nutrition is expedient. With the rational development of nutrition schemes, it is possible to increase the performance of athletes, improve all necessary indicators and planned results. The purpose of the article is to develop a program and recommendations for optimizing sports nutrition "Power Pro" and research the impact of specialized nutrition on individual anthropometric, indicators of general and special physical fitness of graduates of higher education with specific training conditions, engaged in mixed martial arts and law enforcement officers. The experiment involved young men (average age 19.10±0.74), high school graduates with specific training conditions, engaged in mixed martial arts and law enforcement officers (Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs), who were divided into 2 groups – control (n= 15) and experimental (n=15). The purpose of using specialized sports nutrition was as follows: 1. Increasing both general and special fitness (training and competition). 2. Preventive action of possible injuries and disruption of adaptation. 3. Timely and correct recovery of the body of those who are engaged, after a state of overstrain. 4. Providing the body of those who are struggling with food substances, taking into account individual energy consumption. To test the developed program for the introduction of specialized sports nutrition, before and after the experiment, the following parameters were studied: height, weight, dynamometers, VL, impact force. We have developed and implemented schemes for the ratio and combination of food substances: whey protein, BCAA (branched chain amino acids), creatine, taurine, a complex of vitamins and minerals. When developing the program of specialized sports nutrition "Power Pro" for the experimental group, the main factors such as age characteristics and body weight, gender of the test subjects, as well as individual characteristics of their physical development, specifics of the sport were directly analyzed. The obtained results of the study showed a statistically significant improvement of individual anthropometric and indicators of special physical fitness in the experimental group (p<0.05). This makes it possible to draw conclusions about the positive dynamics of the implemented program of specialized sports nutrition on the monitored indicators, which are basic for athletes specializing in mixed martial arts.

Introduction of a Novel Structure for a Light Unmanned Free Balloon's Payload: A Comprehensive Hybrid Study.

Payloads for light unmanned free balloons must meet several safety requirements such as being able to protect the inner electronics in order to extract scientific data and to reduce the chance of inflicting personal injury in case of an accidental fall. This article proposes a novel payload structure, which exhibits the form of a dodecahedron. The actual form was determined by carrying out theoretical drop tests on different polyhedrons using the finite element method (FEM). From the simulations, it could be deduced that the dodecahedron was the optimal choice, since the duration of the impact was longer, while the impact force was slightly lower. The payload was produced by additive technologies; therefore, after performing tensile tests on probable materials, PLA was selected as the optimal candidate. The theoretical results about the dodecahedron's ability were validated by laboratory and real-life drop tests, where the new payload was subjected to 56% less impact force under a 78% longer collision time compared to a classic, rectangular cuboid design. Based on these tests, it was demonstrated that the new structure is safer and it is applicable.

Development of novel magnetorheological dampers with low-speed sensitivity for flying car suspensions

Abstract As urban traffic environments continue to grow in complexity, there is an urgent need for a versatile mode of transportation that seamlessly transitions between terrestrial and aerial mobility. In these conventional magnetorheological damper (CMRD), the magnetorheological (MR) fluid flowing through the narrow annular gap between the piston and cylinder in CMRD results in a damping force directly proportional to velocity. As velocity increases, the damping force rises sharply, posing a significant risk to the vehicle's mechanical structure and passenger safety. This velocity sensitivity restricts their applications primarily to standard commercial vehicle suspension systems. They face significant challenges when it comes to high-speed impact scenarios. To overcome this limitation, enhance the shock-absorbing capacity of flying cars, ensure passenger safety, and improve passenger comfort during the landing phase, this study introduces a novel magnetorheological damper (NMRD) with unique internal channel structure embedded in a circular permanent magnet. In road travel mode, flying cars equipped with NMRD can maintain a broad dynamic range. During the landing process with high-speed impact, the specialized channel activates to reduce the peak impact force effectively. This feature greatly expands the application range of magnetorheological dampers (MRD). The researches included simulations of the electromagnetic induction phenomenon within the piston, followed by numerical analyses and impact tests to compare the velocity sensitivity of these two distinct impact dampers. Experimental evaluations were conducted using a material testing system (MTS), the peak force and peak acceleration experienced by the two dampers during impact were tested using a dedicated drop hammer apparatus. These tests demonstrate that the NMRD exhibits superior impact resistance performance compared to CMRD. This highlights the promising potential for the NMRD's application within the suspension systems of flying cars.

Low-velocity impact behavior of woven fabric-reinforced natural rubber composites

The progressive damage behaviors of woven fabric-reinforced natural rubber panels under low-velocity impact were studied by the drop-weight tests. The woven fabrics considered include nylon, Kevlar, and carbon. The impact force, impact energy, and delamination area were analyzed, and the damaged samples were observed using an optical microscopy and an X-ray scanner to investigate the damage mechanisms. The results show that the peak force of impact increases while the absorbed energy decreases as the fiber strength/stiffness and fiber content increase. Based on the peak force and the delamination area results, the natural rubber/Carbon/2 specimen, which consists of two carbon fabric layers inside the natural rubber, displays the best impact performance among the composites considered in this study.

Vibration response analysis of boneless wiper-windshield system based on multi-body dynamics model

The vibration and noise generated by the boneless wiper-windshield system during its actual operation bother the occupants. Exploring the dynamic characteristics of the boneless wiper-windshield system is a prerequisite for understanding vibration and noise. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of the boneless wiper-windshield system are investigated, and a rigid-flexible coupled multi-body dynamic model matching the real boneless wiper-windshield system is constructed. The friction characteristic of the dynamic model is studied through the wiper test bench experiment. The nonlinear dynamic response of the dynamic model is calculated with the Adams and results of the frictional vibration are well reproduced in real motions. The parallel analysis of the simulation calculation results and the real vehicle test results confirms the validity of the model. The results show that the vibration generation mechanism at the moments before and after the reversal can be explained by the instability of the wiper blades due to the negative friction characteristic. There are differences in the magnitude of the reversal impact force and the moment of reversal at each position of the wiper blade. The effect of the speed-gears on the system vibration is analyzed through the simulation results. The analysis method and simulation results in this article can provide reference for the research on vibration and noise control of boneless wiper systems.

The synergy effect of agricultural dual-scale management on farmers' income: evidence from rural China

PurposeThis study aims to estimate the synergy effect of agricultural dual-scale management (ADM) on farmers' total household income, its heterogeneous effects and its mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachThis study constructs a theoretical analysis framework based on the division of labor and synergy theory, empirically assesses the impact of ADM on farmers' income, and further discusses the heterogeneity and mechanisms using the propensity score matching (PSM) and quantile treatment effect (QTE) models. Data is collected from 1,076 households across 4 cities in Liaoning Province of China in 2021.FindingsADM can improve the total household income of farmers, and the impact force is greater than that of the single-scale management mode. ADM is more conducive to improving the income of farmers with low income and low labor endowment. Moreover, ADM can improve agriculture production efficiency, increase net grain production income. Nevertheless, it has no significant effect on farmers' off-farm employment income.Originality/valuePrevious studies have mainly focused on the income effect of land scale management or service scale management. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to identify the synergy effect of ADM on farmers' income in China. It provides new insights into the process of agricultural production and management mode transitions in rural China.

Commercial Soccer Ball‐Integrated Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are representative mechanical energy harvesters that can easily generate electricity based on contact electrification and electrostatic induction. However, most TENGs have low mechanical and electrical output stabilities because of their unstable structures, in which separate TENG devices are attached to the outside surface of commercial products/items for application. Herein, a commercial soccer ball‐integrated TENG (CSB‐TENG) is proposed as a potential solution. The CSB‐TENG is designed with an electrode‐fully packaged all‐in‐one structure; thus, it can have remarkable mechanical and electrical output stability for 160 000 cycles. For one bouncing motion, the CSB‐TENG generates a maximum peak power of 480 μW. The working mechanism of the CSB‐TENG is established by considering the actual motion of a soccer ball (kicking, bouncing, and rolling). The electrical output of the CSB‐TENG is evaluated and analyzed based on various design and environmental variables (ball material, shoe material, ground material, impact force, ball drop height, and electrode size) in daily life. The CSB‐TENG demonstrates applications, including LED array illumination and capacitor charging tests.

Numerical evaluation of impact resistance of reinforced concrete walls

Reinforced concrete(RC) structures are occasionally subjected to accidental impact during service, which can cause economic losses and casualties. Most previous research on the impact resistance of RC structures has focused on beams, columns, and slabs except walls. Thus, it is necessary to study the impact response and resistance performance of essential RC walls with high resistance requirements, such as critical shear walls, important structures, and vital protective structures of high-rise buildings in earthquake and mountainous areas under low-speed impact. This research verified the finite element model (FEM) through pendulum impact experiments on RC walls (with an impact mass of 2 tons) firstly, then proposed the damage assessment parameters of the RC wall, and analysed the impact response mechanism and resistance performance of RC walls with several reinforcement ratios under different impact loads. The research results indicate that the impact effect on the wall must consider the different value (D-value) between local and global deformation. The impact load significantly influences the peak impact force and the displacement of the RC wall. The mass affects the RC wall’s global residual deflection. At the same time, the velocity significantly influences local displacement, and correspondingly, the RC wall is more prone to local damage with high velocity. Thickness, the concrete fc, and the reinforcement ratio affect the impact resistance of the RC wall. The thicker wall can cause a shorter impact duration, and milder concrete damage, but the smaller rebar stress. The larger fc will bring greater rebar stress and milder concrete damage. A high reinforcement ratio will increase the impact force platform value and the RC wall’s concrete damaged ratio but will reduce the plastic strain of the rebars.

Investigation of the Impact Load Characteristics during Water Entry of Airdropped Underwater Gliders

Underwater gliders have emerged as effective tools for long-term ocean exploration. Employing aircraft for launching underwater gliders could significantly expand their application. Compared to slender underwater vehicles, the distinctive wing structure of underwater gliders may endure huge impact forces when entering water, leading to more intricate impact load characteristics and potential wing damage. This paper employs a computational fluid dynamics approach to analyze the water entry event of an airdropped underwater glider and its impact load behavior. The results indicate that the glider impact load is enhanced prominently by the wing, and that the extent of enhancement is influenced by the entry attitude. At an entry angle of 80°, the glider exhibits the maximum impact load during different water entry angles. In addition, a larger attack angle indicates a higher glider impact load. Our present study holds significant importance for both the hydrodynamic shape design and water entry strategy control of airdropped underwater gliders.

Experimental and numerical investigation on the impact response of bolt-ball joints

The densely populated space lattice structure requires reliable performance under impact loads. The bolt-ball joint serves a crucial role in connecting members at various angles, significantly contributing to the overall safety of the structure. However, there is limited literature available on the impact resistance of the bolt-ball joint. In this study, the drop hammer impact test system was employed to conduct impact tests on 11 specimens of bolt-ball joints. Comprehensive records were maintained, including the final deformation states, video recordings of the impact process, and data on impact force, displacement, and strain. Additionally, numerical simulation analysis was conducted to expand the scope of the study. Five failure modes were observed: global bending deformation, bolt fracture, local denting, coupling deformation of local denting and global bending deformation, bolt and tube fracture. When the impact applied at the bolt ball or conical head and steel tube welding positions, the impact process was categorized into three stages: inertia, global bending deformation, and elastic recovery/bolt fracture. When the impact position was the steel tube, coupling deformation and elastic recovery/ bolt and tube fracture were observed. The energy absorption during the impact test was analyzed, revealing a positive correlation between the degree of specimen failure and the proportion of energy absorbed relative to the work done by the impact force. The effects of impact velocity, impact position, bolt dimension and impact angle on the dynamic response of the specimens were thoroughly analyzed.

Mechanism of Evolution of Shock Wave of Muzzle Jet under Initial Interference and Its Simplified Model

Large-caliber and long-barrel weapons are important experimental devices for exploring the impact resistance and reliability of warheads. The force of impact of the muzzle jet has a significant influence on the overload resistance of the warhead and surrounding devices. The mechanism of motion of the body inside the tube cannot be ignored owing to the high kinetic energy at the muzzle. In this study, we designed the relevant experiment and a simulation model to analyze the structural characteristics and mechanism of evolution of the shock wave and the vortex structure in a muzzle jet. The aim was to examine the evolution of the shock wave with initial jet-induced interference. And we established three other simulation models to compare the similarities and differences between the results of the models. The results showed that, in the original complex model, the initial jet restricted the free expansion of the muzzle jet, and this led to many shock–shock collisions that retarded the development of the shock waves. Multiple reflected shock waves were thus formed under a high local pressure that distorted the shock structure, while the structure of the shock wave in the simplified models was clear and simple. The parameters of motion of the body changed by a little when the initial jet-induced interference was ignored. The difference in values of the strongest impact force measured at monitoring points far from the muzzle was small, with an error of about 2%, such that the simplified model without the initial jet could be used in place of the original complex model. The other simplified models yielded significant differences. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for further research on the muzzle jet and its applications in engineering.

Evaluating head impact intensities and accelerations using flexible wearable sensors for traumatic brain injury assessment

In response to the significant health threat posed by Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) resulting from sudden collisions on the head, there is an urgent need for timely assessment and evaluation. With the wide applications of wearable devices in health monitoring, here we report a flexible and wearable smart headband based on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor to evaluate the impact force and acceleration for TBI assessment. Based on the electromechanical coupling characteristics of PVDF, a lumped parameters model of an equivalent circuit was obtained by a system identification method, which accurately transforms the output signal of the PVDF sensor to the impact force for TBI assessment of focal brain damage. Besides, a drop tower was used to impose different impact intensity levels on a dummy head wearing the smart headband; the results (MSE< 0.018) of transformed impact force show the universal applicability of the model. Moreover, the correlation analysis results show that the impact force has a positive correlation (R>85 %) with impact acceleration at the head center of gravity, which enables the TBI assessment of diffuse brain damage. This smart headband can be used for real-time monitoring of human head impact and has excellent potential for application in medical and sports devices.

Structural form and parameter optimization of manipulator grasping fragile workpieces to improve the impact characteristics based on the signal-to-noise ratio

The contact impact stress (CIS) between a manipulator finger and a fragile workpiece has a significant effect on clamping stability. The CIS is affected by various factors, for example, the structural form and parameters of the manipulator finger. In this paper, an optimization method combining Taguchi’s method with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) theory is proposed to reduce the CIS by optimizing the structural form and parameters of the fingers of an internally supported manipulator. The process consists of three stages. In the first stage, finite element models are built using SolidWorks, HyperMesh, and LS-DYNA software to simulate the CIS of the manipulator when gripping fragile workpieces. In the second stage, the SNR theory is applied to evaluate the effect of CIS and its fluctuations on CIS by treating the CIS and its fluctuations as signals, and changes in the structural forms and parameters of the fingers as noise. In the third stage, the optimal combination corresponding to the maximum SNR is obtained, and the degree of influence and significance level of each factor on the impact force was obtained by calculating the SNR response and variance. The simulation results indicate that the optimized structural parameters reduce the CIS by 26.85% compared to the original design. The experimental results verify the correctness of the simulation results and the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing CIS.

Finite element analysis of locally strengthened stainless-steel tube under lateral impact loading

In this study, a Finite Element (FE) model of locally strengthened high-strength stainless-steel tube subjected to lateral impact loads is established using LS-DYNA to investigate its dynamic behaviours. The accuracy of the FE results is verified by comparing with the test results. The impact force, bending moment, stress and strain responses as well as the internal energy dissipation histories of the strengthened tube are analysed during the entire impact process. The results indicate that the impact resistance of the strengthened tube is obviously enhanced as compared to hollow stainless-steel tube. Furthermore, parametric studies are conducted to reveal the influence of axial compressive force, impact position, impact velocity and material strength on the impact behaviour of the strengthened tube. The results show that the application of axial compressive force reduced the impact force and increased the deformations of the strengthened tube. The impact resistance of the strengthened tube performed an increasing trend when moving the impact position towards the support and increasing the material strength. In addition, the increase of impact velocity significantly reduced the impact duration. Finally, design recommendations and process were proposed to facilitate the application of locally strengthened tube.

Analysis of injuries in aircraft accident victims in 2002–2022 based on the resources of the Jagiellonian University Department of Forensic Medicine in Kraków = Analiza obrażeń ofiar katastrof lotniczych w latach 2002–2022 na podstawie danych pochodzących z materiałów Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie

Aim: The study aimed to analyse the most common injuries of victims of aviation accidents and compare it with the most recent literature. Methods and materials: Retrospective analysis of autopsy protocols of aircraft crash victims from the Forensic Medicine Department from years 2002–2022. The case selection has been made by two independent researchers. After applying the exclusion criteria 27 cases were obtained. Further searched for features that the bodies of victims had in common. There were analysed sex, age, circumstances of the incident, injuries, presence of psychoactive substances (alcohol, drugs), and blood concentration of carboxyhemoglobin. Results: Among 27 cases we found 19 airplane crashes, 4 glider accidents, 3 motor glider accidents, and one helicopter crash. The 1 case had no information about the type of aircraft. The injuries that emerged in each of the victims were typical results of direct impact forces. The most common were rupture of the lungs 63.0 % (n = 17/27), heart 55.6% (n = 15/27), liver 51.9% (n = 14/27), aorta 40.7% (n = 11/27) and spleen 29.6% (n = 8/27). Common bone traumas included fractures of the ribs 77.8% (n = 21/27) upper limbs 77.8% (n = 21/27), skull 74.1% (n = 20/27), pelvis 59.3% (n = 16/27) and spine 51.9% (n = 14/27). Injuries of the cervical spine occurred in victims who violently tilted their heads back. Conclusions: In most cases, the immediate cause of death was extensive multi-organ injuries, followed by thermal burns or brain injuries. In almost half of the victims, the presence of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood indicates that they were alive during the crashes. Knowledge of injury patterns can improve aviation safety and guide in reconstructing the mechanisms and sequences of the accidents.

Dynamic response of ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites (UHP-ECC) under low-velocity impact: Effect of waste rubber incorporation and low temperatures

This study aims to explore the dynamic response of ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites (UHP-ECC) incorporating waste crumb rubber (CR) at various temperatures, focusing on its potential to enhance the resilience and sustainability of civil infrastructures against low-velocity impacts. To date, the impact behaviour of UHP-ECC under low temperatures has rarely been explored. Firstly, natural river sand and waste tyre CR was utilized to prepare the UHP-ECC. Then, a series of mechanical tests, including compression test, flexural test and uniaxial tensile test were carried out to investigate the static mechanical properties of rubberised UHP-ECCs. In addition, the effects of different waste CR incorporations (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) and various temperatures (25 °C, −5 °C, −30 °C, −50 °C, −100 °C and −196 °C) were comprehensively investigated by low-velocity impact tests with constant impact energy. Lastly, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model was introduced to evaluate the overall performance of UHP-ECC. It was found that the use of river sand and CR significantly enhanced the tensile ductility and impact toughness of UHP-ECC. Impact energy primarily dissipates through damage such as matrix crack initiation, propagation, and fibre pull-out/rupture within the specimen. Adding CR notably decreased stress fluctuations during impact at room temperature, facilitating steady state energy absorption. Moreover, the time to reach peak impact force decreased with decreasing temperature across all UHP-ECC groups. At room temperature during impact process, fibre failure mode is dominated by pull-out failure, while lower temperatures lead to increased fibre rupture at the cracking surface. In low-temperature conditions, the impact response of rubberised UHP-ECC necessitates a comprehensive consideration of the synergistic effects, including material contraction, fibre bridging capacity, rubber phase transition, and water freezing.

Audio Recognition of the Percussion Sounds Generated by a 3D Auto-Drum Machine System via Machine Learning

Audio Recognition of the Percussion Sounds Generated by a 3D Auto-Drum Machine System via Machine Learning