Impact Of Carbon Emissions Research Articles

Joint Pricing and Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items with Maximum Lifetime and Controllable Carbon Emissions under Permissible Delay in Payments

Reducing carbon emissions plays a significant role in developing sustainable inventory systems. In a seller-buyer relationship, an allowable delay in payment is considered for the buyer to manage the stock and simulate the demand. Deteriorating items that usually have specific maximum lifetimes have become a challenge for most firms. Contrary to the importance of these issues, very little research has studied the impact of carbon emissions on deteriorating inventory systems. This paper provides a price-dependent demand for perishable items when carbon cap-and-trade regulation fills the mentioned gap. This model provides a carbon reduction investment scheme and illustrates this investment’s effect on the inventory system. This paper determines the optimal replenishment cycle and selling price, in which: (a) perishable items have specific maximum lifetimes, (b) a specific period of delay in payment is allowed for the buyer to accumulate revenue, (c) carbon is emitted due to ordering and storage operations and carbon cap and trade is regulated along with allowable carbon reduction investment. After developing the model, optimal values are obtained from necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality. Numerical experiments are proposed to validate the model. By developing an algorithm, the optimal values of replenishment cycle, selling price, and carbon reduction technology investment are obtained, and the impact of carbon emissions and efforts to control emissions are outlined. Finally, some managerial applications are mentioned, and future research directions are exposed.

Multi-objective cold chain logistic distribution center location based on carbon emission.

The issues of food safety and environmental protection are attracting more and more attention. Everyday, a large number of cold chain products are delivered from suppliers to customers. The cold chain products require refrigeration equipment in delivery and should be delivered to customers as soon as possible. Therefore, the challenge of reducing carbon emission and improving the customer satisfaction should be solved. This study presents the impact of carbon emission, customer satisfaction, construction cost, and operation cost on the location of cold chain logistics distribution center. A multi-objective location model for cold chain logistics distribution center considering carbon emission is established. The carbon emission equivalent cost model considers the dynamic carbon emission during transportation and the static carbon emission of the distribution center. The penalty cost under the time window is introduced into the penalty cost model of customer satisfaction, which represents a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming problem. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used to design the program through double-layer composite coding. NSGA-II uses a fast non-dominated sorting approach to reduce the computational complexity of non-dominated sorting. This algorithm uses the elitist control strategy, which does not need to share parameters and is more efficient in the multi-objective optimization process. The numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can generate appropriate Pareto solutions for all objectives.

Voluntary disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions by cities under carbon disclosure project: A sustainable development approach

AbstractToday's world is facing a serious challenge of high carbon emissions. A large number of studies are examining the deteriorating impact of carbon emissions at the country or firm level, but the literature on the voluntary carbon disclosure project (CDP) by cities is not rich. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the effect of the population (Pop) and gross domestic product (GDP) on carbon emissions of cities by using data of CDP. The dataset refers to a set of numerous cities from around the world, spanning the period from 2012 to 2016. Random effects panel regression and generalized method of moments (GMM), and quantile regressions techniques have been employed to empirically investigate the discussed relationship and to control the potential endogeneity issues, respectively. According to the results, population and GDP are substantial predictors of carbon emissions in sampled cities. Findings show that not only factories contribute to increasing carbon emissions rate, but cities are equally responsible for these emissions as they put no checks on their economic growth and population. The findings are also robust for policy implications.

Forest Fire News Analysis in Sumatera-Kalimantan in Republika.co.id and Bharian.com.my

Pollution from smoke haze ignited from forest fires in Indonesia has been a recurrent annual problem among neighboring countries of South East Asia. This study discusses news about forest and land fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan, which were published on republika.co.id and bharian.com.my. This calamity received great attention because of its damaging consequences for other countries. Fires are considered a potential threat to the environmental development because of their effects to the ecosystem and the impact of carbon emission on biodiversity. This study aims to describe news frame republika.co.id and bharian.com.my for forest and land fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Using descriptive-qualitative forwarded by Robert Entman's framing analysis model, analyzing the root of the problem, the cause of the problem, moral judgment, and recommendations. Research result revealed differences in attitudes between republika.co.id and bharian.com.my towards this case. On the cause of the problem issue, moral judgment, and recommendations, republika.co.id's judgement are very firm, systematic, and detailed compared to bharian.com.my which appeared to technical and normative ones. On the issue of the root of the problem, the attitude of both of them blamed forest burners and the role of companies as actors.

Mapping the Impact of Carbon Emissions on the Oceans

Mapping the Impact of Carbon Emissions on the Oceans

Research on the relationship between China’s carbon emission, economic growth and the development of new energy industry

In view of the current domestic new economic form, under the trend of sustainable development, new energy industry has become a rising star. The development of new energy can improve the environment destroyed by the development of fossil energy to a certain extent. It is the primary task of environmental protection and energy development to study the specific relationship between China’s current carbon emissions, economic growth and the development of new energy industry. Based on STR model, we can empirically study the impact of carbon emissions on the development of new energy industry, analyze the nonlinear relationship, and propose relevant strategies to promote the development of new energy industry and pay attention to the coordinated development of energy consumption and environmental protection.

Environmental preservation amidst carbon emissions, energy consumption, and urbanization in selected african countries: Implication for sustainability

On the quest for a clean and sustainable environment, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 stipulates the need to reduce carbon emissions, decarbonize the energy system, improve energy consumption and ensure the attainment of sustainable energy. In the same vein, SDG 9 pertains to the prevention of environmental degradation, promoting biodiversity and preserving the ecosystem to support inclusive human and economic development. Given the hazardous impact of carbon emissions, if left unabated, and the benefits of preserving nature’s ecosystem, the motivation for this study hinges on analyzing factors that threaten a sustainable environment using two proxies of environmental degradation: carbon emissions and ecological footprint. With a battery of static and dynamic econometric techniques on a sample of 44 selected African countries from 1992 to 2016, findings reveal the following: (1) energy usage deteriorates the environment, and (2) urbanization has asymmetric effects on the environment. Controlling for per capita GDP, financial development and gross fixed capital formation, evidence suggests that per capita GDP has an asymmetric impact, financial development accelerates environmental degradation, while gross fixed capital formation intensifies a sustainable environment. Policy outcomes and implications for sustainability are discussed.

Accounting and determinants analysis of China's provincial total factor productivity considering carbon emissions

One of the most undesirable output of China's rapid economic growth has been increasing carbon emissions. This study measures and analyzes the impact of carbon emissions on China's regional total factor productivity from 2000 to 2017. Using global Malmquist-Luenberger productivity indexes, we re-estimate the provincial total factor productivity taking carbon emission into account, comparing different assumptions of returns to scale and considering the rank reverse issue. The differences of technical progress and efficiency change across Chinese regional economies are also investigated and we found that the former was the primary contributor to improved Chinese provincial productivity performance. In addition, we analyze the influencing factors of productivity based on provincial panel data. Our results indicate that innovation capacity, energy and employment structure had significant impact on the provincial productivities while urbanization had a negative impact. A more sustainable development can be expected by expanding regional investment in R&D, adjusting and optimizing structures of regional industries and energies.

Reassessing the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Relation to Energy Efficiency and Economic Growth

Energy consumption and its efficiency are significant factors for economic growth and environmental stress. This study postulates the occurrence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis (EKC) by using the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Furthermore, a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is used to measure energy efficiency, energy intensity, and environment to view the trajectory of EKC for the underline economies. For this purpose, a panel dataset from 1990–2013 of 15 developing countries is analyzed to verify the objectives mentioned above. The results of the panel ARDL support EKC’s theory for underline economies, as GDP positively impacts carbon emissions, while the square of GDP is negatively related. The DEA-based results found relatively low environmental conditions in these emerging economies due to high energy intensity and low energy efficiency. This outcome suggests that renewable energy sources must be treated as an essential factor for achieving sustainable economic goals without environmental degradation.

Optimizing carbon taxation target and level: Enterprises, consumers, or both?

Excessive emissions of greenhouse gases have greatly undermined the sustainability of environment and economy. Carbon tax has proven to be an effective means to control emission and mitigate its negative impacts. This paper addresses the issue of optimal taxation target from the government’s perspective. Three schemes of carbon tax are considered in a Stackelberg game setting: production-only, consumer-only and mixed-type, where the government leads to determine the taxation rate, and an enterprise follows to optimize its production level and emission reduction. Closed-form analytical solutions are obtained in each case with a numerical study to get additional insights. The paper founds that government’s optimal decision on the taxation target depends on the magnitude of environmental impact of carbon emission. It may also vary with the performance metric to be achieved: maximizing social welfare as the government’s objective, maximizing profit as the enterprise’ objective, or minimizing the amount of carbon emission as social benefit. Our model and methods offer an analytical approach to provide informed decision support for policy makers regarding optimal carbon taxation target and level.

On the nonlinear relationship between energy use and CO2 emissions within an EKC framework: Evidence from panel smooth transition regression in the MENA region

This paper proposes a new approach for analyzing the dynamic relationships between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy use, and income for the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Our study implements a class of regime-switching models, namely a nonlinear panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) framework. Two kinds of estimates for carbon emissions are provided. On the one hand, we measure the impact of energy consumption on CO2 concerning the level of income per capita, as countries with a similar energy usage level would have different levels of energy intensity. On the other hand, we estimate the impact of output growth on emissions concerning energy usage variation, as a higher economic growth does not necessarily mean energy-intensive activities. Our empirical findings support these intuitions as they indicate that pollutant emissions respond nonlinearly to energy consumption and GDP growth. We find an inverted U-shaped pattern for the impact of energy on CO2, in the sense that environmental degradation is declining beyond a given income threshold, which is estimated endogenously within the PSTR model. Also, our results underscore that GDP growth significantly impacts carbon emissions only for higher energy consumption growth.

How do output, trade, renewable energy and non-renewable energy impact carbon emissions in selected Sub-Saharan African Countries?

Harmful effects of fossil fuels on environment and probability of extinction of these reserves cause to search alternative energy resources. Renewable energy use appears as the leading applicable solution in preventing climate change and global warming. The objective of this study is to quantify the relationship between output, renewable energy, non-renewable energy, trade and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for eight Sub-Saharan African countries during the 1980–2014 period with second generation panel cointegration methods. Cointegration between the analyzed variables is established by Pedroni test and Westerlund (2007) error correction based panel test. The long run empirical findings reveal that, non renewable energy and trade have important role in increasing carbon emissions while renewable energy mitigates CO2 emissions. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is supported for the selected countries and the time span. The policy implications of the results are also discussed.

The impact of carbon emissions trading on the directed technical change in China

This paper focuses on whether carbon emissions trading (CET) has different impacts on the heterogeneous low-carbon innovation, and how CET affects the direction of technical change. Taking six CET pilot regions in China as research objectives, we set two types of technology as the clean and the gray with CPC-Y02 patent codes, and use the synthetic control method (SCM) in quasi-natural experiment. Moreover, this paper analyzes how CET moderates the effects of other three factors, that is, control-and-command environment regulation, foreign capital inflow and industry structure, with different innovations. The results show that the effects of CET on the direction of technical change are different across regions. CET successfully induces technical change to the clean direction and restrains the gray direction in Beijing and Shanghai, while promoting both innovations in Tianjin and Hubei, only intensifying the gray in Guangdong and Chongqing. These results indicate CET has a significant impact on both innovations, but its impact on the direction of technical change seems to be neutral, depending more on the balance between the new regulation and existing dependence on technological path in each region. Further research finds that CET amplifies the positive effect of industry structure upgrading on both kinds of innovations, but the response of the clean is more sensitive than that of the gray. Moreover, foreign capital inflow can promote the clean in the current period and inhibit the gray with lags, and the significant interaction between CET and foreign capital inflow can not be found. However, the policy mixed CET with control-and-command regulation leads to more gray innovation. The further analyses imply that CET can be a useful instrument leading to the right direction of technical change under certain backgrounds, where industry structure is upgrading, more open for foreign investment with less control-and-command regulations.

Floor Design Strategies for Low Carbon Apartment towards Sustainable Transit Oriented Development

Reconsider design strategies for apartment constructions to achieve the ideal vision of TOD can be implemented through material use. It expected people living in urban areas are increasing and the construction will be increasing. A case study analysis is presented in order to show how floor design contributes to a building’s embodied impact. Results are presented in the form of an impact allocation scheme and an impact reduction scheme. Strategies of floor material usage can be implemented by the designer to reduce carbon footprint impacts. Material finishing such as ceramics and the size of modular material consistently giving significant impact, however, the designer also needs to consider the unit layout. Waste of the material affected to give rise the carbon emission. A designer should consider the factor of carbon emission impact since the early design stages on these decisions that achieve a large embodied impact reduction.

Modelling carbon emissions of diesel trucks on longitudinal slope sections in China.

Carbon emissions are the primary reason that contributes to global warming. The gradient has a significant impact on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced by trucks. The aim of the current paper is to propose a carbon emission quantification model for diesel trucks on longitudinal slope sections and investigate the influence of gradient on the carbon emissions of trucks for use in the low-carbon highway design. The law of conservation of mechanical energy, the first law of thermodynamics, and the vehicle longitudinal dynamics theory were adopted for deriving the carbon emission model of the trucks on the flat, uphill, downhill and round-trip longitudinal slope segments. Three kinds of common trucks were chosen to conduct the field test. Following the test data, the model demonstrates a high accuracy. The minimum gradient which is expected to impact carbon emissions of trucks on the round-trip longitudinal slope sections was the balance gradient as revealed. The gradient of the longitudinal slope is required to be avoided to be greater in comparison with the balance gradient for the achievement of the two-way traffic low carbon operation on a highway. The results of this study are valuable to researchers interested in low carbon road design and low carbon transportation control.

Is it worth reducing GHG emissions? Exploring the effect on the cost of debt financing

Notwithstanding the proliferation of papers dealing with the corporate finance implications of the so-called “carbon risk”, very few studies analysed in depth the relationship between the firm's environmental risk profile and the cost of debt financing. We contribute to this stream of research by inspecting the relationship between EuroStoxx 600 companies' carbon emissions and cost of debt financing. We argue that lenders mitigate the impact of borrowers' GHG emissions on their future cash flows primarily requiring firms with higher carbon emissions intensity to pay significantly higher costs for financing their operations through indebtedness. We also found statistically significant evidence to support the conclusion that the positive effect of carbon emissions reduction on the cost of debt financing is relevant both for high and low emitting industries. Finally, we postulated that high emitting firms pay, on average, a higher cost of debt financing than less polluting firms but are less penalized if an increase in their carbon intensity occurs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the very first study to directly document the impact of carbon emissions on the cost of debt financing for non-financial European industries, substantially enriching the existing environmental financial literature.

Impact of carbon emission on imperfect production inventory system with advance payment base free transportation

Most of the works in EPQ model considered that retailer’s purchasing cost of an order should be paid to the manufacturer at the time of its delivering. In the real world situations, few manufacturers may be expect to receive full or a fraction of the purchasing cost in advance and sometimes allow to prepayment into several equal instalments. Also, in classical inventory models it is assumed that no defective items are produced, but real production process may shift from in-control state to out-of-control state due to occurrence of some assignable causes, which results in the quality loss of items. To make the study more realistic, we develop an imperfect production inventory model that incorporates random carbon emissions under consecutive prepayments. Also, production processes are assumed to be imperfect, so they can produce some defective items and some portion of them are reworked in the same cycle. In addition, it is assumed that manufacturer offers an advanced payment based free transportation to the retailer. Carbon emissions are associated with the decisions of production and transportation from manufacturer to retailer. A carbon emission tax is need to pay by the manufacturer due to the environmental regulations. Numerical examples illustrate the proposed models and sensitivity analysis provides some managerial insights for managers.

Can industry-university-research collaborative innovation efficiency reduce carbon emissions?

Industry-university-research cooperation is an important component of the national innovation system. It is of great significance to promote scientific and technological achievements, promote industrial transformation and upgrading, and build a country that is powerful in science and technology. As an organizational form of technological progress, the efficiency of industry-university-research (IUR) cooperation can also affect carbon emissions. Based on panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2017, this paper uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) to study regional differences in industry-university-research collaborative innovation efficiency (ICIE) and the impact of carbon emissions. The results show that (1) the average efficiency of China's industry-university-research collaboration innovation is 0.65, and many provinces have not reached the effective frontier. Compared with the efficiency of South China at the regional level, ICIE in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, and Southwest China is low, and the efficiency of ICIE needs to be further improved. (2) Based on the Malmquist index (MI) decomposition of ICIE, the overall ICIE in China is increasing, of which technological progress (TECH) is the main driving factor. (3) According to the results of the regression model, China's carbon emissions exhibit a path dependence, and improving ICIE can reduce carbon emissions. (4) Green innovation plays an intermediary role. The improvement of ICIE promotes the improvement of green innovation capabilities, and the improvement of green innovation capabilities can effectively suppress carbon emissions.

Research on the Impact of Carbon Emissions Based on Nash Equilibrium Model

Based on the Cournot dual-oligonucleotide head model, this paper studies the Impact of carbon emission rights on Enterprises Based on Nash Equilibrium. The following finds analytical expressions of production enterprises’ output changes to analyze the impact of enterprises. As a result, it was found that the distribution of carbon emission rights would damage consumers’ rights and interests. In addition, some sufficient conditions for the historical emission law to affect producers’ residual changes in the carbon emissions trading system are also discussed.

The impact of carbon emissions on country risk: Evidence from the G7 economies

This paper empirically investigates the effect of carbon emissions on sovereign risk? To answer this question, we use fixed effects model by using annual data from G7 advanced economies, which includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and USA, for the period from 1996 to 2014. We employ a novel extreme value theory to measure sovereign risk. The results indicate that climate change (carbon emissions) are likely to increase sovereign risk significantly. We also expand our analysis to some specific sectors, as some of the sectors emit more carbon than others. Specifically, we take top three polluting sectors namely: transportation, electricity and industry and show that they are more likely to increase the sovereign risk. Our results are robust to change in risk measures, estimation in differences and dynamic version of econometric models. Therefore, we have robust consideration that the carbon emissions significantly explain the sovereign risk.