Impact Behavior Of Composite Materials Research Articles

Dynamic Behavior and Permanent Indentation in S2-Glass Woven Fabric Reinforced Polymer Composites under Impact: Experimentation and High-Fidelity Modeling

This paper studies the behavior of S2-glass woven fabric reinforced polymer composite under low-velocity impact at 18–110 J energy. A macro-homogeneous finite element model for the prediction of their response is implemented, considering the non-linear material behavior and intralaminar and interlaminar failure modes for the prediction of impact damage. The model accurately predicted the permanent indentation caused by impact. By applying the Ramberg-Osgood formulation, different initial stiffness values are examined to assess the post-impact unloading response. This approach reveals the significant role of initial stiffness in inelastic strain accumulation and its consequent effect on permanent indentation depth. A higher initial stiffness correlates with increased inelastic strain, influencing the impactor rebound and resulting in greater permanent indentation. By accurately predicting permanent indentation, and damage accumulation for different impact energies, this study contributes to a better understanding of the impact behavior of composite materials, thereby promoting their wider application.

Classification, applications, and impact behavior of composite materials: A review

Composites are increasingly preferred in industrial, medical, and sporting applications due to their exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal, and physical properties, as well as their low weight and investment costs, particularly in medical, electronics, aerospace, and automotive sectors. Impact damage to composite materials is a significant design issue, necessitating a thorough understanding of how these materials break down and fail under impact loads to ensure reliable and cost-effective design. This paper uses both experimental and numerical methods to present an in-depth review of the impact properties of composite materials.

On low-velocity impact behaviour of composite laminates: Damage investigation and influence of matrix and temperature

The present manuscript aims to provide an overview of the phenomenon of the low-velocity impact behaviour of composite materials at room and in extreme temperature conditions, by comparing the results obtained on different fibre-matrix combinations and giving a comprehensive review of the impact behaviour and evolution of damage of marine and aerospace composites. The latter was chosen to reduce the environmental impact of plastic wastes. Experimental impact tests up to complete penetration and at different increasing impact energy levels, were carried out by a modular falling weight tower.The ability of different Non Destructive Techniques NDT in detecting and evaluating barely-visible and invisible impact damage on composite laminates was tested. The aspect related to the damage is, in fact, crucial for these materials because of their inhomogeneity and anisotropy.The conventional and largely used UltraSound technique, US, was adopted to investigate the delamination caused by low-velocity impact loads. The results were compared with Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry, ESPI, as well as with theoretical and semiempirical formulations for the delamination prediction.

FEM Analysis of Textile Reinforced Composite Materials Impact Behavior.

Composite materials reinforced with textile fabrics represent a complex subject. When explaining these materials, one must consider their mechanical behavior in general, and impact resistance in particular, as many applications are characterized by dynamic strains. Impact characteristics must be considered from the early stages of the design process in order to be controlled through structure, layer deposition and direction. Reinforcement materials are essential for the quality and behavior of composites, and textile reinforcements present a large range of advantages. It takes a good understanding of the requirements specific to an application to accurately design textile reinforcements. Currently, simulations of textile reinforcements and composites are efficient tools to forecast their behavior during both processing and use. The paper presents the steps that must be followed for modelling the impact behavior of composite materials, using finite element analysis (FEM). The FEM model built using Deform 3D software offers information concerning the behavior structure during impact. The behavior can be visualized for the structure as a whole and, for different sections, be considered significant. Furthermore, the structure’s strain can be visualized at any moment. In real impact tests, this is not possible due to the very short time interval and the impossibility to record inside the structure, as well as to record all significant stages using conventional means.

Low Velocity Impact Response of Laminate Rectangular Plates Made of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics

The paper aims to present an experimental study on low velocity impact behavior of composite materials reinforced with carbon fibers. The objectives of investigations are to assess the main characteristics of impact response such as the energy absorbed by the laminate plate, the contact force as well as the indentation corresponding to different initial kinetic energies of the projectile. The experimental tests were conducted on rectangular plate specimens with dimensions of 150x100x2.5mm3, cut off from a symmetric laminate made of 8 unidirectional carbon/epoxy vinyl ester laminate that are stacked in a lay-up configuration of [0/-45/45/90]s. The energy that induced the specimen’s complete perforation as well as the energy corresponding to the level of BVID were determined with regard to typical testing conditions, such as the time varying acceleration, displacement as well as the absorbed impact energy. Moreover, for comparison purposes, the analytically results obtained for the case of an elastic impact with a projectile velocity of 1m/s, by making use of a complete model based on Kirchhoff plate theory, is presented. Within the range of elastic impact, the analytical results demonstrated their good agreement with the experimental testing data in terms of the absorbed impact energy, displacements and contact force time histories.

Investigation of two finite element modelling approaches for ballistic impact response of composite laminates

ABSTRACTWe evaluated two numerical modelling methods based on different modelling scales in simulating the ballistic performance of composite laminates. An orthogonal continuous material model was developed and used to establish an equivalent macro-scale impact model of a projectile/composite target (uniform model). Combining the Chang–Chang failure model and tiebreak contact algorithm, the corresponding computational model for the cross-plied microstructure of composite laminates was constructed layer by layer (layered model). Using the two modelling methods mentioned earlier, a series of ballistic impact simulations were carried out for Kevlar/epoxy composite laminates, and the simulation results were compared with the corresponding experimental results. The computational capacities of the two methods were compared in terms of damage pattern, ballistic limit, residual velocity and computational efficiency. The results indicate that the uniform model can simulate the main ballistic impact behaviour of composite materials, whereas the layered model can simulate more detailed features of composite damage. Moreover, the predictive capability of the uniform model for ballistic limit and residual velocity is equivalent to that of the layered model, and the uniform model exhibits a higher computational efficiency than the layered model.

Flying Ballast Resistance for Composite Materials in Railway Vehicle Carbody Shells

This paper describes a simplified practical approach to the impact damage assessment of flying ballast or debris in composite materials, which could potentially be used for passenger rail vehicles. With the development of high-speed lines in order to guarantee the safety of primarily the driver and passengers, the vehicle body shell must be strong enough to resist the penetration of these types of objects into the vehicle. Currently the EN12663 standard has insufficient information on missile impact requirements for car bodies. Using the requirements of British Railway Group Standard GM/RT2100, GFRP composite material was analyzed in both static and dynamic events. Impact events at high velocities (V>50 m/s) lead to difficulties in testing due to the requirements for specific and expensive equipment and safety issues in the test application process. The simpler assessment and testing method described in this paper aims to provide a more cost effective, less time consuming, easily applicable method, with accurate results compared to existing methods. Previous research found that high-velocity impact behavior of composite materials can be mimicked by quasi-static punch tests (QSP). In this study, QSP tests were performed with E-glass/polyester composite laminates and FE simulations were carried out to match the experiments. The resulting numerical material and modelling data was used to simulate high velocity impact cases to assess the response of the material and to determine the connection between static and dynamic cases.

Probabilistic damage modelling of textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites under high velocity impact based on combined acoustic emission and electromagnetic emission measurements

The purpose of this paper is to provide new experimental data for textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites under high velocity impact up to 1500 m/s. Based on the performed experimental studies, the phenomenology of destruction and recovery of bonds is revealed and a phenomenological material model is developed for the impact scenario. To achieve this goal, a new methodology to study the impact behaviour of composite materials has been used. A novel experimental device was developed together with an appropriate evaluation software that enables the determination of the energy redistribution, the residual deformations, the macroscopic fracture process and the phenomena of destruction and restoration of bonds between the material constituents during a direct central collision of a spherical projectile with the tested composite plates. A material model was developed to describe the high velocity impact process that combines a continuum damage mechanics model with a novel probabilistic approach for bond destruction and recovery. Numerical simulations are performed with the newly elaborated model in order to compare its predictions with the experimental results. A standard numerical model was used as a benchmark.

Analytical models versus experimental results for composites containing nanoclay as secondary reinforcement under high velocity impact

This study compares some analytical models on high velocity impact behaviour of composite materials with that of experimental results from high velocity impact of hemispherical nose projectiles on nanoclay-filled composite plates in particular, assessing current models to account for the presence of nanoclay in polymer composites under such loading. Nanocomposites were prepared in 0, 1.5 and 3 wt%. The nanoclay-filled polyester resin was then utilised to manufacture laminated composite panels in four, eight and 12 layers using 400 g/m2 glass fibre woven roving via hand lay-up method. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed intercalation and exfoliation of the nanoclay in the polyester resin system. Five models were selected for assessment. Comparison of predicted ballistic limit velocity (velocity at which the projectile remains in the composite target) with that of experimental results showed close correlation in all thickness for models that incorporated projectile nose geometry. A simple empirical equation is derived as a function of polymer laminate thickness and flexural modulus of polymer nanocomposite laminates, which varies with nanoclay content in polymer composite laminates for predicting ballistic limit velocity.

Impact Behaviour of Composite Materials by Using Low and High Speed Impact Tests

The study presents the need for instrumented testing to optimizing materials against impact forces. The objective of the study is how the impact behaviour of composite materials is investigated by slow and high speed impact tests. Instron Dynatup 9250HV and Instron Dynatup 8150 Impact test machines (Fig.1.) are used which are located in TUBITAK-MRC, Materials Institute , Impact Test Laboratory". The damage process in composite materials under low and high velocity impact loading and the impact energy-displacement properties of the composite materials were investigated. Composite samples were produced by woven fabrics. The results are given as graphs and tables. The Impulse Data Acquisition software is used to send the data to computer.

Impact Behaviour of Composite Materials by Using Low and High Speed Impact Tests

The study presents the need for instrumented testing to optimizing materials against impact forces. The objective of the study is how the impact behaviour of composite materials is investigated by slow and high speed impact tests. Instron Dynatup 9250HV and Instron Dynatup 8150 Impact test machines (Fig.1.) are used which are located in TUBITAK-MRC, Materials Institute , Impact Test Laboratory". The damage process in composite materials under low and high velocity impact loading and the impact energy-displacement properties of the composite materials were investigated. Composite samples were produced by woven fabrics. The results are given as graphs and tables. The Impulse Data Acquisition software is used to send the data to computer.

Scale and Size Effects on Dynamic Response and Damage of Glass/Epoxy Tubular Structures

The impact behavior of composite materials has been extensively studied but interest has been centered on flat plates. For underwater applications, thick composite cylinders are employed and several questions must be addressed concerning the influence of accidental impact. The aim of this work is to study the dynamic response of tubular structures. Such structures find many applications but the damage upon impact is not taken into account during their dimensioning. However, at the time of their handling or in service the damage introduced by accidental impact can compromise their capacity to fulfill their function. The cylinders are thick and consist of epoxy matrix and glass fiber reinforcement. After having observed the nature of the damage related to the static and dynamic loading, the scale and size effects on dynamic response and damage are examined. The studies reveal that the dynamic responses show a satisfactory correlation with predictions based on rules of similitude.

Loss Energy of Composite Materials. Part II: Impact Loading

Abstract This paper deals with the influence of material structure parameters (fiber treatment and content of micropores) on the impact behavior of composite materials. Furthermore, an impact falling-weight testing device and the characteristic impact values are introduced. The role of the fiber/matrix interphase was investigated by using glass and natural (jute) fibers with different treatments. To study the influence of the content of micropores, epoxy foam reinforced with glass fiber mats were prepared. All materials were impacted on an instrumented low-velocity non-penetration falling-weight impact tester. By integrating the measured force/deflection curves, all characteristic values were determined. Finally, the fatigue behavior of epoxy foam reinforced with pre-treated woven fabrics and the jute/PP laminates under repeated impact were investigated. In all impact experiments, the damping index responded more sensitively to changes in the material structure than did the loss energy. Furthermore, it was found that the damping index is an excellent measurement for characterizing the extent of damage.

Effect of interfacial chain structure on toughening behaviour in rubber modified poly(methyl methacrylate)

Core-shell composite particles were prepared by a heterocoagulation and annealing process, in which control of the number of chemical linkages in the interfacial zone without changing other properties was possible using five kinds of small size shell particles (SP) with different carboxyl charge density and one large size core particle (LP) with an epoxy functional group. These functional groups were capable of associating with one another through chemical reaction by thermal treatment. With increase of surface functionality of SP, the toughness was found to be higher. This indicated that a higher number of interfacial linkages between core and shell materials resulted in an increase in the critical stress intensity factor KIc of the modified poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composite. The interfacial properties between core and shell phase therefore play an important role in the impact behaviour of composite materials. ©1997 SCI