Impact Assessment Of Projects Research Articles

Social Impact Assessment Project on Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program

The research aims to assess users utility and cost-effectiveness based on the results of rapid antigen test kits for urine and abdominal ultrasound methods. This study uses qualitative methods to analyze liver fluke screening among individuals aged 40 and above in four provinces. Purposive sampling was used, with 373 participants and 379 participants, respectively. Utility measurement tools included a direct Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and indirect EuroQoL (5Q-5D-5L), and willingness to pay value was measured using bidding. The result shows that the sample group has an average VAS score of 76.90, with slight pain or discomfort reported in the five health dimensions. The utility value reflecting daily quality of life is 0.89. The average willingness to pay per use for rapid test kits and abdominal ultrasounds is 187 baht and 796 baht, respectively. Reasons for not paying higher include income factors, high prices, and personal limitations. However, participants believe public hospitals could support examination costs and provide access to benefits. The project benefits people economically, socially, and culturally, and if the Ministry of Public Health and related agencies can effectively use it, it will maximize benefits.

Study on the deformation law of the construction of the cutoff wall of the reservoir

Relying on the middle line of south-to-north water diversion project ning storage reservoir has built the construction load impact assessment project, the study through the analysis of field conditions select reasonable monitoring section and monitoring scheme, the late monitoring, the results can reflect the overall deformation of the wall and stress, and use in advance in the wall, monitoring instruments, to the typical section of field deformation, pressure, strain and stress, automatic oblique monitoring results to introduce the stress strain of the whole wall. Research results: The soil pressure showed the larger on the outside and the slightly smaller on the inside; Concrete strain relative to the initial state in the direction of vertical wall and vertical strain increment is larger, The strain increment along the wall direction is small; The data of the reinforcement stress gauge are all negative, And the quantity value of the inner steel bar gauge continues to increase, The monitoring value of the outer steel bar gauge has a tendency to decrease gradually; Small displacement of the plastic concrete walls, Large displacement of reinforced concrete walls, And the value along the wall for the small law; The inclination displacement value of monitoring section 2-2 and 3-3 gradually decreases with the continuous construction, The displacement value of monitoring 1–1 section also becomes smaller in the first and middle stages of construction, But in the late construction, This shows that the horizontal displacement of the monitoring 1–1 section in the later construction period has a recovery trend; The top settlement value is larger at the 1st-3rd wall, About 6 mm–10mm, The 4–6 pin is smaller, About 4 mm–5mm, Article 7–10, the pin is directly crushed by the vehicle, Its value is approximately 6 mm–8mm.

Social Impact Assessment in Urban Security Management Projects: A Case Study from Pakistan

Public safety and security management projects are devised to reduce crime, fear and calamities by prevailing law and order to reduce the harm in society. In a certain context, social impact assessment is a novel way to reveal the extent of effectiveness for these projects. This case study presents an Expert System based methodology regarding social impact assessment for two urban security management projects in Pakistan. An Expert System, DoctuS is employed as a tool to build a rule-based model tool using social impact attributes (as variables) from literature and expert knowledge (Author’s own insight as being involved in projects). Case-based reasoning (CBR) method is employed for the measurement of the impact of urban security management KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) in the two case projects. The empirical findings in this case study approaches the impact assessment by quantitative analysis of crime rates in JMP statistical package and Qualitative Expert knowledge-based model in DoctuS. Thereby, the study evaluates the pre and post ante project situations in order to assess the project’s effectiveness and impact on improved urban safety and security. In the first step, the projects are briefly described, followed by the crime rate analysis under the project jurisdictions and rules between attributes are defined. The second step defines the qualitative rule-based model along with the two cases described, and validated in DoctuS tool. Some attributes and rules have changed, and a new concise model is presented. The Expert System compares the project cases and evaluates the social impact assessment based on the defined KPIs. The Expert system validation presents a novel model for social impact assessment of subject urban security management projects. We propose this methodology and model as useful in investigating social impact assessment of projects specifically dealing with urban safety and security management. However, the generalizability of the findings of this case-study based articles need more sophisticated tests as recommendation for the extension to this study.
 
 Received: 31 May 2023 / Accepted: 19 November 2023 / Published: 5 January 2024

Biodiversity Impact Assessment Considering Land Use Intensities and Fragmentation.

Land use is a major threat to terrestrial biodiversity. Life cycle assessment is a tool that can assess such threats and thereby support environmental decision-making. Within the Global Guidance for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (GLAM) project, the Life Cycle Initiative hosted by UN Environment aims to create a life cycle impact assessment method across multiple impact categories, including land use impacts on ecosystem quality represented by regional and global species richness. A working group of the GLAM project focused on such land use impacts and developed new characterization factors to combine the strengths of two separate recent advancements in the field: the consideration of land use intensities and land fragmentation. The data sets to parametrize the underlying model are also updated from previous models. The new characterization factors cover five species groups (plants, amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles) and five broad land use types (cropland, pasture, plantations, managed forests, and urban land) at three intensity levels (minimal, light, and intense). They are available at the level of terrestrial ecoregions and countries. This paper documents the development of the characterization factors, provides practical guidance for their use, and critically assesses the strengths and remaining shortcomings.

Intersecting Upstream Factors: Inequities in Cervical Cancer Screening in Malawi

Sub-Saharan African countries like Malawi have been experiencing a rapid increase in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Cervical cancer screening services are essential for reducing cancer incidence and associated fatalities. Previous attempts to understand the determinants of cervical cancer testing have predominantly focused on the independent influence of residence and socioeconomic status on the utilization of screening services. This has limited our understanding of intersectional sources of inequities in healthcare usage. Guided by an intersectionality framework, we used data from the 2015 to 2016 Malawi Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Project (n = 11,313) to examine the intersecting effects of women’s residence and socioeconomic status on cervical cancer screening tests. We found residential and socioeconomic inequalities in cervical cancer screening in Malawi. Respondents’ levels of education and household wealth had a statistically significant effect on the use of both lifetime and past-3-years cervical cancer screens. Further results showed a significantly greater influence of household wealth among rural than among urban Malawian women in both lifetime and past-3-years cervical cancer screens. Conversely, a significantly lower influence of education in rural compared to urban areas in lifetime cervical cancer screening was observed. Our study highlights the need to consider the residential context’s role in modifying socioeconomic inequalities in cervical cancer screening among women. Such structural considerations are necessary to increase cervical cancer screening and health and well-being among women in the global south.

Evaluation of the effects of a complex intervention

Appraising the effects of a complex intervention is one step in a more broadly based research process, from the construction or modelling of the intervention to its actual deployment. It consists in measuring the effectiveness or impact of the intervention, i.e. analyzing its capacity to produce change. The aim of this article is to obtain unbiased measurement of the average effects of an intervention, based on a panel of predetermined parameters and on the assumption of a causal link between the intervention and the measured result. This article is consequently devoted to evaluation of the effects of a complex intervention and focuses on the methodological challenges of its three key stages:1) modelling of the intervention and feasibility analysis, essential prerequisites;2) the choice of study design and of the effects to be measured, that is to say the methodological premises;and 3) process analysis, carried out in parallel with the evaluation of effects, leading to an indispensable appraisal of the intervention implementation and of the context into which it is integrated. The article is illustrated by five intervention impact assessment projects. A specific objective when evaluating the effects of a complex intervention consists in (a) moving away from a simple search for causality involving the intervention and its effects and (b) toward understanding of the effectiveness mechanisms, once again taking into account the context and the actual conditions of implementation. The challenge is to embrace rather than limit the complexity of the intervention, this being an essential prerequisite for its successful deployment and eventual generalization.

Development and expert validation of a ‘Data-to-Action Continuum’ to measure and advance the data-use capabilities of national tuberculosis programs

Background The Data-to-Action Continuum (D2AC) Toolkit is intended to advance the data use capabilities associated with people, processes, technology, and institutions of national tuberculosis programs (NTPs). It empowers NTPs and stakeholders to measure current capabilities, identify areas amenable to interventions to build future capacities, and helps align the TB information system to better achieve the NTP’s goals. This paper describes the development process of the D2AC Toolkit, whose aim is to enable NTPs and stakeholders—especially the policymakers, program managers, and laboratory and facility managers—to precisely gauge the barriers limiting the use of data for action and devise appropriate interventions to address them. Methods Building on a scientific and grey literature foundation, the D2AC Toolkit was collaboratively developed by a core group of the TB data, Impact Assessment and Communications Hub (TB DIAH) project. The Toolkit was validated by a group of international and country-level experts following an iterative and user-centered process employing mixed methods. Results The expert-validated D2AC Toolkit measures appropriate capabilities required to transform data to action in the context of an NTP at the national, regional, district, and facility levels across five domains and 17 subdomains using a five-point Likert scale: nascent, defined, established, institutionalized, and optimized. Conclusions The continuum describes the status of various domains and corresponding subdomains and enables the identification of future goals for each subdomain. The future capabilities are meant to guide the development of an improvement path toward the desired level of advancement and monitor progress toward the desired goals. By integrating an iterative and user-centered process and using mixed methods, the D2AC Toolkit enables policymakers, program managers, and service providers to gauge current capabilities, identify future priorities, and develop an implementation plan to improve the organizational ability to transform data to action for achieving tuberculosis program goals.

Indigenous experiences of impact assessment and development projects: lessons from the Aashukan exchange

ABSTRACT How can Indigenous peoples and practitioners engage Impact Assessment as a collaborative learning process that enables communities to affect and influence the design of development projects and their management systems? How to create conversations between Indigenous peoples in order to craft a message/voice in relation to developers? This article summarizes lessons learned from ‘Aashukan’ an Indigenous exchange organized on James Bay Cree lands, Northern Québec, Canada in conjunction with the IAIA Conference in 2017. It presents the context, objectives, processes, and outcomes of this workshop in relation to the Impact Assessment community and discusses future directions.

Community Mobilization Approaches for Large-Scale Public Health Surveys: Experiences from the Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) Project.

Community mobilization is an integral process of raising awareness and increasing participation in a specific program. Communities with long-standing mistrust of health research may otherwise be reluctant to participate in surveys originating outside of their locality, particularly when asked to share personal information, provide blood samples, or undergo medical examinations. Here we discuss the community mobilization approaches undertaken by the Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) project to optimize participation in surveys across 13 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The PHIA Project developed a community mobilization strategy to address anticipated community concerns. In each country, a trained cadre of Community Mobilization Coordinators (CMCs) facilitated (1) ongoing communication with leadership and stakeholders at national, provincial/district and local levels; (2) door-to-door visits and group meetings; (3) promotional material dissemination through radio and television jingles and mass social/community media; and (4) the use of public address systems to enhance survey awareness and promote participation. Response rates (RR) were recorded from each survey. The PHIA surveys' mobilization efforts cultivated a receptive environment for data collection. The average household response rate for 13 PHIA surveys was 90.4% and interview RR were consistently over 80%, with women more likely to conduct an interview in all countries except Cote d'Ivoire. 89% of eligible women consented to a blood draw and 81.1% of eligible men consented. The robust and contextualized community mobilization approaches in PHIA were critical for engaging communities in large-scale public health surveys and contributed to high RR in participant interviews and blood draw.

Explaining external economic support inequality among households affected by HIV/AIDS in Tanzania: an Oaxaca Blinder decomposition analysis

BackgroundHIV/AIDS remains the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to multiple constraints experienced by households that seem to be disproportionally affected, families generally seek assistance from the community and external economic support. Previous researchers studied socioeconomic and gender inequality in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries. However, very few researchers have paid attention to the external economic support for HIV/AIDS affected households in Tanzania. This study investigates the difference in economic support among households affected or not affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Tanzania.MethodsData used stemmed from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2016–2017 (THIS) of the Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) project, collected between 2016 and 2017 in Tanzania. The study population were the heads of households (adults) with age greater than 15. The dependent variable for the study was economic support. This consisted of both material and non-material assistance obtained from outside the household. Socio-demographic (economics) characteristics constituted the predictors of the study. Descriptive statistics and econometric modelling were used to analyse determinants associated with external economic support. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method was also performed to investigate the difference in economic support depending on households’ serological status in Tanzania.ResultsA total of 12,008 households were included. Almost 11% of the household heads indicated that their households received economic support. HIV/AIDS affected 7% of households. The mean age of the household heads was 45 years (SD ± 15) with a range of 16–80. The majority of household heads were men (72%). Being a household head affected by HIV/AIDS increases the probability to receive external economic support (p < 0.05). The difference in external economic support between the two groups (HIV/AIDS and no- HIV/AIDS households) was - 0.032 (p < 0.01). This gap was observed to favour households affected by HIV/AIDS. Almost 72% (− 0.023/− 0.032) of this difference was explained by characteristics such as the wealth index (p < 0.01), residence area (urban) (p < 0.01), marital status (widowed (p < 0.05) and divorced or separated) (p < 0.1) and age (p < 0.01).ConclusionThe difference in economic support across households affected or not affected by HIV/AIDS was explained by wealth index, residence area, marital status and age. These findings represent important implications for health policy regarding future economic support strategies for HIV/AIDS-affected households.

Carbon Neutrality Policies and Technologies: A Scientometric Analysis of Social Science Disciplines

Carbon neutrality, or “net zero”, has become the impact assessment project of human impact on Earth, increasingly structured to examine the implications, for the environment and people, of proposed actions and consequences of inaction. International and local collaboration efforts have been made with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality or “net-zero” emissions; thus, policies and technological innovations have been developed. Such impact-oriented risk assessment and control efforts amount to carbon-neutral pathways. Although such pathways may diverge in terms of energy, resources, and cost, it is critical to summarize essential and promising preparatory work on related policies and technologies to inform both policy-makers and social scientists to take actions. Through a scientometric analysis and systematic review of the latest social science literature, the study identified the size, scope and exemplar work for each social science discipline on carbon neutrality, based on 907 articles collected in early 2021 from the Web of Science database. This study reveals a set of disciplines focusing on certain common and distinct aspects of carbon neutrality. By outlining the possibilities and application areas for future research and policy development for socio-technical transition towards a net-zero or post-carbon future, this study has contributed to the understanding of the global efforts to achieve a clearer and viable carbon-neutral pathway. In conclusion, as many aspects of the planet and humans have become datafied, digitized, and networked, carbon neutrality, as the ecological indicator that guide human production and consumption patterns, must take on a central role in guiding our conscious green digital transformation of many political, economic, social and psychological aspects of our societies according to the existing and emerging social science knowledge.

A Comprehensive Approach to Assuring Quality of Laboratory Testing in HIV Surveys: Lessons Learned From the Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Project.

Conducting HIV surveys in resource-limited settings is challenging because of logistics, limited availability of trained personnel, and complexity of testing. We described the procedures and systems deemed critical to ensure high-quality laboratory data in the population-based HIV impact assessments and large-scale household surveys. Laboratory professionals were engaged in every stage of the surveys, including protocol development, site assessments, procurement, training, quality assurance, monitoring, analysis, and reporting writing. A tiered network of household, satellite laboratories, and central laboratories, accompanied with trainings, optimized process for blood specimen collection, storage, transport, and real-time monitoring of specimen quality, and test results at each level proved critical in maintaining specimen integrity and high-quality testing. A plausibility review of aggregate merged data was conducted to confirm associations between key variables as a final quality check for quality of laboratory results. Overall, we conducted a hands-on training for 3355 survey staff across 13 surveys, with 160-387 personnel trained per survey on biomarker processes. Extensive training and monitoring demonstrated that overall, 99% of specimens had adequate volume and 99.8% had no hemolysis, indicating high quality. We implemented quality control and proficiency testing for testing, resolved discrepancies, verified >300 Pima CD4 instruments, and monitored user errors. Aggregate data review for plausibility further confirmed the high quality of testing. Ongoing engagement of laboratory personnel to oversee processes at all levels of the surveys is critical for successful national surveys. High-quality population-based HIV impact assessments laboratory data ensured reliable results and demonstrated the impact of HIV programs in 13 countries.

Distribution of trout in the Upper Ob basin

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) and brown trout Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758 are popular aquaculture species worldwide. At the same time, it is known that when these species enter natural water bodies, they are able to form self-reproducing populations and cause significant damage to native fauna due to food competition, hybridization with native species, and predation. In the basin of the Upper Ob in the second half of the twentieth century, there was not only a large aquaculture farm specializing in trout but also work was carried out to introduce trout into natural water bodies: lakes in the basins of Lake Teletskoye and the Katun river. It is known about the formation of a self-reproducing population of brook trout in Lake Lebedinoe (in the basin of the Pervaya Koksha River, a second-order tributary of the lower reaches of the Katun River), which still exists. Currently, rainbow trout is a popular object of aquaculture in southern Siberia; it is grown mainly for the purpose of organizing recreational fishing, often in water bodies that are not isolated from the river network. This determines the regular ingress of this species into rivers. Nevertheless, currently no evidence of natural reproduction of trouts in natural water in the Upper Ob basin, except in Lake Lebedinoe. However, given the high risks associated with the potential invasiveness of trouts, it is necessary to recommend a cautious attitude towards the distribution of these species and to provide for an environmental impact assessment of projects related to their cultivation in water bodies of Western Siberia.

Design and use of crowdsourcing geographic data collection system during the monitoring phase of Environmental Impact Assessment reports

&lt;p&gt;When the whole earth is considered as a geographic place, it is clearly seen that the physical and social processes in the Earth’s crust have a direct or indirect connection with geography. In this century named information era, it is vital to find new solutions to people’s problems by getting different results from gathering, providing, and querying information.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt;Geographic information systems are frequently used in the preparation and implementation stages of environmental impact assessment (EIA) projects. However, the failure to use spatial data effectively during the monitoring phase, which is the final step of the assessment process, causes the inability to determine whether the activities undertaken in the report are implemented. This situation causes EIA reports and activities to be questioned or even not accepted by the public.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt;By inter-organizational data sharing, geographical data needs can be met and duplicate data productions can be avoided.&amp;nbsp; However, the problem of updating the geographical data provided always comes out as the real problem.&amp;nbsp; At this point, there are approaches that are defined as Crowdsourcing which refers the way of solving the problems of the institutions by utilizing the knowledge and experience outsourced. The most important institutional concern regarding crowdsourcing and geographical data extraction reveals itself as data consistency and accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt;With the system developed within the scope of this study, the status of EIA projects in implementation with the development of the project will be effectively controlled with the participation of the administration and the public. A crowdsourcing-based system has been prepared and introduced to ensure the participation of the public. With this study, the development of the project and the problems experienced during the monitoring phase can be controlled. Thus, it will be ensured that any negative situation that could be experienced will be prevented or minimized in a way that will not harm the environment.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Public participation, indigenous peoples’ land rights and major infrastructure projects in the Amazon: The case for a human rights assessment framework

AbstractThe recognition of land title and demarcation of indigenous peoples’ ancestral lands and the guarantee of the rights of consultation and free, prior and informed consent in the context of large infrastructure projects represent some of the major challenges for indigenous peoples and communities in the Amazon States. These challenges have been exacerbated by the election of the current Brazilian federal government in power since January 2019. Yet a significant development with the potential to strengthen participatory environmental governance in the region followed the adoption and entry into force in April 2021 of the 2018 Regional Agreement on Access to Environmental Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Latin America and the Caribbean. This article will argue that national environmental impact assessment and licensing procedures must integrate a human rights approach to project impact assessments to safeguard the protection of the environment and indigenous peoples’ fundamental rights.

Impact Assessment of Project: Provision of Laptops to the Students of Public Sector Universities of Punjab (Pakistan)

Government of the Punjab (GOP) initiated a development project through which two hundred thousand (200,000) laptops were provided to meritorious students in two phases of the project along with free of cost on campus access to internet facility to cope with the challenges of the digitization brought about by the spread of Information and Communication Technology. The rationale behind the project was enhance the IT skills of students and to help students overcome the obstacles in the way of learning and professional growth in the modern times. It was envisaged that the laptops will improve the IT skills along with improvement in grades and outcomes of students’. At completion, the project was evaluated for assessment of outcomes and impact of the project on the beneficiaries. Moreover, the qualitative aspect of scheme was also analyzed, in terms of quality of laptops, warranty support, quality of internet connectivity, laptop distribution on merit and etc. Questionnaire was developed covering all the aspects of the project. Data was collected online from 3600 sampled students through Google form on a broad based methodology. Based on the data analysis, positive outcomes were observed almost in almost all quantitative and qualitative indicators defined for this evaluation. Detailed conclusions and recommendations are given in the last section of the paper.

The contentious politics of hydropower dam impact assessments in the Mekong River basin

Since the 1990s, many large hydropower dams have been built in the Mekong River Basin. There has been considerable concern about resettlement and compensation linked to reservoir flooding, as well as the impacts of dams on wild-capture fisheries, riparian livelihoods, and aquatic biodiversity and ecosystems. Anti-dam activists in the Mekong Basin have contested these impacts by claiming that dam impact assessments limit the spatial scale of recognized impact areas in order to reduce both the political backlash against projects and the costs of dam development. In this article, we consider the contentious politics of hydropower dam impact assessments in order to understand how the spatial strategies of anti-dam activists influence the recognized scale of dam impacts. We analyze three of the most contested hydropower projects in the Mekong River Basin: the operational Pak Mun dam in northeastern Thailand, the recently completed Lower Sesan 2 dam in northeastern Cambodia, and the planned Sambor dam on the mainstream Mekong River in Cambodia. We argue that the recognized scale of impacts is in part an outcome of anti-dam activists’ different spatial imaginaries and associated scale frames—along with those of state actors, business interests, and project consultants—that inform activist strategies for mobilizing geographically dispersed people to make claims about dam impacts. Although activists have sometimes challenged the spatial extent of project impact assessments, they have also sometimes inadvertently adopted strategies to contest dams that have reproduced project scale frames favorable to dam proponents.

Environmental impact assessment procedures for projects in marine environment – evaluation analysis

Appropriately high level of marine environment protection implies taking the measures of prudence, precaution, reasonable and rational use of marine natural resources, and that is achieved also through the assessment of potential significant negative impacts at the early stage of planning of a particular project. Marine fish and shellfish farms, marine ports, minerals exploitation, shore nourishment, seabed deepening and drying, construction in and at the sea and other projects in marine environment are subject to implementation of environmental impact assessment and screening projects based on environmental reports. The description of main features of technological processes of planned projects and their impact on marine environment constitute an integral part of environmental reports, as technical baselines for assessing potential significant negative impacts. In order to prevent pollution, pursuant to law provisions, it is necessary to apply technologies that are most efficient for achieving high level of marine environment protection. In assessing at the planning stage whether most acceptable technologies are used, consultative expert committee consisting of scientists and professionals is engaged in environmental impact assessment procedures. Paper analyses the parts of environmental reports describing technological procedures and proposes the methods of upgrading their quality by involving experts and scientists in examining thereof.

A FEW COMMENTS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN GEOLOGY AND MINING

This article is devoted to discussing specific solutions in the field of environmental impact assessments of projects regulated by the Act of June 9, 2011 on Geological and Mining Law. Particular attention has been paid to recent changes in this area. They mainly concern the extension of the scope of exemptions from the obligation to obtain a decision on environmental conditions.

Assessment of site contaminated soil remediation based on an input output life cycle assessment

Soil pollution is expanding, and soil remediation projects are underway around the world. To make the soil remediation more sustainable, soil remediation project impact assessments have been developed. In this study, the input-output life cycle assessment (IO-LCA) method is used to quantify the environmental, social, and economic impacts of four soil remediation schemes based on three soil remediation techniques (in situ encapsulation (ISE), ex situ thermal desorption (ESTD), and in situ thermal desorption (ISTD)) in an industrial contaminated area of China. The evaluation results showed that the ISE technology was the technology with the lowest cost and the best environmental impact, but it is only suitable for deep contaminated soils. ISTD was the best technique for a comprehensive evaluation. ISE + ESTD were the most suitable alternatives for a project. These evaluation methods will allow soil remediation decision makers to make informed choices. Soil remediation projects can be optimized by selecting appropriate energy sources and reducing NOX and SO2 emissions from natural gas supplies.