Impact Angle Research Articles

Quantitative analysis of the protective performance of bicycle helmet with multi-direction impact protection system in oblique impact tests

PurposeThe current study aimed to assess the protective performance of helmets equipped with multi-directional impact protection system (MIPS) under various oblique impact loads. MethodsInitially, a finite element model of a bicycle helmet with MIPS was developed based on the scanned geometric parameters of an actual bicycle helmet. Subsequently, the validity of model was confirmed using the KASK WG11 oblique impact test method. Three different impact angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) and 2 varying impact speeds (5 m/s and 8 m/s) were employed in oblique tests to evaluate protective performance of MIPS in helmets, focusing on injury assessment parameters such as peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak angular acceleration (PAA) of the head. ResultsThe results demonstrated that in all impact simulations, both assessment parameters were lower during impact for helmets equipped with MIPS compared to those without. The PAA was consistently lower in the MIPS helmet group, whereas the difference in PLA was not significant in the no-MIPS helmet group. For instance, at an impact velocity of 8 m/s and a 30° inclined anvil, the MIPS helmet group exhibited a PAA of 3225 rad/s2 and a PLA of 281 g. In contrast, the no-MIPS helmet group displayed a PAA of 8243 rad/s2 and a PLA of 292 g. Generally, both PAA and PLA parameters decreased with the increase of anvil angles. At a 60° anvil angles, PAA and PLA values were 664 rad/s2 and 20.7 g, respectively, reaching their minimum. ConclusionThe findings indicated that helmets incorporating MIPS offer enhanced protection against various oblique impact loads. When assessing helmets for oblique impacts, the utilization of larger angle anvils and rear impacts might not adequately evaluate protective performance during an impact event. These findings will guide advancements in helmet design and the refinement of oblique impact test protocols.

Topography prediction of high-aspect ratio features milled with overlapping abrasive slurry jet footprints considering fluid confinement effects

Overlapping adjacent passes of abrasive slurry jets can be used to fabricate micro-pockets or blind micro-slots. This study investigates the propagation of surfaces milled using overlapping passes of a high-pressure abrasive slurry jet on a ductile 6061-T6 target over a wide range of aspect ratios. Features such as shallow pockets with low aspect ratios to deep slots with aspect ratios ∼1.5 were fabricated to investigate the correlations between the aspect ratio, degree of pass overlap, and number of repeating passes with the machined surface evolution characteristics. A comprehensive model was presented that combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with surface evolution to predict the evolving machined feature topography after each of the overlapping and repeating passes, and to provide insights into experimental observations. The model explicitly considered the CFD-predicted local particle impact angles and velocities as well as effects due to secondary impacts, high sidewall slopes, and stagnation effects. For larger degrees of overlap, measurements revealed a more than linear rate of increase in depth after each repeat of two adjacent overlapped passes, as opposed to a linear depth increase for smaller overlaps and blind pockets. Large overlaps were found to result in asymmetric features. Up to a critical aspect ratio of ∼0.65, the model predicted the surface evolution of the features to within <8.6% of those measured. Beyond that, randomness in the machined feature shape and size made the process challenging to control and the surface evolution difficult to predict. Nevertheless, the model was able to elucidate the reasons for the randomness and other observed phenomena such as the more than linear growth in etch rate, and the occurrence of feature asymmetry. The findings emphasize that flow confinement, increases in the jet's turbulent kinetic energy, and the formation of vortices at the bottom of the machined features are critical factors influencing the machining process, and that in these cases explicit modeling approaches like the one presented in this study must be used.

The solid particle erosion performance of tungsten inert gas yttria-stabilized zirconia - Inconel 625 composite cladding

The yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) - Inconel 625 (IN625) composite cladding was deposited on a stainless steel substrate using a tungsten inert gas welding manipulator to protect it from solid particle erosion. Erosion wear tests were carried out at room temperature according to the ASTM G76-18 procedure. The surface of the tested material was exposed to a jet of alumina erodent particles at impact angles of 30 and 90°, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images were utilized to examine the morphologies of the eroded surface and the microstructure of cladding. The erosive performance of YSZ - IN625 composite cladding was 3.5 and 2.4 times compared to the substrate at different impact angles. Improved microhardness and fracture toughness resulting from the favourable interaction between the hard ceramic YSZ particles and the IN625 matrix led to the enhanced erosion performance of composite cladding. Micro-cutting and ploughing were the predominant wear mechanisms in the substrate during the solid particle erosion test at a 30° impact angle, whereas the indentation-induced plastic deformation was domi­nant at a 90° impact angle. The results also revealed that the micro-cutting, detached splats and fissures were responsible for the wear in composite cladding at 30 and 90° impact angles.

Formation of super-Mercuries via giant impacts

ABSTRACT During the final stage of planetary formation, different formation pathways of planetary embryos could significantly influence the observed variations in planetary densities. Of the approximately 5000 exoplanets identified to date, a notable subset exhibits core fractions reminiscent of Mercury, potentially a consequence of high-velocity giant impacts. In order to better understand the influence of such collisions on planetary formation and compositional evolution, we conducted an extensive set of smoothed particle hydrodynamics giant impact simulations between two-layered rocky bodies. These simulations spanned a broad range of impact velocities from 1 to 11 times the mutual escape velocity. We derived novel scaling laws that estimate the mass and core mass fraction of the largest post-collision remnants. Our findings indicate that the extent of core vaporization markedly influences mantle stripping efficiency at low impact angles. We delineate the distinct roles played by two mechanisms – kinetic momentum transfer and vaporization-induced ejection – in mantle stripping. Our research suggests that collisional outcomes for multilayered planets are more complex than those for undifferentiated planetesimal impacts. Thus, a single universal law may not encompass all collision processes. We found a significant decrease in the mantle stripping efficiency as the impact angle increases. To form a 5 M⊕ super-Mercury at 45°, an impact velocity over 200 km s−1 is required. This poses a challenge to the formation of super-Mercuries through a single giant impact, implying that their formation would favour either relatively low-angle single impacts or multiple collisions.

Mechanical Behavior of Bio-Inspired Honeycomb-Core Composite Sandwich Structures to Low-Velocity Dynamic Loading.

In order to improve the impact resistance of sandwich panels under low-velocity impact, the lotus leaf vein is selected as a biological prototype to design a bio-inspired honeycomb (BIH) sandwich panel. ABAQUS is used to establish and effectively verify the finite element (FE) model of the BIH sandwich panel. To systematically compare and study the mechanical properties of BIH and conventional hexagonal honeycomb sandwich panels under low-velocity impact, the maximum displacement of face-sheets, the deformation mode, the plastic energy consumption and the dynamic response curve of the impact end are presented. At the same time, the performance differences between them are revealed from the perspective of an energy absorption mechanism. Furthermore, the influence of the circumscribed circle diameter ratio of the BIH trunk to branch (γ), the thickness ratio of the trunk to branch (K) and the impact angle (θ) on impact resistance is studied. Finally, the BIH sandwich panel is further optimized by using the response surface method. It can be concluded that, compared to conventional hexagonal honeycomb sandwich panels, the addition of walls in the BIH sandwich panel reduces the maximum deformation of the rear face-sheet by 10.29% and increases plastic energy consumption by 8.02%. Properly adjusting the structural parameters can effectively enhance the impact resistance of the BIH sandwich panel.

Cavitation Erosion Investigations of Hard Carbide and Nitride Based Novel Coatings Manufactured by Plasma Spraying

Cavitation erosion (CE) poses a significant challenge in the operation and maintenance of hydropower turbines, leading to substantial economic and operational losses. This study addresses this issue by investigating the effectiveness of plasma-sprayed coatings in mitigating CE on SS316 steel. Si3N4+TiC + VC and Cr-Ni based coatings were applied using a plasma spraying process. The research encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the coatings’ characteristics, including microhardness, surface roughness, porosity percentage, and coating thickness. Furthermore, CE tests were conducted under various conditions, considering factors such as impingement angle, stand-off distance, and jet velocity. The eroded surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to gain insights into the failure modes. The findings demonstrate that the Si3N4+TiC + VC and Cr-Ni based coatings significantly enhance the resistance of SS316 steel to CE.

Crater radius analysis after dual droplets successive oblique impact on liquid film

Droplet impact is a common occurrence in nature, agriculture, and industry. The research on the multi‐droplet impact is fundamental to understanding the tangled nature of reality. This paper numerically studies the successive oblique impact of dual droplets on the liquid film by building an effective three‐dimensional model. The leading and trailing droplets are set to pass a certain impact point with the same velocity. The main contribution of this paper is the investigation of the effects of Weber number, liquid film thickness, impact angle, and impact time interval on the interface morphology evolution after the droplet impact. Results show that splash pattern conversion of the primary or secondary crown occurs with the change of these factors. Besides, the variations of the maximum crater radius in upstream, lateral, and downstream directions with time are quantitatively analyzed. The crater radius analysis is carried out from three perspectives, the variation during the single droplet impact, the change during the dual droplets impact, and the comparison between them. It is found that the crater of dual droplets impact exhibits shape distortion in the deformation period and appears a marked dimensional increase in the secondary expansion period.

Effects of sediment characteristics on the erosion of Pelton turbine

As Pelton turbines are increasingly used in high mountain regions because of their unique advantage of high-water head adaptability, the hydraulic characteristics and multi-phase flow behaviour in Pelton turbines have attracted the attention of many scholars. Most notably, the presence of solid particles such as sand exists in natural river systems, which end up in the turbines, causing erosion. This has become an international academic issue which has not been fully developed yet. In this study, three-phase simulations based on Eulerian–Lagrangian methodology are conducted to investigate the erosion phenomenon, especially in the bucket region. Sediment particle characteristics such as size and concentration in both the distribution system and buckets region are analysed. The innovation of this study is that, unlike other erosion investigations, it focuses on the impact angle of the jet flow as this is a unique characteristic of Pelton turbines. Furthermore, the sediment particle's flow characteristics at different bucket rotating angles and how they influence the erosion mechanism are also investigated. Results reveal that larger particles cause greater erosion on the bucket. In small particle and standard diameter conditions, the impact angle is mostly below 5 ∘ . Finally, this study presents the first successful attempt in using rotating angle to describe the erosion in a Pelton turbine. A corrected erosion model adapted to the Pelton turbine is given through regression and proves effective in predicting erosion.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Bodywork Effect on High Hardness Armour Steel Against a 7.62 x 51 mm NATO Ball M80 Projectile

Small arms ammunition like the 5.56×45 mm NATO Ball and 7.62×51 mm NATO Ball projectiles constitute a significant threat to light armoured vehicles. These vehicles are mostly comprised of single-layered metallic high-hardness steel armour, but as an essential vehicle design feature, mild steel bodywork is externally mounted in certain areas for fenders, toolkit boxes, storage boxes, etc. over the main armour, i.e., high-hardness steel armour. These are necessary design features of vehicles, so they can’t be neglected regarding ballistic protection against threats. Also, to provide better ballistic protection in up-armoured vehicles, armour consisting of high-hardness steel armour is integrated or mounted just behind the existing bodywork of the car. Thus, this paper experimentally and numerically investigated the “bodywork effect,” which is also called the “K-effect,” and found that the configuration where the bodywork of mild steel is placed in front of high-hardness steel armour plate failed to provide better ballistic protection against the 7.62×51 NATO Ball M80 projectile fired at 0° angle of impact with a velocity of 833±20m/s from 10 m distance. However, the single high-hardness armour steel plate provided better ballistic protection than the configuration consisting of bodywork. For the validation of the experimental investigations, the arrangements were numerically simulated. The main aim of this work was to check the bodywork effect against this particular projectile and investigate factors contributing to the phenomenon.

Parametric optimization corrosion erosive wear and XPS response of FeCrCoAlTiB and FeCrCoNiSiB coatings on Q235 steel substrate by HVOF spraying using taguchi method

In the study high-velocity oxy-fuel thermal spraying to create Fe32Cr21Co21Al16Ti5B5 and Fe43Cr16Co12Al14Ti5B10, Fe32Cr21Co21Ni16Si5B5 and Fe43Cr16Co12Ni14Si5B10 coatings on Q235 steel substrates. Jet-type testing is used to examine the coatings’ resistance to slurry wear. Researchers examined the surface to learn more about the erosion process. Taguchi analysis and a wear model confirm the significance of the selected important factors. The wear model’s proposed mechanism shows remarkable agreement with the data. Coating loss may be attributed to several causes, including mixed ploughing, and cutting, platelet development, abrasion grooves, and cracking. The outcomes showed that the effect speed was the main contributing variable, the contribution ratio reached 65% to 70%, for the impact velocity of coating no 1 to 4. In contrast, it is recognized that impact velocity > impingement angle > erodent feed rate > erodent size is the most important sequence. Micro-cutting, mixed cutting, and ploughing were the essential disintegration systems for all coatings at low impingement points. In contrast, platelets were detected under normal impingement angles, as confirmed by SEM analysis. Both coatings seem to form passivation films, as shown by their greater Ecorr values relative to the substrate. Fe, Co, Cr, Al, and O all show up as peaks in XPS analyses.

Investigation on Solid Particle Erosion Performance of Aluminum Alloy Materials for Leading-Edge Slat

This study aims to characterize solid particle erosion behaviors of three different aluminum alloys (AA2024-T351, AA6061-T651, and AA7075-T651) and reveal their erosion performances on leading-edge slat of airplane wings. Solid particle erosion tests were conducted using silicon carbide erodent particles under the conditions of six different impingement angles (20°-90°) and four different impact velocities (70-192 m/s). The erosion simulations of a leading-edge slat of the aforementioned aluminum alloys were numerically simulated at four different rotation angles (0°-15°) for three different impact velocities (130-250 m/s). A commercial ANSYS Fluent software using the Euler-Lagrange equation and an experimental data-based erosion model was used for the erosion simulations. The experimental results showed that the erosion rate increases with increasing impact velocity and the maximum erosion rate is obtained at the impingement angle of 30° which reflects the ductile manner. Of the three aluminum alloys, the AA6061-T651 exhibited the worst erosion behavior followed by the AA2024-T351 sample, whereas the AA7075-T651 had the best erosion resistance. The numerical results indicated that the erosion rate values of slat surfaces made up of three different aluminum alloys showed a slight increase after a slat rotation angle of 5°.

A New Database of Giant Impacts over a Wide Range of Masses and with Material Strength: A First Analysis of Outcomes

In the late stage of terrestrial planet formation, planets are predicted to undergo pairwise collisions known as giant impacts. Here, we present a high-resolution database of giant impacts for differentiated colliding bodies of iron–silicate composition, with target masses ranging from 1 × 10−4 M ⊕ up to super-Earths (5 M ⊕). We vary the impactor-to-target mass ratio, core–mantle (iron–silicate) fraction, impact velocity, and impact angle. Strength in the form of friction is included in all simulations. We find that, due to strength, the collisions with bodies smaller than about 2 ×10−3 M ⊕ can result in irregular shapes, compound-core structures, and captured binaries. We observe that the characteristic escaping velocity of smaller remnants (debris) is approximately half of the impact velocity, significantly faster than currently assumed in N-body simulations of planet formation. Incorporating these results in N-body planet formation studies would provide more realistic debris–debris and debris–planet interactions.

Effect and mechanism of erosion in Pelton turbine and case studies—A review

Pelton turbines are widely used in hydropower stations located in mountainous regions, especially with water head drop of more than 2000 m. Due to the complex structure and working principle of the turbine, the flow is more complicated than reaction turbines, making the numerical simulation more difficult. The impulse action causes the occurrence of erosion phenomena in Pelton turbines, which will directly decrease the hydraulic efficiency and reduce the turbine's life. For investigating the erosion characteristics, computational fluid dynamics is widely used on variegated platforms according to their unique advantage. Thus, different platforms are introduced and compared in solving the multi-phase flow using a discrete element method or the other meshless methods. In addition, the erosion mechanism is studied and classified in different aspects such as impact angle and impact velocity. However, unlike the feasibility of numerical simulations, experimental work on the erosion mechanism is still challenging to reproduce. Furthermore, the state of experimental research is discussed by listing the various major facilities in operation and comparing their methods of experimental analysis. Case studies all over the world provide a very rich database of erosion patterns which would be highly useful in validation and verification of simulation and experimental results. Studies have shown that particle parameters, such as size, concentration, shape, velocity, and the interaction between particles and material surfaces, significantly impact the erosion of Pelton turbines. In response to this erosion, upgrading materials and implementing geometric optimization have proven to be effective strategies.

An impact energy erosion model with an energy allocation rule for the discrete element method

Surface erosion caused by solid particle impact frequently occurs in engineering applications involving particulate flow. With the tremendous progress in computational technology, discrete element method (DEM)-based numerical methods have become a powerful means of studying surface erosion. However, the applicability of applied erosion models remains one of the critical challenges in DEM modelling to obtain satisfactory accuracy over a wide range of materials and impact conditions. In this study, an impact energy erosion model (IEEM) that evaluates erosive wear using accumulated impact energy during the impact process is developed. In IEEM, both cutting and deformation wear are considered. A calibration method of the specific energy that combines DEM simulations and abrasive jet tests is established. To quantitatively predict the erosive wear of the target surface eroded by different particles, an energy allocation rule based on the hardness ratio of the target surface to particles is proposed. Its rationality is thoroughly evaluated before embarking on DEM simulations. Subsequently, the accuracy of DEM simulations incorporated with IEEM and the energy allocation rule is comprehensively verified by comparing them with experimental data on ductile, brittle and semi-brittle materials. The results confirm that DEM simulations can reasonably predict the dependence of erosive wear on impact velocities, impact angles and erodent particle hardness, regardless of the material involved. The calibrated specific energy reflects the properties of the material and further determines the wear mechanism. Finally, the influence of critical DEM parameters on erosion prediction is studied. Generally, DEM incorporated with IEEM and the energy allocation rule provides a quantitative erosion prediction framework applicable to different materials and impact conditions. In the future, this framework has the potential to be applied to the erosion prediction of more systems.

Finite Element and Design of Experiments Study on Stresses in Impact-Damaged Hourglass Specimens Subjected to Rotating Bending

Residual stresses and stress concentrations induced by impact-damage may shorten the fatigue life and cause premature failure of aeronautical components. Under cyclic loading, fatigue cracks may initiate at the points where high tensile stresses occur and propagate to failure. In this work, an experimentally validated finite element model was used to assess the stress state in impact-damaged 7075-T6 hourglass specimens subjected to rotating bending. In the first simulation step, the finite element method was used to model residual stresses in the specimens for various impact cases, with different masses of impacting objects and impact speeds and angles. In the subsequent simulation step, the damaged specimens were subjected to rotating bending. The total stresses in the impact region were obtained through the superposition of the residual stresses caused by the impact and the stresses due to the rotating bending load. The design of experiments was applied to the obtained finite element results to identify which impact parameters mostly influence the stress distribution in the damaged specimens. The analysis showed that the most significant parameter is the impact speed, followed by the material and the size of the impacting object while the influence of the impact angle is low.

SpuBase: Solar Wind Ion Sputter Database for Modeling Purposes

We supply the modelers with a database, SpuBase (doi:10.5281/zenodo.10783295), that is based on the latest approach for obtaining solar wind ion sputter yields in agreement with experimental sputter data outlined in Jäggi et al. We include an overview of sputter results for typical Lunar and Hermean surfaces. To obtain total sputter yields for any given surface, we perform a mass balance of individual mineral sputter yields. For a set of impact angles, the angular and energy distribution data are scaled according to the sputter yield, summed up and fitted to obtain one probability distribution for each chemical element involved. Comparison of the results from different geochemical terranes on the Moon and Mercury has shown that variations in the abundance of silicates result in comparable energy and angular distribution data owing to the underlying model assumptions. The inclusion of sulfides relevant for Mercury, however, significantly affects the energy and angular distributions of sputtered particles. The application of the damage-driven sulfur diffusion rate in FeS in all sulfur-bearing minerals results in 35 times lower sulfur yields on average and a less prominent forward sputtering of sulfur at grazing incidence angles.

Substorm‐Time Ground dB/dt Variations Controlled by Interplanetary Shock Impact Angles: A Statistical Study

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the effects caused by interplanetary (IP) shock impact angles on the subsequent ground dB/dt variations during substorms. IP shock impact angles have been revealed as a major factor controlling the subsequent geomagnetic activity, meaning that shocks with small inclinations with the Sun‐Earth line are more likely to trigger higher geomagnetic activity resulting from nearly symmetric magnetospheric compressions. Such field variations are linked to the generation of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), which couple to artificial conductors on the ground leading to deleterious consequences. We use a sub‐set of a shock data base with 237 events observed in the solar wind at L1 upstream of the Earth, and large arrays of ground magnetometers at stations located in North America and Greenland. The spherical elementary current system methodology is applied to the geomagnetic field data, and field‐aligned‐like currents in the ionosphere are derived. Then, such currents are inverted back to the ground and dB/dt variations are computed. Geographic maps are built with these field variations as a function of shock impact angles. The main findings of this investigation are: (a) typical dB/dt variations (5–10 nT/s) are caused by shocks with moderate inclinations; (b) the more frontal the shock impact, the more intense and the more spatially defined the ionospheric current amplitudes; and (c) nearly frontal shocks trigger more intense dB/dt variations with larger equatorward latitudinal expansions. Therefore, the findings of this work provide new insights for GIC forecasting focusing on nearly frontal shock impacts on the magnetosphere.

Analysis and prediction of erosion behavior of epoxy composites using statistical and machine learning techniques

This work reports on the application of different machine learning (ML) techniques and statistical methods to analyze and predict the erosion wear performance of ramie fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. These composites, fabricated by conventional hand layup technique, are subjected to high-temperature erosion wear following a test schedule based on the design-of-experiments. The experimental database is used to determine the relative significance and contribution of individual parameter on the erosion wear rate using the analysis of variance. It suggests the impact velocity as the most significant factor contributing 81.2%, followed by impingement angle (13.56%), erodent temperature (0.06%) and stand-off distance (0.05%) to the wear rate. The data generated from experimentation are further processed to predict the erosion performance of the composites with a ML approach following four different algorithms such as support vector machine, decision tree, random forest and gradient boosting machine (GBM). The feature scores for different parameters in the above models are also evaluated to ascertain the contribution of each parameter, which consequently revealed that impact velocity and impingement angle with respective mean feature scores of 0.7538 and 0.1824 have maximum influence on the erosion rate. The performances of four different ML models are compared on the basis of their coefficient of determination (R2 value). It is found that the GBM outperforms other models with a R2 value as high as 0.9543 and has thus emerged as the best-performing prediction model. The possible mechanisms causing the wear loss are identified using electron microscopy.

Polynomial shaping based three-dimensional impact angle and field-of-view constrained guidance

This paper proposes a polynomial-based three-dimensional (3D) impact angle-constrained guidance law considering the seeker's field-of-view (FOV) bound. The guidance laws are derived using nonlinear coupled dynamics of the interceptor-target engagement against stationary as well as constant velocity targets. Line-of-sight (LOS) orientations between the interceptor and the target in both pitch and yaw planes are shaped as two cubic polynomial functions of relative range. An explicit expression for the look angle of the interceptor is acquired in terms of the LOS polynomials. This expression facilitates the embodiment of the FOV constraint in the boundary conditions inflicted on the polynomials. A system of equations with the eight unknown coefficients is obtained by employing the appropriate launch and terminal conditions of the interceptor-target engagement. Reference LOS angle and lead angle profiles are generated using the calculated coefficients, complying to which the interceptor achieves a zero miss distance with desired impact angle and FOV constraints. A tracking controller is then designed using a nonlinear control technique that enables the interceptor to follow reference lead angle profiles in mutually orthogonal planes. Unlike the already existing guidance strategies for 3D impact angle and FOV-constrained target interception, the proposed nonlinear guidance strategy is designed without the use of linearization or decoupling. Moreover, no switching logic or multi-phase guidance structures are employed in the proposed guidance strategy, which eliminates possible jumps in the guidance command. The effectiveness of the proposed guidance law is validated using numerical simulations, along with a comparison study with the existing strategy.

Radio Pulsar B0950+08: Radiation in the Magnetosphere and Sparks above the Surface

We observed the nearby radio pulsar B0950+08, which has a 100% duty cycle, using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope. We obtained the polarization profile for its entire rotation, which enabled us to investigate its magnetospheric radiation geometry and the sparking pattern of the polar cap. After we excluded part of the profile in which the linear polarization factor is low (≲30%) and potentially contaminated by jumps in position angle, the rest of the swing in polarization position angle fits a classical rotating vector model (RVM) well. The best-fit RVM indicates that the inclination angle, α, and the impact angle, β, of this pulsar, are 100.°5 and −33.°2, respectively, suggesting that the radio emission comes from two poles. We find that, in such RVM geometry, either the annular vacuum gap model or the core vacuum gap model would require that the radio emissions come from a high-altitude magnetosphere with heights from ∼0.25 R LC to ∼0.56 R LC, with R LC being the light cylinder radius. Both the main and interpulses’ sparking points are located away from the magnetic pole, which could relate to the physical conditions on the pulsar surface.