Immunoregulatory Index Research Articles

Preservation of the immunomodulatory effect of interval hypoxytherapy after coronavirus infection in the long-term period

The new coronavirus infection COVID-19, due to the complex pathogenesis of the disease, systemic impact on organs, the development of complications and persistent disorders after the infection, remains an important medical problem. Every year the number of patients with postcovid syndrome in need of timely and full rehabilitation is increasing. Recently, isolated work began to appear on the use of interval hypoxytherapy for the treatment of patients with coronavirus infection. The purpose of our study was to identify the long-term results of the effect of interval hypoxytherapy on the immunological and coagulation status of patients after suffering coronavirus infection COVID-19. 170 patients aged 45 to 59 years were examined after a moderate coronavirus infection before, after and three months after interval hypoxytherapy. The number of lymphocytes, immunoglobulins A, M, G, E and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα) in blood, blood D-dimer, prothrombin time, fibrinogen in blood, antithrombin III, C-reactive was determined protein and ferritin in the blood. The conducted studies revealed changes in immunological reactivity after the coronavirus infection COVID-19, requiring correction. Interval hypoxytherapy had an immunomodulatory effect and led to the normalization of the main immunological parameters, which remained three months after hypoxytherapy: there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the number of CD3+T lymphocytes, CD4+T lymphocytes, CD8+T lymphocytes. The improvement in immune status was also evidenced by the normalization of the immunoregulatory index, an increase in the level of immunoglobulins A and G. The decrease in immunoglobulins E in the blood was an indicator of a decrease in the severity of sensitization of the body. The course of hypoxytherapy led to a decrease in the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-4 and IL-10 in the blood, which indicated an attenuation of the inflammatory process in the lung tissue and in the body as a whole. Blood ferritin decreased 3 months after hypoxytherapy. As studies have shown, the effect of hypoxytherapy persists for three months after the course of treatment. Thus, interval hypoxytherapy can be recommended for the rehabilitation of patients after a moderate coronavirus infection. A repeated course of hypoxytherapy may be performed three months after the first course of hypoxytherapy.

Dynamics of cellular immunity indicators in the complex treatment of acute optic neuritis

An increase in the incidence of optic neuritis among the working-age population, as well as an unpromising prognosis for vision due to the development of optic nerve atrophy, determines the high social significance of this problem. The aim of the work is to analyze the effect of Imunofan at the parameters of cellular immunity and clinical symptoms of the disease in the complex treatment of optic neuritis associated with herpes virus infection. The study involved 37 people (37 eyes) with acute optic neuritis associated with herpes infection. The treatment regimen included the appointment of a dexamethasone solution according to a decreasing scheme, a 1% solution of the drug Emoxipin 0.5 mL and a 12.5% solution of the drug Dicynone 0.5 mL through an irrigation system implanted in the retrobulbar space, in combination with the neuroprotection drugs (Pikamilon and Semax) for 10 days. All patients were divided into 2 groups. The main group consisted of 20 patients who received Imunofan to the treatment regimen in addition. The comparison group included 17 patients who were treated only according to the method described above. The course of treatment lasted 10 days. The analysis of the data showed a more significant positive dynamics of cellular immunity parameters in those who received immunotherapy. Our studies showed the effectiveness of this drug in the complex treatment of optic neuritis associated with herpes infection, what is confirmed by the acceleration of inflammation relief, a more significant increase in visual functions of patients treated with Imunofan, and a lower percentage of optic nerve atrophy. In this group of patients, changes in the parameters of the cellular link of immunity occurred earlier and remained stable throughout the entire period of observation. According to our data, an intergroup assessment of the immunoregulatory index showed its faster increase in patients of the comparison group who received Imunofan, and reached normal values already 6 months after treatment. The clinical effectiveness of Imunofan in the complex therapy of optic neuritis associated with herpes infection was characterized by a reduction in the period of relief of signs of inflammation in the optic nerve by 2 times or more, by an increase in the maximum corrected visual acuity by 4.5 times, and by a decrease in the incidence of recurrence of optic neuritis by 2 times over a 12 months observation period.

Стан Т- і В-клітинної ланок специфічного захисту у собак при пухлинах молочних залоз

The purpose of the research was to determine the activity of Tand B-cell specific protection in dogs 9–13 years old age with benign and malignant tumors of the mammary glands to assess the level of immune response to the pathological process. Assessment of the activity of cellular factors of immunity has been carried out by determining the number of T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of dogs in the reaction of spontaneous rosette formation with ram erythrocytes. The clinical classification and determination of the stage of breast tumors were carried out according to the TNM system. The studies have shown that the occurrence of breast tumor diseases in dogs has a significant effect on the activity of T- and B-cellular link of specific immunity mechanisms, especially the number of T-lymphocytes and their populations in animals with malignant neoplasia. In particular, in the blood of animals with malignant neoplasia of the mammary glands, the number of Tlymphocytes (common and, especially, theophylline resistant) decreases accompanied with an increase in the number of T-suppressors, which is an important criterion for predicting the course of the disease. These changes in the number of Tlymphocytes in the blood of dogs of the experimental groups have led to a decrease in the amount of immunoregulatory index, which indicates a decrease in lymphocytic activity. In the blood of dogs with malignant neoplasia, a tendency to increase the number of antigenic-dependent B-lymphocytes has been shown. Similar changes, only of a lesser extent, are also have been demonstrated in the blood of dogs with benign breast neoplasia. Thus, the results of the research showed that the development of mammary gland tumors in dogs was accompanied by an immunosuppressive effect on the specific defense mechanisms, especially the T-cell link of the immune response in animals with malignant neoplasms.

Immunotropic effects of including a combination of hepatoprotectors in the complex therapy of chronic pancreatitis combined with chronic viral hepatitis C

Among significant etiological factors contributing to chronic pancreatitis (CP), the infectious factor plays a role in 56.88% of patients and the hepatobiliary factor in 44.50%, which has drawn attention to the particular importance of these factors. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common and important viral agent that causes or worsens CP. HCV is not only a disease of the liver but also a systemic (generalized) infection that involves other organs, in particular the pancreas and the immune system.
 The aim is to study the state of the cellular and humoral immune systems of patients with CP against the background of treated chronic HCV (CHCV) under the influence of the proposed complex treatment with the additional inclusion of hepatotrophic drugs heparizine (HZ) and metadoxine (MD).
 Materials and methods. We examined 80 patients with a combined course of CP and CHCV. According to the methods of treatment, the patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (20 patients with CP and CHCV) received the generally accepted complex of protocol treatment (PT) for three months; group 2 (25 patients with CP and CHCV) received PT with the additional inclusion of the hepatotrophic agent Heparizine PLC 1 capsule 3 times a day after meals for 3 months; and group 3 (35 patients with CP and CVHC with CAGE ≥2.0) received PT with the additional inclusion of the hepatotrophic agent Heparizine PLC (one capsule) 3 times a day after meals for 3 months with the addition of MD (Liveria IS) 500 mg (one tablet) 2 times a day 15–30 min before meals for 3 months.
 Results and discussion. With the additional administration of HZ, a higher dynamics of cellular immunity indices was reached in relation to those in the PT group. When using a combination of HZ and MD, even better results were obtained in the dynamics of the following indices: an increase in the total population of T-lymphocytes by 5.2%, 22.9%, and 57.7% in groups 1–3, respectively; NK cells — by 13.1%, 23.0%, and 39.4%; T-helpers — by 10.7%, 22.8%, and 36.3%; T-suppressors — by 26.0%, 38.9%, and 45.3%; a decrease in the number of B-lymphocytes — by 10.4%, 18.9%, and 35.6%. An increase in the immunoregulatory index (CD4/CD8) was also achieved — by 11.5%, 17.7%, and 45.7%. The decrease in the levels of B-lymphocytes under the influence of treatment in all three groups was accompanied by a decrease in the activation of humoral factors in groups 1–3, respectively: a decrease in the content of IgG in blood serum by 8.7%, 15.5%, and 19.2%; IgA — by 21.8%, 70.2%, and 88.5%; and IgM — by 24.0%, 55.5%, and 84.9%; as well as a significant decrease in the levels of circulating immune complexes by 38.6%, 1.9 times and 2.9 times (p<0.001).
 Conclusion. A positive immunocorrective effect of all three programs of complex treatment was proven, with a significantly higher level of those with the additional inclusion of HZ and especially the combination of HZ and MD in the complex therapy of patients with CP against the background of CHCV treated causally. Based on the results of correcting cellular and humoral immunity as an integral part of nutritional trophological status, it seems reasonable to include the proposed programs to eliminate nutritional and other disorders in people with CP and CHCV.

THE ROLE OF ANTHROPOGENIC DERMATOTOXICANTS IN THE FORMATION OF ACNE IN ADOLESCENTS

Abstract. Against the background of the steady pace of urbanization, the negative impact of anthropogenic toxic substances on human health is increasing every year. The most sensitive to the action of ecotoxicants is the child and adolescent organism. Given the acute reaction of the skin to the influence of toxic chemicals, aggravated by humoral changes in the body during puberty, the identification of criteria for the toxic etiology of acne is certainly relevant.
 The aim of the study was to determine the criteria of the predominantly toxicological mechanism of acne formation.
 To assess the effect of anthropogenic dermatotoxicants on the formation of acne, 595 children and various districts of the Moscow region were examined, of which 301 adolescents suffered from acne, and 294 practically healthy children made up the control group. The study used spectrometric, cytogenetic, biochemical and immunological research methods. The content of essential and toxic trace elements in adolescent hair samples was evaluated. A micronuclear test was performed in buccal epithelial cells. The testosterone level and the immunoregulatory index were evaluated.
 The results obtained in the study indicate at least two mechanisms of the formation of acne vulgaris in adolescents. The first is associated with a violation of the regulation of sex hormones, and the second with the dermatotoxicity of anthropogenic ecotoxicants. Adolescents with predominantly intoxicating etiology were characterized by low concentrations of selenium and zinc, high mercury and lead in hair samples, as well as an increase in the number of micronuclei in the buccal epithelium. Adolescents with predominantly hormonal etiology were characterized by an increase in testosterone levels and a decrease in the immunoregulatory index. At the same time, in adolescents with signs of genetic instability determined by the results of a micronucleus test, the clinical course of acne was significantly more severe than in children without pronounced karyopathology. Based on statistical processing of these data, prognostic algorithms were built to differentiate acne in adolescents by etiological factor.
 Thus, anthropogenic chemical toxicants, represented mainly by heavy metal salts, have an aggravating effect on the formation and course of acne in adolescents.

CLINICAL, FUNCTIONAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERE BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

Bronchial asthma is the most common and socially significant disease in humans. Among patients who cannot achieve control, a special group is patients with severe asthma. Objective: comprehensive assessment of clinical, functional, immunological features and pharmacotherapy of severe bronchial asthma in real clinical practice to optimize basic pathogenetic therapy. Materials and methods: 83 patients diagnosed with severe asthma were examined. Patients with severe asthma are divided into 2 groups: patients with and without fixed airway obstruction. Plasma concentrations of cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, periostin, cathepsin S, TGF- were determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. Immune status was investigated on the NAVIOS Flow Cytometer. Results: In both groups of severe bronchial asthma, we found a decrease in T helper and immunoregulatory index levels with simultaneous increases in cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural T killers, naive T lymphocytes, activated T and B lymphocytes, and phagocytic index compared to controls. There were no differences in immune status between the groups and the resulting changes were independent of the presence or absence of fixed obstruction. In both study groups, we found an increase in cathepsin S and TGF- in plasma compared to control. We identified the most significant risk factors for the formation of fixed obstruction: taking SABA more than 4 inhalations per day (OR = 4.2) and FeNO concentration more than 20 ppb (OR = 6.0). There was a significant improvement in the clinical condition of patients with severe asthma with fixed obstruction while taking genetically engineered biological therapy for a year. Conclusion: To date, there is no unambiguous idea of the mechanisms of implementation of pathobiochemical reactions in the bronchial wall in severe asthma, which lead to the development of fixed airway obstruction. Severe asthma is variable and depends on the correct choice of management tactics.

Effect of epidural blockade on immune parameters in the perioperative period: randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND: The potential benefits of anaesthesia techniques in the parameters of cellular immunity and prevention of metastasis in various types of cancer are attracting increasing attention.
 OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to estimate the influence of the epidural blockade as a component of the anesthesia support on the immunity indexes in the patients operated for gastric cancer.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: 89 patients operated on for gastric cancer, divided into two groups were investigated: in the 1st group (n=27) there was general anesthesia (GA) in combination with extended epidural blockade; in the 2nd group (n=24) GA with postoperative intravenous administration of analgesics. T-cell counts (CD3+, CD4+ CD8+, CD4+/CD8+) and cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, INF-y and TNF-a) were determined.
 RESULTS: The CD3+ T-cell levels in both groups were significantly (р 0.05) reduced immediately after surgery. On the 2nd and 3rd day the decrease in CD3+ T-cells was more pronounced (р 0.05) in the 2nd group compared to the 1st group. The content of CD4+ T-cells decreased by the 1st day of the postoperative period (р 0,05) but then gradually increased, the CD4+ level in the 1st group was significantly (р 0.05) higher than in the 2nd group. The changes of CD8+ content between the studied groups were not statistically significant. The immunoregulatory index in both groups decreased by1st day (р 0.05). On the 9th day the index in the 1st group returned to the basic values, while in the 2nd group it remained significantly lower. On the 1st and 3rd day, the levels of IL-4 and IL-6 significantly (р 0.05) increased, while in the 2nd group the levels were higher than in the 1st group (р 0.05). On the 9th day IL-4 and IL-6 indices returned to their initial values. The changes of IL-10 level had a similar pattern, while in the 1st group the rate was significantly higher (р 0.05). At all stages of investigation, the level of IFN- was significantly (р 0.05) higher in the 2nd group, the level of TNF- was higher in the 1st group (р 0.05).
 CONCLUSION: The use of postoperative epidural analgesia during gastric resection for malignant neoplasm is associated with a less suppressive effect on the content of subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and cytokines in comparison with intravenous administration of analgesics and may contribute to the activation of antitumor immune response. Prospective long-term studies are needed to evaluate physician epidural analgesia for oncological outcomes after surgery for gastric cancer.

Features of hemodynamic and immunological parameters in patients with recurrent uveitis complicated by hypertension, Fuchs heterochromic uveitis and Posner-Schlossman syndrome.

Introduction: Uveitis is a disease that manifests with increased vascular permeability and occlusion, with some ischemia and inflammatory mediators. It is characterized by a wide range of pathological processes, including inflammation, increased vascular permeability and occlusion, local ischemia and cell alteration by inflammatory mediators, and is characterized by the presence of complications. Aim: To study the state of ocular hemodynamics by rheoophthalmography, as well as the immune status in patients with idiopathic recurrent anterior uveitis complicated by intraocular hypertension, Fuchs heterochromic uveitis, Posner-Schlossman syndrome, during the relapse period. Materials and methods: 93 patients with idiopathic recurrent anterior uveitis were included in this study, 8 patients with Fuchs' uveitis, and 6 patients with Posner-Schlossman syndrome. According to clinical signs, relapse and remission were considered. The control group (healthy volunteers of the same age) consisted of 27 people. In this regard, 5 groups of subjects were formed. The mean age of the patients was (M ± SD) 39.2 ± 14.6 years. According to the Median (range), the duration of the disease in patients was 2033 (350-3285) days, intraocular hypertension being recorded at P0 > 20 mm Hg. Statistical analysis was carried out in spreadsheets using STATISTICA 8.0 (StatSoft.Inc) program. Quantitative indicators were evaluated according to the correspondence to the normal distribution and to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. With a normal distribution, arithmetic means (M) and standard deviations (SD), limits of the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and Student's t-test were calculated. Results: The volumetric blood filling of the eye according to the rheoophthalmographic indicator RQ during the period of remission of uncomplicated and complicated by hypertension anterior uveitis was reduced by 32.4%-40.5%, respectively, compared with the norm. During the period of relapse, RQ was significantly higher by 28% (p<0.05) than in remission, in the group of uncomplicated uveitis, and in the group of uveitis with increased IOP, no significant differences between the periods of remission and relapse were observed, which reflected the ischemic process in the relapse period. Volumetric blood filling in Fuchs and Posner-Schlossman syndromes in the acute period did not differ from the norm. Cellular immunity in the groups of uncomplicated and complicated by intraocular hypertension idiopathic uveitis, as well as with Fuchs and Posner-Schlossman syndromes, had a higher level of CD4 helper lymphocytes and a lower level of CD8 suppressor lymphocytes, which reflected higher values of the immunoregulatory index. The increase in the immunoregulatory index is most pronounced in Fuchs and Posner-Schlossman syndromes. Discussion: In the presented study, the incidence of idiopathic recurrent anterior uveitis complicated by intraocular hypertension was 9,9% among all cases of idiopathic recurrent anterior uveitis in one-time period. According to literature, this complicated form of uveitis occurs in 11,5%-46,1% of cases. Most often (up to 92% of cases), the anterior chamber angle was open. Conclusions: Different activity of the mechanisms regulating the balance of cellular and humoral immunity, sensitivity of T-cells to eye antigens in idiopathic anterior uveitis, Fuchs and Posner-Schlossman syndromes was assumed. Peculiarities of eye hemodynamics in these forms of uveitis were also revealed. Abbreviations: IOP = intraocular pressure, IOHS = inflammatory ocular hypertension syndrome, HSV = herpes simplex virus, CMV = cytomegalovirus, OCT = optical coherence tomography, OD = right eye, OS = left eye.

Особливості функціонування імунологічної толерантності під час вагітності (огляд літератури)

Pregnancy is a special state in a woman’s life, which can definitely be considered an «immunological paradox», because the growth of a genetically «alien» fetus takes place in a woman’s body. Despite the direct contact between cells of fetal origin (syncytiotrophoblast) and cells of the maternal immune system, which are in excess in the decidual membrane of the uterus, rejection of the semi-allogeneic fetus does not occur. A state of permanent natural immunological tolerance, during which the body does not respond to certain antigens expressed by trophoblast cells, while maintaining the ability to respond immunologically to other immunogens is the opposite phenomenon of the immune response, it is acquired by the body during its development and is not genetically determined. Purpose - to analyze the phasing of immunological changes in the mother’s body, which are aimed at the development and preservation of pregnancy, to specify their role in the correct flow of placental waves, prevention of the development of placental dysfunction and obstetric complications associated with it. A review of modern medical literature on the processes of immunological changes during trophoblast invasion and placentation in early pregnancy is given. For a more detailed understanding, the influence of each link of the immune response in the process of developing immune tolerance was analyzed. It has been established that for the development of a normal pregnancy there is a genetically programmed immune mechanism that ensures a decrease in the local and systemic immune response to the semi-alien implanted blastocyst, embryo and fetus. This is achieved through the step-by-step course of three phases of immunological shifts: the unfolded immune conflict; suppression of the immune response and intense immune conflict. The physiological course of gestation and the development of the placenta, in which the balance between the processes of neoangiogenesis and apoptosis is maintained, is ensured by adequate expression of HLA-G locus molecules by trophoblast cells, inhibition of Th1-type cytotoxic reactions against placenta cells by the mother's body. Analyzed changes in the cytokine balance, which shifts towards immunosuppressive cytokines, which suppress cellular immune reactions and stimulate the production of blocking antibodies, the quantitative composition of which can be considered decisive when carrying a genetically foreign fetus. Consequently, a relative secondary cellular immunodeficiency is formed, which is mainly due to a deficiency of circulating T-helper/inducers, a decrease in the CD4/CD8 immunoregulatory index and suppression of the functional activity of the T-cell immune system. It has been proven that impaired immunological tolerance, trophoblast invasion and vascular remodelling processes controlled by the maternal immune system at the local and systemic levels lead to early reproductive losses, premature birth, placental dysfunction, and are associated with fetal growth retardation syndrome, pre-eclampsia and other complications. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

State of local immune in phegmon of the maxillofacial region and neck on the background local photodynamic therapy

Objective. To study the effect of local photodynamic therapy (PDT) on local immunity in patients with maxillofacial region and neck phlegmonas.Materials and methods. The study included 62 patients with phlegmon of the maxillofacial region and neck. Two groups of patients were formed. Patients of the 1st group were treated locally according to the traditional methods. Patients of the second group additionally underwent local PDT on the background of the complex of traditional therapeutic measures.Results. Under the influence of local PDT with the preparation «Fotolon» in patients with maxillofacial region phlegmonomas in the postoperative wound we observed activation of phagocytosis, an increase in the population of CD3 + T-lymphocytes, subpopulation CD4 + T-helper, immunoregulatory index (IRI) with a simultaneous decrease in the level of CD8 + T-lymphocytes, The decrease of CD25+ activated Tand B-lymphocytes carrying the receptor for interleukin 2, and CD95+ activated Tand B-lymphocytes carrying the Fas-receptor, the decrease of complement activity, circulating immune complexes (CIC), IgM, IgA levels with an increase of IgG.Conclusion. Local PDT activates local immunity in patients with maxillofacial and neck phlegmons. Exposure to PDT causes a more balanced immune system response by increasing the innate immune response in patients and a pronounced immunological reactivity in the region of the postoperative wound.

Peripheral blood immune cell profiling in survivors of testicular germ cell tumors.

417 Background: Testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) achieve exceptional cure rate with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Survivors of GCTs represent a unique population to study post-cancer treatment physiology and late toxicities. The impact of cancer treatment on the immune-cell profile in long-term GCT survivors is unknown. In this study, we performed an immune-phenotyping in survivors of GCTs. Methods: Whole peripheral blood was obtained from GCT survivors (N = 202) at National Cancer Institute of Slovakia within the protocol of the ongoing survivorship study on a day of their annual follow-up visit. The median follow-up was 11 years (2-25). GCT survivors were distributed into treatment groups: RT – radiotherapy to the retroperitoneum (N = 18), CT - chemotherapy (N = 143), CTRT - chemotherapy + radiotherapy (N=9); and a control group: AS - active surveillance/orchiectomy only (N=32). Immuno-phenotyping of peripheral blood leukocyte populations was performed with flow-cytometry. Immune cell subpopulations were statistically assessed for associations with received treatment. Results: Survivors treated with RT vs AS had higher no of classical dendritic cells (DCs) (mean ± SEM = 82.0 ± 1.9 vs 76.5 ±1.5, p = 0.03) and non-significantly lower no of plasmacytoid DCs and CD16+ DCs (0.11 ± 0.01 vs 0.15 ± 0.01, p = 0.06 and 54.4 ± 4.1 vs 64.8 ± 3.2, p = 0.07, respectively). Survivors treated with CT vs AS had higher no of CD19+ B cells (11.9 ± 0.3 vs 10.4 ± 0.7, p = 0.04)and lower no of CD8+ T cells (26.0 ± 1.3 vs 23.7 ± 0.6, p = 0.04). Similarly, survivors treated with CTRT vs AS had higher no of CD19+ B cells (13.6 ± 1.4 vs 10.4 ± 0.7, p = 0.04) and lower no of CD8+ T cells (20.7 ± 2.4 vs 26.0 ± 1.3, p = 0.04). Survivors treated with ≥ 400mg/m2 of cisplatin-based chemotherapy vs AS had no of CD19+ B cells (12.2 ± 0.5 vs 10.4 ± 0.7, p = 0.04) and lower no of CD8+ T cells (23.4 ± 0.9 vs 26.3 ±1.3, p = 0.04). The immunoregulatory index CD4/CD8 was higher in CTRT vs AS (2.5 ± 0.3 vs 1.8 ± 0.1, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Certain subpopulations of leukocytes differ according to received treatment in survivors of GCTs. Our results may suggest that chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy may produce long-term immunomodulatory effects. Interplay between B and T cells may be a contributing mechanism of late toxicities. Further research is needed to uncover the causal relationship to the long-term health of GCT survivors.

Показники імунітету і функціонального стану центральної нервової системи при хронічному набутому токсоплазмозі

For the first time, patterns of changes in the ratio of immunity indicators were revealed in chronic acquired toxoplasmosis — leukocyte intoxication index (LII), CD3, immunoregulatory index (IRI), total immunoglobulins, adaptive and compensatory reactions (tension coefficient) and functional state of the central nervous system (CNS) — changes in electroencephalographic research (EEG) according to the stem-diencephalic type — with the help of available informative methods, which allowed to assess the severity of the course, plan treatment and predict the outcome of the disease, without resorting to complex research methods. It has been established that the host-parasite relationship and clinical manifestations in chronic acquired toxoplasmosis largely depend on the protective and adaptive reactions and compensatory capabilities of the human body.

Influence of Sports Training in Foothills on the Professional Athlete's Immunity.

Neuroplasticity and inflammation play important part in the body's adaptive reactions in response to prolonged physical activity. These processes are associated with the cross-interaction of the nervous and immune systems, which is realized through the transmission of signals from neurotransmitters and cytokines. Using the methods of flow cytometry and advanced biochemical analysis of blood humoral parameters, we showed that intense and prolonged physical activity at the anaerobic threshold, without nutritional and metabolic support, contributes to the development of exercise-induced immunosuppression in sportsmen. These athletes illustrate the following signs of a decreased immune status: fewer absolute indicators of the content of leukocytes, lowered values in the immunoregulatory index (CD4+/CD8+), and diminished indicators of humoral immunity (immunoglobulins A, M, and G, and IFN-γ). These factors characterize the functional state of cellular and humoral immunity and their reduction affects the prenosological risk criteria, indicative of the athletes' susceptibility to develop exercise-induced immunosuppression.

Effect of the method of anesthetic aid on cellular immunity in periprosthetic infection of the hip joint: : a prospective open randomized study

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic infection after primary hip replacement is a serious complication. For the anesthetic support of revision operations, both general and neuroaxial anesthesia methods can be used. The question of choosing an anesthetic aid that, with adequate modulation of the operational stress response, would have a minimal immunosuppressive effect is relevant.&#x0D; AIM: To examine the effect of general and combined spinalepidural anesthesia during revision operations in patients with periprosthetic hip joint infection on the parameters of cellular immunity.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open prospective randomized study was performed on 25 patients (11 women and 14 men). The patients underwent surgical interventions of revision prosthetics with the replacement of all components of the prosthesis. Group 1 (n=10) underwent general anesthesia (GA), and group 2 (n=15) underwent surgery under combined spinalepidural anesthesia (CSEA). The indices of cellular immunity, namely, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, and B-lymphocytes, were evaluated. Blood sampling was performed in the morning on the day of surgery and then on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after surgery.&#x0D; RESULTS: The CD4+ (%) level in the CSEA group was significantly higher than in the GA group on days 3 and 7 after surgery (p 0.05). Changes in the percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes, the immunoregulatory index, and the percentage of B-lymphocytes between the groups had no statistically significant differences.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The CD4+ (%) level in the CSEA group was significantly higher than that in the GA group on days 3 and 7 after surgery (p 0.05). Statistically significant differences in the dynamics of CD8+, immunoregulatory index, and B-lymphocytes were not found, which may indicate a lesser effect of the type of anesthesia on these indicators.

Bioactive compounds anthocyanins as a factor in the nutritional recovery of the body's adaptive potential after intense physical activity in the experiment: assessment of immunological and hematological indicators of adaptation

Restoring the adaptive potential of an athlete is of paramount importance not only for the implementation of his training and competitive activities, but also for maintaining health. One of the leading place in complex recovery programs in sports is given to full-fledged optimal nutrition, which provides for meeting the body's requirements not only in energy, macro- and micronutrients, but also in minor bioactive compounds. The use of anthocyanin-containing products is a promising strategy for the normalization of metabolic and immune disorders that develop as a result of intense physical and neuro-emotional stress not only in athletes, but also in other groups of people exposed to these factors, including military personnel undergoing training in conditions close to combat. This determines the relevance of this study. The aim of the research was to study the effect of an anthocyanin-enriched diet on hematological profile and cellular immunity in rats after intense physical activity. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out for 4 weeks on 4 groups of male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of ~300 g. The motor activity of the animals of the 1st (control) and 2nd groups was limited by the standard keeping animals in the vivarium, while physically active rats of the 3rd and 4th groups received additional physical activity - training on a treadmill. Before the end of the experiment, the animals of 3rd and 4th groups were given debilitating physical activity on a treadmill (until the rats refused to continue the exercise). Rats of all 4 groups received a standard semi-synthetic diet, water ad libitum. Animals in 2nd and 4th groups were additionally fed blueberry and blackcurrant extract (30% anthocyanins) as part of the diet at a daily dose of 15 mg anthocyanins/kg body weight. Hematological parameters were determined on a Coulter ACT TM 5 diff OV hematological analyzer. Expression of CD45R, CD3, CD4, CD8a, CD161 receptors on rat peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by direct immunofluorescent staining of whole blood cells using a panel of monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescent dyes: APC, FITC, PE. The measurements were carried out on an FC-500 flow cytometer. Results. Intense physical activity in rats of the 3rd group did not lead to a significant change in erythrocyte parameters compared with the control group. Enrichment of the diet with blueberry and black currant extract (the 2nd and the 4th groups) provided a significant (p<0.05) increase in blood content of hemoglobin (Hb) (150.7±0.9 and 154.4±2.0 vs 145.4±0.9 g/l in control), hematocrit (44.95±0.21 and 46.18±0.64 vs 43.78±0.32%) and the average content of Hb in erythrocytes (18.00±0.20 and 18.03±0.24 vs 17.35±0.24 pg). The absolute content of leukocytes and other cellular elements of the leukocyte formula, as well as leukocyte indices in rats of the experimental groups didn't significantly differ from those of the control rats, which confirms the absence of an inflammatory process. Intense physical activity and anthocyanin enrichment of the diet didn't have a significant effect on rat platelet parameters. Enrichment of the diet of rats of the 4th group with blueberry and black currant extract led to the activation of cellular immunity, as evidenced by a significant (p<0.01) increase in the percentage (from the total content of T-lymphocytes) of T-helpers (70.13 ±1.34 vs 63.75±0.99%) and a decrease in the relative content of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (28.65±1.38 vs 34.71±0.95%) in comparison with those in rats of the 3rd group and at the level of the trend (р<0.1) - from the 1st group indexes (66.87±1.20 and 31.87±1.26%, accordingly). Intense physical activity led to a decrease in immunoregulatory index in rats of the 3rd group (1.86±0.07) compared with the control (2.13±0.12) (p<0.1), and in animals of the 4th group this indicator was significantly higher (2.50±0.14, p<0.05). In animals of the 3rd group a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in the relative content of NK cells in peripheral blood was found compared to the control. Enrichment of the diet of physically active rats with blueberry and black currant extract led to a significant (p<0.05) increase in the percentage of NK cells compared to this indicator in rats of the 3rd group (4.87±0.75 vs 2.08±0.18%) and had no significant difference with the indicator in rats of the control group (4.32±0.98%). Conclusion. The enrichment of the rats' diet with blueberry and blackcurrant extract containing a daily dose of 15 mg of anthocyanins per kg of body weight provides an increase in blood Hb content, hematocrit and the average content Hb in erythrocytes. It has been established that intense physical activity induces the cellular immunity suppression. The activating effect of anthocyanins on adaptive cellular immunity and NK cells, which are lymphocytes of innate immunity, was revealed. The data obtained indicate the effectiveness of the use of bioactive compounds (anthocyanins) to increase the adaptive potential of the organism.

EFFECT OF VACCINATION AGAINST CIRCOVIRUS INFECTION ON NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE IN PIGLETS

The article presents the results of studying the formation of nonspecific resistance in piglets during vaccination against circovirus infection. It has been established that vaccination is accompanied by activation of the innate immune system. At the same time, vaccination has an effect on the homeostasis of animals, manifested by a decrease in the content of segmented neutrophils, albumins, phagocyte reserve index, immunoregulatory index, an increase in the level of circulating immune complexes and their pathogenicity. To reduce the stress effect on the body during vaccination, it is advisable to simultaneously use means that optimize the homeostasis of animals.

Regional peculiarities of specific immunity in inhabitants of different mountain heights of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyzstan’s challenging natural conditions and fragile mountain ecosystems can weaken the immune system of individuals residing permanently in high-altitude areas. Our study aimed to explore specific immune protection indicators in healthy populations from the Chui and Naryn regions at varying mountain altitudes. We assessed percentages of CD3+ (T-lymphocytes), CD20+ (B-lymphocytes), CD4+ (T-helper lymphocytes), CD8+ (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes), IRI (immunoregulatory index), CIC (circulating immune complexes), and quantified immunoglobulins of classes A, M, and G. Using immunofluorescent methods and monoclonal antibodies; we determined the percentages of CD3+, CD20+, CD4+, and CD8+. Radial immunodiffusion was used to quantify immunoglobulins of classes A, M, and G, while Falk’s method helped study CIC levels in blood sera. The participant count was based on statistical expert recommendations and G power analysis. The analysis revealed a decrease in the total number of T-lymphocytes (CD3+), primarily due to reduced T-helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte subpopulations. However, a significant increase in cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+) was observed among high-altitude residents. Mountain residents exhibited wide-ranging individual fluctuations for each immunoglobulin class. Our findings suggest varying degrees of immune mechanism disruptions, which maintain natural protection and internal environment constancy at different altitudes, resulting in a mixed type of cellular and humoral immunity suppression. These results emphasize the need for further research in the region and consideration of altitude when implementing disease prevention strategies related to the immune system for the local population.

Assessment of the phenotypic composition of lymphocytes, immunoglobulins and their relationships in patients with chronic rinosinusitis

The study of the population and subpopulation content of lymphocytes and immunoglobulins and their associations in IgE-mediated CRS relative to other CRS and the control group. 23 patients with IgE-mediated chronic rhinusinusitis and 67 patients with normal IgE blood levels were examined. For analysis, flow cytometry (Cytomics FC500, Beckman Coulter, USA), using monoclonal antibodies CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD19+ and enzyme immunoassay (Thermo Scientific Multiskan FC, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), using IgA, IgM, IgE and IgG in serum, statistical processing was performed using Statistica 7.0. In patients with CRS and IgE-mediated CRS, hyperactivation was revealed in both T- and B-cell immunity, manifested by an increase in the level of T-lymphocytes, NK-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. More pronounced disorders in the immune status are detected in patients with IgE - mediated CRS, there is a more pronounced activation of the T-cell immune link due to an increase in T-helper cells, T-killer/suppressor cells, an imbalance in their number is accompanied by a decrease in their ratio in the immunoregulatory index. Activation of the immune system in patients with CRS is also associated with an increase in the content of mature B-lymphocytes (CD19+), while only in patients with IgE-mediated CRS, hypergammaglobulinemia of classes A and M was detected. Changes in the immune status indicate a violation of immune regulation, confirmed by the revealed correlations between the subpopulations of lymphocytes and immunoglobulins that implement the immune response in this condition. The greatest number of violations in the regulation is associated with mature T-lymphocytes in both CRS and IgE-mediated CRS, while only IgA fully retains its function.

Immunological aspects of the lethal HIV / COVID-19 coinfected cohort

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is now a global medical and social problem. Little is known about its impact on some vulnerable subgroups, such as immunocompromised patients. Therefore, there is still a strong interest in exploring the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HIV-positive individuals worldwide. Aim of the study: to analyze immunological aspects of the deceased patients with HIV/COVID-19 coinfection. Materials and methods. We provided retrospective analysis of 258 patient’s electronic medical records. All patients were admitted to the Infectious diseases hospital № 2 with HIV / COVID-19 coinfection and died in May 2020 – February 2022. Standard immunological parameters were analyzed like CD4+, CD8+ counts and immunoregulatory index for different patient’s subgroups. Statistical data processing was provided by SPSS 17 version (allowable error E = 5 %). Results and discussion. The study demonstrated CD4+ and CD8+ reduction in HIV-infected with COVID-19. Late HIV-presenters didn’t display such phenomenon probably because of immune system exhaustion. COVID-19 itself in some cases could lead to immunodeficiency worsening due to depletion of T cell populations in HIV-patients on effective antiretroviral therapy. Conclusion. Comprehension of different immunological characteristics in HIV / COVID-19 coinfected patients could improve therapeutic approaches for this challenging cohort.

Reactivation of latent human cytomegaloviral infection in critically ill patients.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a frequent participant in the infectious process in critically ill patients. This study aimed to determine the incidence of HCMV reactivation in critically ill patients and estimate the clinical effect of reactivation on the course of the pathological process. To determine the incidence of HCMV reactivation, plasma and sputum samples were collected from 82 critically ill patients. HCMV reactivation was determined by quantitative PCR together with the presence of circulating HCMV IgG in the plasma. The statistical analysis of clinical data employed methods of descriptive (median with 95% confidence interval; minimum and maximum values, interquartile range) and nonparametric statistics [Mann-Whitney U test, odds ratio (OR), Kaplan-Meier survival analysis]. HCMV reactivation was found in 36.6 per cent of cases. An association between the presence of sepsis and the development of HCMV reactivation (P<0.001), as well as higher HCMV viral loads in septic patients, was found. There was also an association between the presence of HCMV DNA and the subsequent development of sepsis (OR=1.504). The involvement of HCMV in the emerging immunological shifts manifested by a decrease in CD8+ T-lymphocytes (P=0.01) and an increase in the immunoregulatory index (P=0.03) was found. HCMV reactivation can influence the course of bacterial pathology with a deteriorating effect on such groups of patients. Monitoring the viral load of latent HCMV can be helpful in the assessment of the host immune status, the course of the pathological process, and its clinical prognosis.