Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibitory Motif Research Articles

A novel bioinformatics pipeline for the identification of immune inhibitory receptors as potential therapeutic targets.

Despite major successes with inhibitory receptor blockade in cancer, the identification of novel inhibitory receptors as putative drug targets is needed due to lack of durable responses, therapy resistance, and side effects. Most inhibitory receptors signal via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and previous studies estimated that our genome contains over 1600 ITIM-bearing transmembrane proteins. However, testing and development of these candidates requires increased understanding of their expression patterns and likelihood to function as inhibitory receptor. Therefore, we designed a novel bioinformatics pipeline integrating machine learning-guided structural predictions and sequence-based likelihood models to identify putative inhibitory receptors. Using transcriptomics data of immune cells, we determined the expression of these novel inhibitory receptors, and classified them into previously proposed functional categories. Known and putative inhibitory receptors were expressed across different immune cell subsets with cell type-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, putative immune inhibitory receptors were differentially expressed in subsets of tumour infiltrating T cells. In conclusion, we present an inhibitory receptor pipeline that identifies 51 known and 390 novel human inhibitory receptors. This pipeline will support future drug target selection across diseases where therapeutic targeting of immune inhibitory receptors is warranted.

A novel bioinformatics pipeline for the identification of immune inhibitory receptors as potential therapeutic targets

Despite major successes with inhibitory receptor blockade in cancer, the identification of novel inhibitory receptors as putative drug targets is needed due to lack of durable responses, therapy resistance, and side effects. Most inhibitory receptors signal via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and previous studies estimated that our genome contains over 1600 ITIM-bearing transmembrane proteins. However, testing and development of these candidates requires increased understanding of their expression patterns and likelihood to function as inhibitory receptor. Therefore, we designed a novel bioinformatics pipeline integrating machine learning-guided structural predictions and sequence-based likelihood models to identify putative inhibitory receptors. Using transcriptomics data of immune cells, we determined the expression of these novel inhibitory receptors, and classified them into previously proposed functional categories. Known and putative inhibitory receptors were expressed across different immune cell subsets with cell type-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, putative immune inhibitory receptors were differentially expressed in subsets of tumour infiltrating T cells. In conclusion, we present an inhibitory receptor pipeline that identifies 51 known and 390 novel human inhibitory receptors. This pipeline will support future drug target selection across diseases where therapeutic targeting of immune inhibitory receptors is warranted.

The Functional and Prognostic Impact of TIGIT Expression on Bone Marrow NK Cells in Core Binding Factor-Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients at Diagnosis.

Background: The effect of the expression of the newly identified immune checkpoint, T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domain (TIGIT) on NK cells in core binding factor-acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) remains to be investigated. Methods: Fresh bone marrow samples from a total of 39 newly diagnosed CBF-AML patients and 25 healthy donors (HDs) were collected for testing the phenotype and function state of total NK, CD56bright, and CD56dim NK cell subsets after in vitro stimulation. Results: The frequencies of TIGIT+ cells in total NK, CD56bright, and CD56dim NK cell subsets had no significant difference between patients and HDs. TNF-α and INF-γ levels were uniformly lower in TIGIT+ cells than the corresponding TIGIT- cells in all HDs, whereas those for TIGIT+ to TIGIT- cells in patients were highly heterogenous; TIGIT expression was not related to PFP and GZMB expression in HDs, whereas it was related to higher intracellular PFP and GZMB levels in patients. Patients' TIGIT+ NK cells displayed lower K562 cell-killing activity than their TIGIT- NK cells. In addition, high frequencies of TIGIT+ cells in total NK and CD56dim NK cells were associated with poor RFS. Conclusions: TIGIT expression affected the diagnostic bone marrow-sited NK cell function and had prognostic significance in CBF-AML patients.

Relationship between TIGIT expression on T cells and the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundTranscatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT) is a novel immunosuppressive molecule. This study aimed to analyze the clinical correlation between TIGIT expression on T cells and patients with HCC.MethodsClinical data from 140 patients with HCC were retrospectively collected, and TIGIT expression on T cells was examined in each patient. Patients were subsequently divided into high- and low-expression groups, and their prognosis was analyzed.ResultsPatients with a high TIGIT expression on their T cells at baseline had a larger tumor volume, later staging, higher proportion of regulatory T cells, higher blood concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, and lower interferon-γ concentrations. Following TACE, CD155 concentration decreased; however, TACE did not affect TIGIT expression on T cells. Additionally, among patients receiving TACE combined with apatinib and camrelizumab treatment, patients with a high TIGIT expression on T cells had significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival times than those of patients in the low-expression group. Patients receiving TACE combined with apatinib and camrelizumab treatment with higher TIGIT expression have shorter PFS time than those receiving TACE combined with apatinib treatment.ConclusionsPatients with HCC that have a high TIGIT expression on their T cells exhibited poorer baseline characteristics, immunosuppressive status, and prognosis after receiving TACE combined with apatinib and camrelizumab and maybe more suited to receive TACE combined with apatinib treatment instead.

Target therapy of TIGIT; a novel approach of immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

The T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT), a newly discovered checkpoint, is characterized by its elevated expression on CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Research to date has been shown that TIGIT has been linked to exhaustion of NK cell both and T cells in numerous cancers. CD155, being the specific ligand of TIGIT in humans, emerges as a key target for immunotherapy owing to its crucial interaction with TIGIT. Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated that the combination of TIGIT with other immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and/or traditional treatments elicits a potent antitumor response in colorectal cancer (CRC). This review provides an overview of the structure, function, and signaling pathways associated with TIGIT across multiple immune system cell types. Additionally, focusing on the role of TIGIT in the progression of CRC, this study reviewed various studies exploring TIGIT-based immunotherapy in CRC.

LAIR-1 and PECAM-1 function via the same signaling pathway to inhibit GPVI-mediated platelet activation

BackgroundInhibition of platelet responsiveness is important for controlling thrombosis. It is well established that platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) serves as a physiological negative regulator of platelet-collagen interactions. We recently demonstrated that leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is a negative regulator of platelet production and reactivity. It is however not known if LAIR-1 and PECAM-1 function in the same or different inhibitory pathways. ObjectivesIn this study, we investigated the role of LAIR-1 alongside PECAM-1 in megakaryocyte development and platelet production and determined the functional redundancy through characterization of a LAIR-1/PECAM-1 double knockout (DKO) mouse model. MethodsLAIR-1 and PECAM-1 expression in megakaryocytes were evaluated by western blotting. Megakaryocyte ploidy and proplatelet formation were evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Platelet function and signalling were compared in wild-type, LAIR-1−/−, PECAM-1−/− and DKO mice using aggregometry, flow cytometry and western blotting. Thrombosis was evaluated using the FeCl3 carotid artery model. ResultsWe show that LAIR-1/PECAM-1 DKO mice exhibit a 17% increase in platelet count. Bone marrow-derived megakaryocytes from all 3 mouse models had normal ploidy in vitro, suggesting that neither LAIR-1 nor PECAM-1 regulates megakaryocyte development. Furthermore, relative to wild-type platelets, platelets derived from LAIR-1, PECAM-1, and DKO mice were equally hyperresponsive to collagen in vitro, indicating that LAIR-1 and PECAM-1 participate in the same inhibitory pathway. Interestingly, DKO mice exhibited normal thrombus formation in vivo due to DKO mouse platelets lacking the enhanced Src family kinase activation previously shown in platelets from LAIR-1-deficient mice. ConclusionFindings from this study reveal that LAIR-1 and PECAM-1 act to inhibit GPVI-mediated platelet activation via the same signaling pathway. Mice lacking LAIR-1 and PECAM-1 do not however exhibit an increase in thrombus formation despite minor increase in platelet count and reactivity to collagen. This study adds to the growing evidence that immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif–containing receptors are important regulators of platelet count and function.

TIGIT expression on neoplastic cells is a poor prognostic factor for adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma

Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive peripheral T-cell neoplasm with a poor prognosis. T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT) is an immune checkpoint receptor expressed on T and natural killer cells. Although increased TIGIT expression in the tumour microenvironment is associated with poor prognosis in various neoplasms, its relevance in ATLL remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the clinicopathological impact of TIGIT expression on ATLL using immunohistochemistry. TIGIT expression was detected in 21 of 84 patients (25%). A partial association between the clinical features and immune checkpoint molecules and the expression of TIGIT was found including sIL-2R, CD86 and GITR. TIGIT-positive patients [median survival time (MST) 8.9 months, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.7-15.6] had inferior overall survival compared with TIGIT-negative patients (MST 18.7 months, 95% CI 12.0-36.4) (p=0.0124]. TIGIT expression maintained its prognostic value for overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses [hazard ratio (HR) 1.909; 95% CI 1.044-3.488; p=0.0356]. Further studies are required to clarify the clinical and biological significance of TIGIT expression in patients with ATLL.

A phase 3, randomized study of adjuvant rilvegostomig plus chemotherapy in resected biliary tract cancer: ARTEMIDE-Biliary01.

TPS4199 Background: Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare but aggressive heterogenous group of gastrointestinal cancers that arise from the intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma [CCA]) or the gallbladder (GBC). In early-stage disease following curative resection, adjuvant chemotherapy with a fluoropyrimidine- or gemcitabine-based regimen is usually recommended, however, recurrence rates remain high (e.g. in the BILCAP study, 5-year recurrence-free survival with adjuvant capecitabine was 34%). Immunotherapy is efficacious as adjuvant therapy in other cancer types. Results from the TOPAZ-1 and KEYNOTE-966 studies support combining immunotherapy and chemotherapy in advanced BTC, including in locally advanced non-metastatic disease. Furthermore, dual inhibition of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and the novel immune checkpoint, T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT), has shown promising results across multiple tumor types without major increases in high-grade toxicity compared with PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibition alone. Rilvegostomig is an anti-PD-1/-TIGIT bi-specific monoclonal antibody that appears active and well tolerated in non-small-cell lung cancer. ARTEMIDE-Biliary01 will investigate the efficacy of rilvegostomig plus standard of care adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with BTC after curative intent resection. Methods: ARTEMIDE-Biliary01 (NCT06109779) is a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, global study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of rilvegostomig IV every three weeks versus placebo in combination with investigator's choice of chemotherapy (capecitabine, S-1 [tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil] or gemcitabine/cisplatin) as adjuvant treatment in patients with BTC after curative intent resection. This study will enroll approximately 750 adults with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the biliary tract (intrahepatic or extrahepatic CCA or muscle-invasive GBC) after macroscopically complete resection (R0 or R1) and an ECOG PS of 0–1. Key exclusion criteria include locally advanced, unresectable, or metastatic disease at initial diagnosis and any anti-cancer therapy for BTC prior to surgery. The primary endpoint is recurrence-free survival, and the key secondary endpoint is overall survival. Additional endpoints include progression-free survival following recurrence, patient-reported tolerability, and safety. Enrollment has begun, and approximately 200 sites will be recruiting globally across Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Clinical trial information: NCT06109779 .

Identification of the hybrid gene LILRB5-3 by long-read sequencing and implication of its novel signaling function.

Leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILRs) on human chromosome 19q13.4 encode 11 immunoglobulin superfamily receptors, exhibiting genetic diversity within and between human populations. Among the LILR genes, the genomic region surrounding LILRB3 and LILRA6 has yet to be fully characterized due to their significant sequence homology, which makes it difficult to differentiate between them. To examine the LILRB3 and LILRA6 genomic region, a tool named JoGo-LILR CN Caller, which can call copy number from short-read whole genome sequencing (srWGS) data, was applied to an extensive international srWGS dataset comprising 2,504 samples. During this process, a previously unreported loss of both LILRB3 and LILRA6 was detected in three samples. Using long-read sequencing of these samples, we have discovered a novel large deletion (33,692 bp) in the LILRB3 and LILRA6 genomic regions in the Japanese population. This deletion spanned three genes, LILRB3, LILRA6, and LILRB5, resulting in LILRB3 exons 12-13 being located immediately downstream of LILRB5 exons 1-12 with the loss of LILRA6, suggesting the potential expression of a hybrid gene between LILRB5 and LILRB3 (LILRB5-3). Transcription and subsequent translation of the LILRB5-3 hybrid gene were also verified. The hybrid junction was located within the intracellular domain, resulting in an LILRB5 extracellular domain fused to a partial LILRB3 intracellular domain with three immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs), suggesting that LILRB5-3 acquired a novel signaling function. Further application of the JoGo-LILR tool to srWGS samples suggested the presence of the LILRB5-3 hybrid gene in the CEU population. Our findings provide insight into the genetic and functional diversity of the LILR family.

Probing the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibition Motif Interaction Protein Partners with Proteomics.

Phosphorylation of tyrosine is the basic mode of protein function and signal transduction in organisms. This process is regulated by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosinases (PTPs). Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) has been considered as regulating the PTP activity through the interaction with the partner proteins in the cell signal pathway. The ITIM sequences need to be phosphorylated first to active the downstream signaling proteins. To explore potential regulatory mechanisms, the ITIM sequences of two transmembrane immunoglobulin proteins, myelin P0 protein-related protein (PZR) and programmed death 1 (PD-1), were analyzed to investigate their interaction with proteins involved in regulatory pathways. We discovered that phosphorylated ITIM sequences can selectively interact with the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Specifically, PZR-N-ITIM (pY) may be critical in the interaction between the ITIM and SH2 domains of SHP2, while PD1-C-ITSM (pY) may play a key role in the interaction between the ITIM and SH2 domains of SHP2. Quite a few proteins were identified containing the SH2 domain, exhibiting phosphorylation-mediated interaction with PZR-ITIM. In this study, 14 proteins with SH2 structural domains were identified by GO analysis on 339 proteins associated to the affinity pull-down of PZR-N-ITIM (pY). Through the SH2 domains, these proteins may interact with PZR-ITIM in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.

Collaboration between a cis-interacting natural killer cell receptor and membrane sphingolipid is critical for the phagocyte function.

Inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptors recognize MHC class I (MHC-I) in trans on target cells and suppress cytotoxicity. Some NK cell receptors recognize MHC-I in cis, but the role of this interaction is uncertain. Ly49Q, an atypical Ly49 receptor expressed in non-NK cells, binds MHC-I in cis and mediates chemotaxis of neutrophils and type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. We identified a lipid-binding motif in the juxtamembrane region of Ly49Q and found that Ly49Q organized functional membrane domains comprising sphingolipids via sulfatide binding. Ly49Q recruited actin-remodeling molecules to an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, which enabled the sphingolipid-enriched membrane domain to mediate complicated actin remodeling at the lamellipodia and phagosome membranes during phagocytosis. Thus, Ly49Q facilitates integrative regulation of proteins and lipid species to construct a cell type-specific membrane platform. Other Ly49 members possess lipid binding motifs; therefore, membrane platform organization may be a primary role of some NK cell receptors.

Targeting inhibitory Siglec-3 to suppress IgE-mediated human basophil degranulation

BackgroundSiglec-3 (CD33) is a major Siglec expressed on human mast cells and basophils and engagement of CD33 leads to inhibition of cellular signaling via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). ObjectiveWe sought to inhibit human basophil degranulation by simultaneously recruiting inhibitory CD33 to the IgE-FcεRI complex using monoclonal anti-IgE directly conjugated to CD33 ligand (CD33L). MethodsDirect and indirect basophil activation tests (BAT) were used to assess both antigen-specific (peanut) and antigen non-specific (polyclonal anti-IgE) stimulation. Whole blood from allergic donors was used for direct BAT, whereas non-food allergic donor blood was passively sensitized with peanut-allergic plasma in the indirect BAT. Blood was incubated with anti-IgE-CD33L or controls for one hour or overnight, then stimulated with peanut, polyclonal anti-IgE, or N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) for 30 minutes. Degranulation was determined by measuring CD63 expression on the basophil surface by flow cytometry. ResultsIncubation for one hour with anti-IgE-CD33L significantly reduced basophil degranulation after both allergen-induced (peanut) and polyclonal anti-IgE stimulation, with further suppression after overnight incubation with anti-IgE-CD33L. As expected, anti-IgE-CD33L did not block basophil degranulation due to fMLP, providing evidence that this inhibition is IgE-pathway specific. Finally, CD33L is necessary for this suppression, as monoclonal anti-IgE without CD33L was unable to reduce basophil degranulation. ConclusionsPre-treating human basophils with anti-IgE-CD33L significantly suppressed basophil degranulation through the IgE-FcεRI complex. The ability to abrogate IgE-mediated basophil degranulation is of particular interest, as treatment with anti-IgE-CD33L prior to antigen exposure could have broad implications for the treatment of food, drug, and environmental allergies.

Abstract CT053: Exploration of potential biomarkers correlated with efficacy of ociperlimab (anti-TIGIT) plus tislelizumab (anti-PD-1) in 1L PD-L1+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Abstract Background: PD-L1 expression was associated with anti-immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT) + anti-PD-(L)1 treatment, in which a high PD-L1 subgroup showed improved efficacy. We investigated if anti-TIGIT mechanism of action (MOA)-related markers were associated with the efficacy of ociperlimab + tislelizumab in Cohort 3 (1L PD-L1+ NSCLC) of the phase 1/1b AdvanTIG-105 trial (NCT04047862) and evaluated a potential patient-enrichment strategy based on tumor tissue gene expression profile (GEP). Methods: Tumor tissue GEP was tested using TruSeq RNA Access technology. Ventana SP263 PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was used to evaluate PD-L1 expression. Median progression-free survival (mPFS) by investigator was calculated descriptively by Kaplan-Meier methodology. 95% confidence intervals for mPFS were generated using the Brookmeyer method. The primary inferential PFS comparison used unstratified log-rank test with 2-sided descriptive P-values. Results: At data cutoff (Feb 2, 2023), 24 of 45 patients had GEP results. Anti-TIGIT MOA-related genes and signatures correlated with ociperlimab + tislelizumab treatment response. Patients with high (H) vs low (L) expression of TIGIT, CD226, CCR8, or a tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) signature had significantly longer mPFS (Table). Dual biomarkers combining both anti-PD-L1 (PD-L1 IHC) and one of the anti-TIGIT MOA-related factors (TIGIT, CCR8, TAM signature GEP) identified subgroups of PD-L1 H + TIGIT MOA-related factor H patients with improved PFS vs other subgroups (Table). A highly overlapped PD-L1 H + TIGIT H + CCR8 H + TAM signature H patient population was observed in dual biomarker analyses. Conclusions: Anti-TIGIT MOA-related genes and signatures correlated with efficacy in ociperlimab + tislelizumab-treated 1L PD-L1+ NSCLC. Combining anti-TIGIT MOA-related factors with PD-L1 expression identified a subgroup of patients with improved efficacy. TABLE 1. NAND Table. Efficacy Analyses in Patient Subgroups TIGITa CD226b CCR8b TAMb Subgroup H L H L H L H L n 8 16 12 12 12 12 12 12 mPFS, months (95% CI) NR (2.6, NR) 5.26 (2.07, 11.86) NR (4.21, NR) 4.68 (1.41, 15.05) 15.21 (2.6, NR) 4.7 (1.71, 7.16) 15.21 (4.21, NR) 4.17 (1.71, 5.45) PFS, P-value 0.0326 0.0327 0.0131 0.0153 PD-L1c + TIGITb PD-L1c + CCR8b PD-L1c + TAMb Subgroup TIGITHPD-L1H TIGITHPD-L1L TIGITLPD-L1H TIGITL PD-L1L CCR8HPD-L1H CCR8HPD-L1L CCR8LPD-L1H CCR8L PD-L1L TAMHPD-L1H TAMHPD-L1L TAMLPD-L1H TAML PD-L1L n 8 4 8 4 11 1 5 7 9 3 7 5 mPFS, months (95% CI) NR (1.41,NR) 4.76 (2.6,NR) 8.62 (2.07,NR) 2.94 (1.25,NR) NR (1.41,NR) 2.6 (NR,NR) 5.19 (2.07,NR) 4.21 (1.25,7.16) 23.89 (1.41,NR) 5.32 (4.21,NR) 5.29 (2.07,NR) 2.6 (1.25,NR) Cutoff: aTop 1/3; bMedian; cTC≥25% Citation Format: Se Hyun Kim, Jiayuan Zhang, Wei Tan, Han Yan, Tian Tian, Hao Zheng, Ziqi Zhou, Ruihua Wang, Yun Zhang, Zhirong Shen, Hye Ryun Kim, Diansheng Zhong, Shun Lu. Exploration of potential biomarkers correlated with efficacy of ociperlimab (anti-TIGIT) plus tislelizumab (anti-PD-1) in 1L PD-L1+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr CT053.

Targeting Siglec-Sialylated MUC1 Immune Axis in Cancer.

Siglecs play a key role in mediating cell-cell interactions via the recognition of different sialylated glycoconjugates, including tumor-associated MUC1, which can lead to the activation or inhibition of the immune response. The activation occurs through the signaling of Siglecs with the cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing proteins, while the inhibition signal is a result of the interaction of intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-bearing receptors. The interaction of tumor-associated MUC1 sialylated glycans with Siglecs via ITIM motifs decreases antitumor immunity. Consequently, these interactions are expected to play a key role in tumor evasion. Efforts to modulate the response of immune cells by blocking the immune-suppressive effects of inhibitory Siglecs, driving immune-activating Siglecs, and/or altering the synthesis and expression of the sialic acid glycocalyx are new therapeutic strategies deserving further investigation. We will highlight the role of Siglec's family receptors in immune evasion through interactions with glycan ligands in their natural context, presented on the protein such as MUC1, factors affecting their fine binding specificities, such as the role of multivalency either at the ligand or receptor side, their spatial organization, and finally the current and future therapeutic interventions targeting the Siglec-sialylated MUC1 immune axis in cancer.

Pathway Analysis of Tumor Immunity by TIGIT and Recent Scientific Research Results

The T cellular immune receptor with immunoglobulin and TIGIT, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, is a recently identified immune checkpoint molecule primarily found on the outer membrane of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It is mediated by binding to ligands such as CD155 inhibits T and NK cells' Immune response and influences of tumor microenvironment. At present, many studies have identified the main pathway and mechanism of TIGIT control, and some drug companies have developed anti-Tigit drugs and put them into clinical trials. The application of TIGIT antibody to the treatment of malignant tumors has shown broad prospects in tumor immunotherapy. However, many studies have limitations, The research on TIGIT is less extensive and detailed compared to PD-1/PD-L1, and there is still uncertainty regarding the impact of the TIGIT pathway on various cancers, which requires further investigation by researchers. This study examined previous research on the structure and pathway of TIGIT, and successfully identified the structure of TIGIT and the ligands associated with its primary pathway. Based on the research on its signaling pathway and the results of its clinical trials in some cancers, the paper summarized its four main pathways, three mechanisms of action and recent research results. On this basis, I put forward my personal speculation. This paper focuses on the structural composition, ligand types and pathway analysis of TIGIT, providing a basic reference for further exploration of the action pathway of TIGIT in the future. However, the summary of the TIGIT pathway is not complete and needs further exploration by researchers.

Blockade of CD300A enhances the ability of human NK cells to lyse hematologic malignancies.

The human cluster of differentiation (CD)300A, a type-I transmembrane protein with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, was investigated as a potential immune checkpoint for human natural killer (NK) cells targeting hematologic malignancies (HMs). We implemented a stimulation system involving the CD300A ligand, phosphatidylserine (PS), exposed to the outer surface of malignant cells. Additionally, we utilized CD300A overexpression, a CD300A blocking system, and a xenotransplantation model to evaluate the impact of CD300A on NK cell efficacy against HMs in in vitro and in vivo settings. Furthermore, we explored the association between CD300A and HM progression in patients. Our findings indicated that PS hampers the function of NK cells. Increased CD300A expression inhibited HM lysis by NK cells. CD300A overexpression shortened the survival of HM-xenografted mice by impairing transplanted NK cells. Blocking PS-CD300A signals with antibodies significantly amplified the expression of lysis function-related proteins and effector cytokines in NK cells, thereby augmenting the ability to lyse HMs. Clinically, heightened CD300A expression correlated with shorter survival and an "exhausted" phenotype of intratumoral NK cells in patients with HMs or solid tumors. These results propose CD300A as a potential target for invigorating NK cell-based treatments against HMs.

B Cell-mediated Immune Regulation and the Quest for Transplantation Tolerance.

Pathophysiologic function of B cells in graft rejection has been well recognized in transplantation. B cells promote alloantigen-specific T-cell response and secrete antibodies that can cause antibody-mediated graft failures and rejections. Therefore, strategies targeting B cells, for example, B-cell depletion, have been used for the prevention of both acute and chronic rejections. Interestingly, however, recent mounting evidence indicates that subsets of B cells yet to be further identified can display potent immune regulatory functions, and they contribute to transplantation tolerance and operational tolerance in both experimental and clinical settings, respectively. In this review, we integrate currently available information on B-cell subsets, including T-cell Ig domain and mucin domain 1-positive transitional and T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain-positive memory B cells, displaying immune regulatory functions, with a focus on transplantation tolerance, by analyzing their mechanisms of action. In addition, we will discuss potential T-cell Ig domain and mucin domain 1-positive and T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain-positive B cell-based strategies for the enhancement of operational tolerance in transplantation patients.

Differential Immunoexpression of Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Clinicopathological Correlates in Keratoacanthoma, Primary Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Metastases.

Beyond established anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 immunotherapy, T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domain (TIGIT) and its ligand CD155 are promising novel inhibitory immune checkpoint targets in human malignancies. Yet, in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, evidence on the collective expression patterns of these inhibitory immune checkpoints is scarce. Complete tumour sections of 36 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, 5 cutaneous metastases and 9 keratoacanthomas, a highly-differentiated, squamoproliferative tumour, with disparately benign biologic behaviour, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (Tumor Proportion Score, Immune Cell Score), TIGIT, CD155 and CD8+ immune infiltrates. Unlike keratoacanthomas, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma displayed a strong positive correlation of programmed cell death ligand 1 Tumor Proportion Score and CD115 expression (p < 0.001) with significantly higher programmed cell death ligand 1 Tumor Proportion Score (p < 0.001) and CD155 expression (p < 0.01) in poorly differentiated G3-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma compared with keratoacanthomas. TIGIT+ infiltrates were significantly increased in programmed cell death ligand 1 Immune Cell Score positive primary tumours (p = 0.05). Yet, a strong positive correlation of TIGIT expression with CD8+ infiltrates was only detected in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (p < 0.01), but not keratoacanthomas. Providing a comprehensive overview on the collective landscape of inhibitory immune checkpoint expression, this study reveals associations of novel inhibitory immune checkpoint with CD8+ immune infiltrates and tumour differentiation and highlights the TIGIT/CD155 axis as a potential new target for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma immunotherapy.

LILRB4 Checkpoint for Immunotherapy: Structure, Mechanism and Disease Targets.

LILRB4, a myeloid inhibitory receptor belonging to the family of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs/LIRs), plays a pivotal role in the regulation of immune tolerance. LILRB4 primarily mediates suppressive immune responses by transmitting inhibitory signals through immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). This immune checkpoint molecule has gained considerable attention due to its potent regulatory functions. Its ability to induce effector T cell dysfunction and promote T suppressor cell differentiation has been demonstrated, indicating the therapeutic potential of LILRB4 for modulating excessive immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases or the induction of transplant tolerance. Additionally, through intervening with LILRB4 molecules, immune system responsiveness can be adjusted, representing significant value in areas such as cancer treatment. Thus, LILRB4 has emerged as a key player in addressing autoimmune diseases, transplant tolerance induction, and other medical issues. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of LILRB4, encompassing its structure, expression, and ligand molecules as well as its role as a tolerance receptor. By exploring the involvement of LILRB4 in various diseases, its significance in disease progression is emphasized. Furthermore, we propose that the manipulation of LILRB4 represents a promising immunotherapeutic strategy and highlight its potential in disease prevention, treatment and diagnosis.

T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain as a promising immune checkpoint target for the treatment of SLE.

Immune checkpoints (ICs) play a pivotal role in orchestrating immune regulation, crucial for the maintenance of immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmune diseases. One noteworthy example among these immune regulators is T cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT). The TIGIT pathway's inhibition or the absence of TIGIT has been linked to the hyperactivation and excessive proliferation of T cells, rendering individuals more susceptible to autoimmune diseases and exacerbating inflammatory responses. Conversely, the activation of TIGIT has exhibited promising outcomes in ameliorating autoimmune disorders, as observed in murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Consequently, a judicious exploration of the co-inhibitory axis appears warranted for the effective management of pathogenic immune responses in SLE. In light of compelling evidence, this review undertakes a comprehensive examination of TIGIT's characteristics within the context of autoimmunity, offering insights into its potential as a therapeutic target for SLE.