Immunohistochemical Expression Of Cyclooxygenase-2 Research Articles

Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in endometrioid carcinoma

Background and objectives: Cyclooxygenase-2 functions as an enzyme which synthesize prostaglandins from Arachidonic acid Cyclooxygenase -2 is one of the important factors in maintaining the endometrium during menstrual cycle. The Aim of this study was to assess expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in endometrioid carcinoma by immunohistochemistry to explore association between Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and a certain number of clinicopathologic variables. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out for seventy-eight blocks that were preseved in formalin and embedded in paraffin of endometrioid carcinoma were obtained and randomly selected from a private laboratory in Erbil city during October 2020 to October 2022. COX-2 rabbit monoclonal antibody was used to satin slides obtained from endometrioid carcinoma blocks and the expression was scored by multiplying the number of stained cells by the intensity of staining. Results: Cyclooxygenase-2 expressed in 15.4% of cases of study cases. It is down-expressed in high grade endometrioid carcinoma while over-expressed in cases with myometrial invasion ?50%. Regarding other clinicopathological parameters like, lymphovascular invasion, tumor stage and lymphnode status, Cyclooxygenase-2 showing down-expression, there is no existence of notable link between the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and clinicopathological parameters, including: Age(p=0.197), Tumor grade(p=0.069), Myometrial invasion(p=0.261), Lympho vascular invasion(p=0.516), Lymph node status(p=1000) and Tumor stage(p=0.872). Conclusion: Cyclooxygenase-2 is expressed in a limited number of endometrioid carcinoma and there is lack of significant association between Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and clinicopathological parameters

To study the utility of COX-2 as immunohistochemical prognostic marker in comparison to various histopathological parameters and TNM staging in breast carcinoma: an observational, cross-sectional study protocol.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and is a well-known cause for cancer mortality in females. COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) plays a vital role in development of some human cancers such as lung, colon and breast. It is a potent enzyme that is important for the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. These prostaglandins mediate cellular proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis which contributes to carcinogenesis. Overexpression of COX-2 has been detected in several malignancies including breast cancer. COX-2 overexpression is regarded as a poor prognostic marker of breast cancer.The present study will aim to study the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in breast cancer and compare it with known histopathological parameters thus assessing its prognostic value. This will be an observational study conducted in the Department of Pathology, JNMC, Wardha (Sawangi). Radical mastectomy specimens will be studied for COX-2 expression by immunohistochemistry in patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma. COX-2 expression will be quantified as immunohistochemical score and results will be correlated with various histopathological parameters. The expected result of our study will suggest an association of COX-2 expression to the factors associated with poor prognosis in breast carcinoma. A positive correlation is expected between larger tumor size, positive lymph node status, higher T stage and N stage and lymphovascular invasion. Conclusions will be drawn from the obtained results of the immunohistochemical study by using COX-2- for detection of overexpression of COX-2 when evaluated with TNM staging, histological grading and molecular types of breast cancer.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors.

Equine melanocytic tumors are common and have an unusual benign behavior with low invasiveness and metastatic rates. However, tumoral mass growth is usually a concern that can have life-threatening consequences. COX-2 is related to oncogenesis, promoting neoplastic cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in equine melanocytic tumors. Through extension and intensity of labeling, 39 melanocytomas and 38 melanomas were evaluated. Of the malignant tumors, 13.2% were negative and 63.2% presented a low COX-2 expression. Only 6 malignant tumors presented >50% of labeled cells, 18 malignant and 8 benign had an expression between 21 and 50%, 8 malignant and 3 benign tumors had an expression between 6 and 20%, 1 malignant tumor had an expression between 1 and 5%, and 5 malignant and 28 benign tumors had no expression. Malignant tumors showed higher COX-2 expression than did benign tumors, with statistically significant differences. The low levels of COX-2 may be one of the molecular reasons for the presence of expansive mass growth instead of the invasive pattern of other species, which is related to high COX-2 levels.

To study the utility of COX-2 as immunohistochemical prognostic marker in comparison to various histopathological parameters and TNM staging in breast carcinoma: an observational, cross-sectional study protocol

Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and is a well-known cause for cancer mortality in females. COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) plays a vital role in development of some human cancers such as lung, colon and breast. It is a potent enzyme that is important for the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. These prostaglandins mediate cellular proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis which contributes to carcinogenesis. Overexpression of COX-2 has been detected in several malignancies including breast cancer. COX-2 overexpression is regarded as a poor prognostic marker of breast cancer. The present study will aim to study the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in breast cancer and compare it with known histopathological parameters thus assessing its prognostic value. Methods: This will be an observational study conducted in the Department of Pathology, JNMC, Wardha (Sawangi). Radical mastectomy specimens will be studied for COX-2 expression by immunohistochemistry in patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma. COX-2 expression will be quantified as immunohistochemical score and results will be correlated with various histopathological parameters. Results: The expected result of our study will suggest an association of COX-2 expression to the factors associated with poor prognosis in breast carcinoma. A positive correlation is expected between larger tumor size, positive lymph node status, higher T stage and N stage and lymphovascular invasion. Conclusions: Conclusions will be drawn from the obtained results of the immunohistochemical study by using COX-2- for detection of overexpression of COX-2 when evaluated with TNM staging, histological grading and molecular types of breast cancer.

Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF and CD105 according to histological grading in oral squamous cell carcinoma

IntroductionOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent head and neck cancer. Few studies have analyzed the expression of proteins related to inflammation (COX-2) and tumor progression according to the histological grade of OSCC. ObjectiveAnalyze the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67 (cell proliferation), Bcl-2/Bax (apoptosis), VEGF, and CD105 (angiogenesis) according to histological grades of OSCC. Material and methodsThe immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF, and CD105 of 58 cases of OSCC was analyzed. 13 cases of oral mucosa (OM) were analyzed as controls. ResultsCOX-2, VEGF, CD105, and Ki-67 were higher in OSCC than in OM, particularly in poorly differentiated OSCC (p<0.05). Bax expression was lower in poorly differentiated OSCC (p<0.001). The Bcl-2/Bax ratio was higher in OSCC compared to MO (p<0.05). ConclusionThere are immunohistochemical differences according to histological grades of OSCC, which could influence clinical behavior.

Immunohistochemical expression of COX2 in vestibular schwannomas is associated with tumor infiltration with macrophages and lymphocytes.

Immunohistochemical expression of COX2 in vestibular schwannomas is associated with tumor infiltration with macrophages and lymphocytes.

First study on the immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and clinicopathological association in canine hepatoid gland neoplasms.

Hepatoid gland neoplasms (HGNs) constitute one of the most common cutaneous tumors that arise from perianal glands in dogs and are clinically characterized by rapid growth. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible form of the enzyme, is associated with several hallmarks of tumorigenesis. Its expression has been confirmed in several human and animal neoplastic tissues, but there are no reports in hepatoid gland tissues. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate COX-2 immunoexpression in canine HGNs, compare the expression among groups of normal hepatoid glands, hepatoid gland adenomas (HGAs), hepatoid gland epitheliomas (HGEs), and hepatoid gland carcinomas (HGCs), and assess the association of the COX-2 expression with clinicopathological features. Sixty-one formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine hepatoid gland tissues (20 samples of HGAs, 16 of HGEs, 15 of HGCs, and 10 of normal hepatoid glands) were analyzed for COX-2 expression using immunohistochemistry with scoring for percentage positivity and intensity. Multiple comparisons of COX-2 expression among normal and neoplastic hepatoid glands and the associations between COX-2 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was not detected in 60% of normal hepatoid glands and 25% of HGAs. Seventy-five percent of HGAs had a weak expression, while 43.7% and 56.3% of HGEs showed weak and moderate expression, respectively. The expression of HGCs ranged from weak (13.3%) to moderate (33.3%) and strong (53.3%). The immunoreactivity score of COX-2 labeling was significantly different among the normal and neoplastic hepatoid glands (p < 0.0001). The highest score was observed in the HGCs. Only in HGCs, the strong COX-2 expression was significantly associated with some clinicopathological features, including tissue invasion (p = 0.007) and necrosis (p = 0.029). These results suggest that COX-2 may play a role in the modulation of neoplastic cell growth. These preliminary data lead to further investigation on the potential of COX-2 expression as a prognostic indicator and COX-2 inhibitors for canine HGCs treatment.

Cyclooxygenase-2 immunohistochemical expression is associated with worse prognosis in breast cancer: Retrospective study and literature review.

To assess the immunohistochemistry phenotype of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in breast cancer (BC) and to correlate it with histological and clinical prognostic factors. This retrospective study utilized COX-2 monoclonal antibody in an immunohistochemistry staining of tissue microarrays slides of 570 cases of previously diagnosed BC and with 52 of normal breast tissues from breast specimens resected for benign lesions or reconstruction (fibroadenoma and normal breast epithelium). This project was carried out in the Laboratory of pathology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between September 2019 and September 2021. The present data showed an important connection between the COX-2 expression phenotype and BC compared to benign breast tissues (p=0.034). The expression pattern of COX-2 was allied significantly with some factors which distinguished aggressive subtypes of BC, such as stage, distant metastases, lymphovascular invasion, and poor survival. Cyclooxygenase-2 is a valuable marker that could facilitate BC diagnosis and prognosis.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study.

Introduction:Growing evidence has shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme capable of catalyzing prostaglandin production, plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to reduce the establishment of tumors such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and premalignant conditions such oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in experimental models. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in OSCC and OSMF with the normal oral mucosa as control.Material and Methods:Forty-five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples comprising 20 OSCC, 20 OSMF, and 5 normal oral mucosa specimens were withdrawn from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology for immunohistochemical examination for COX-2 expression. Negative and less than 5% COX-2 positivity was considered negative expressions, while greater than or equal to 5% COX-2 positivity was considered positive expression. The data obtained were statistically analyzed.Results:The difference in percentages of expression in normal mucosa, OSCC, and OSMF was highly significant (P < 0.01). In comparison to normal mucosa, OSCC and OSMF had an increased level of COX-2 expression. However, there was an insignificant difference between the various histological gradings of OSCC and OSMF.Conclusion:The results of the present study confirm the role of COX-2 in carcinogenesis and in the progression of premalignant conditions to malignancy.

Asparagus falcatus L. (Asparagaceae) leaf extracts attenuate doxorubicin-induced renal toxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways

The search for therapeutic agents that improve kidney function against doxorubicin-induced renal toxicity is important. Herein, the potential nephroprotective activity by Asparagus falcatus L. (AF, Asparagaceae) leaf extracts against doxorubicin-induced renal toxicity (5 mg/kg, ip) in Wistar rats (n = 6/group) after oral administration of hexane (55 mg/kg), ethyl acetate (35 mg/kg), butanol (75 mg/kg), and aqueous (200 mg/kg) extracts of AF for 28 consecutive days was investigated. It was noticed that the treatment with the selected extracts of AF significantly attenuated doxorubicin-induced elevations of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, β2-microglobulin, cystatin C, and proteinuria in experimental rats. The histology showed attenuation of the features of acute tubular injury. Treatment regimens significantly reversed the doxorubicin-induced reduction in total antioxidant status, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity in renal tissue homogenates. A suppression in lipid peroxidation was noted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts of AF. Moreover, a reduction in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory mediator TNF-α (p < 0.05), and immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 were observed. The immunohistochemical expression of pro-apoptotic Bax protein was decreased and the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 was increased in renal tissues following the treatments. In conclusion, it was revealed that, hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous extracts of AF attenuate doxorubicin-induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways. The plant, AF could be recommended as a promising therapeutic agent to minimize renal toxicity induced by doxorubicin in cancer patients, however, subsequent clinical trials are warranted.

Colonic mucosal eosinophilia and immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and NF-kB in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

There is growing evidence that eosinophilic infiltration can release mediators which are harmful to the intestinal epithelium in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Although cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kB) expression had been previously reported to increase in many inflammatory conditions, there is a paucity in data investigating their expressions in IBS. Our aim was to evaluate colonic mucosal eosinophilia and immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and NF-kB in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A total of 80 patients who met the inclusion criteria of IBS based on Rome IV symptoms questionnaire were subjected to abdominal ultrasound, laboratory investigations, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level assessment and colonoscopic examination. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect COX-2 and NF-kB expression in colonic biopsies obtained from IBS patients. Histopathological examination showed that 60 colonic biopsy specimens (75%) showed few mixed inflammatory cells ≤3 cells/ HPF, 12 biopsy specimens (15%) showed eosinophilic infiltration ≥25 eosinophils/HPF and 8 biopsy specimens (10%) showed severe lymphocytic infiltration and aggregation. Colonic eosinophilic infiltrate was significantly higher among patients presented with IBS-D subtype. Serum IgE was significantly higher among patients with colonic eosinophilic infiltrate than the others. In IBS-D patients, colonic mucosa showed positive expression of COX-2 and NF-kB in 52.1% and 81.25% of cases, respectively. Patients with IBS -particularly IBS-D subtype- should undergo colonoscopy and biopsy to exclude underlying inflammatory pathology. Moreover, patients with positive COX-2 and NF-kB need further evaluation and follow-up.

Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in oral lichen planus and normal oral mucosa

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease for which the pathogenesis is complex and not fully understood; autoimmunity has been suggested as a causative factor. World health organization (WHO) has classified OLP as a potentially malignant lesion. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible key enzyme that generates prostanoids which play a critical role in inflammation, immunopathology; also considered as a malignant potential marker. The present study was conducted to analyze and compare epithelial COX-2 expression in OLP clinical subtypes and normal oral mucosa to evaluate its role in the pathophysiology of the disease process. This retrospective immunohistochemistry (IHC) study was performed on tissue sections of 30 OLP and 10 normal oral mucosae for COX-2 expression. Descriptive and comparative statistical methods were done using 'one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), 't' and Chi-square tests. All the OLP showed epithelial COX-2 expression; strong expression was noted in 80% of the OLP while normal oral mucosa sections showed no expression. Cox-2 expression was significantly higher in erosive lichen planus compared to reticular lichen planus. Strong expression of COX-2 in OLP suggested its important role in pathogenesis. Although COX-2 has been connected to malignant development and autoimmunity, as the malignant development in OLP is quite rare, this study suggests that increased levels of COX-2 seen here may support an autoimmune cause of the disease process.

Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Its Relationship With Prognostic Parameters in Breast Cancer

Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Its Relationship With Prognostic Parameters in Breast Cancer

COX2 expression is associated with preoperative tumor volume but not with volumetric tumor growth in vestibular schwannoma

ObjectiveVestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign slow growing tumors arising from the vestibular nerve. The role of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in tumor development of growth has been addressed in a few studies with contradictory results and suggestions. We recently analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of COX2 in 1044 VS samples and described an association of higher COX2 expression with proliferation but found no influence by regular intake of acetylsalicylic acid. We now collected volumetric radiographic data of the preoperative tumor volume and growth to further test the role of COX2 in VS growth.MethodsPreoperative images of 898 primary sporadic vestibular schwannomas were assessed, and sufficient preoperative imaging was used for the volumetric measurement preoperative tumor volume (n = 747) and preoperative relative tumor growth (n = 171). Clinical parameters and results of the immunohistochemical expression of COX2 and MIB1 in resected tumor tissue samples were obtained from our prior study. ANOVA, CART-analysis and multivariate nominal logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.ResultsLarger preoperative tumor volumes were observed with tumors of younger patients (p = 0.0288) and with higher COX2 expression scores (p < 0.0001). Higher MIB1 expression was associated with smaller tumors (p = 0.0149) but with increased radiographic tumor growth (p = 0.0003). Patients of older age had tumors with slower growth rates (p = 0.0311). In the multivariate analysis only MIB1 expression was an independent significant factor regarding tumor growth (p = 0.0002).ConclusionsHigher expression of COX2 in schwannoma is associated with an increased preoperative tumor volume but not with radiographic tumor growth over time.

Expression of Osteopontin and Cyclooxygenase-2 in relation to cellular proliferation, in non-tumor colonic mucosa, colonic adenomas and colon adenocarcinoma.

Introduction: the participation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Osteopontin has been postulated in the development of colon cancer, which play an important role in the progression and could be biomarkers for its prognosis, but their role remains controversial. Objective: to determine and to compare the expression of Osteopontin and COX-2 in non-tumor colonic mucosa, colonic adenomas and colon adenocarcinoma, in relation to the cell proliferation index. Methods: the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, Osteopontin and Ki-67 in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue of non-tumor colonic mucosa, colonic adenomas and colon adenocarcinoma were determined and compared. Results: were included 65 cases: 19 of non-tumor colonic mucosa, 13 colonic adenomas and 33 colon adenocarcinomas. There was increased expression of Ki-67 in dysplastic and tumor cells. There was positive expression for COX-2 in adenomas (30.7%) and adenocarcinomas (27.3%), without significant difference between nontumor colonic mucosa, adenomas and adenocarcinoma (p = 0.888). Osteopontin showed more frequent positivity in adenocarcinomas (72.7%) and adenomas (84.6%) than in non-tumor mucosa (10.5%), (p = &lt;0.0001), without significant differences in its expression between subtypes and grades of adenoma dysplasia, nor between grades of differentiation, extension and proliferation of adenocarcinomas. There was a significant association between Osteopontin expression and the cell proliferation index. No association was observed between the expression of COX-2 and Osteopontin (p = 0.96). Conclusions: Osteopontin overexpression in colon adenocarcinoma and adenomas in comparison with non-tumor colonic mucosa, and its significant relationship with the cell proliferation index, constitutes additional evidence of its possible participation in the colonic carcinogenesis process.

Histoscore and Discontinuity Score − A Novel Scoring System to Evaluate Immunohistochemical Expression of COX-2 and Type IV Collagen in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Histoscore and Discontinuity Score − A Novel Scoring System to Evaluate Immunohistochemical Expression of COX-2 and Type IV Collagen in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Lipid-based nanocarrier-mediated targeted delivery of celecoxib attenuate severity of ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic mucosal inflammatory condition that adversely affects colon and rectum. Celecoxib is a selective inhibitor of inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and is prescribed for the management of pain and other inflammatory disorders. The physicochemical properties of celecoxib limit its clinical potency. Here we developed nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) using Generally Recognized as Safe and US-FDA approved compounds for encapsulating celecoxib. Present study was aimed to evaluate efficacy of eudragit-S100-coated celecoxib-loaded NLCs against DSS-induced colitis in mice. NLCs were formulated by hot-melt method and possessed the average particle size of 250.90nm and entrapment efficiency (%) was 59.89%. Furthermore, size, shape and morphology of NLCs were confirmed using TEM, SEM and AFM. The blank NLCs were cytocompatible against hTERT-BJ cells up to a dose of 200μg/ml. Treatment with celecoxib-loaded NLCs alleviated severity of colitis as demonstrated by disease activity index, colon length, fecal occult blood test, and histopathological analysis. Moreover, treatment with celecoxib-loaded NLCs reduced disintegration of goblets cells and restores sulfomucin in colon. Celecoxib-nanoformulation markedly reduced colonic inflammation as evidenced by decreased immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and iNOS. The observations of study suggest that lipid-based colon specific delivery of celecoxib may be used for management of colitis.

Immunohistochemical expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal carcinoma and its association with clinicopathological parameters

Background and objective: Inflammatory process and genetic factors play a key role in neoplasia of colorectal cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 is involved in a variety of important cellular functions, including cell growth and differentiation, cancer cell motility and invasion, angiogenesis, and immune functions. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal cancer and its correlations with different clinicopathological parameters. Methods: A study carried out in the Department of Pathology in Rizgary Teaching Hospital and private laboratories in Erbil city from May 2015 to February 2016. Eighty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of colorectal cancers were collected. The clinicopathological data was collected by the researcher from records of known cases of colorectal carcinoma in Erbil city and was done in a private laboratory in Dohuk city. Results: High cyclooxygenase-2 expression was represented by 63.8% of colorectal carcinoma patients, and low expression was represented by 36.2% of them. There was a significant association between the mucinous subtype of colorectal carcinoma and low cyclooxygenase-2 expression (P = 0.01). A significant association was observed between moderately differentiated carcinoma and high cyclooxygenase-2 expression (P = 0.04). A significant association was also noted between increased tumor size and high cyclooxygenase-2 expression (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is more likely to be prevalent among colorectal carcinoma patients and is correlated to tumor subtypes (low in mucinous subtypes), grade (high in moderately differentiated), and tumor size (high in the big sized tumor).

CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 AND ANGIOGENESIS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) overexpression is linked to carcinogenesis and maintenance of progressive tumor growth. Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in progression and invasive capacity. Vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is the principal factor involved in angiogenesis. A significant role of both proteins has been described in several human neoplasms, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Objective: To determine and analyze the immunohistochemical expression of cox-2 and vegf proteins in OSCC according to histologic differentiation (well differentiated [WD], moderately differentiated [MD], and poorly differentiated [PD]) and oral mucosa. Study Design: Standard immunohistochemical streptavidin-biotin peroxidase analysis was carried out with highly specific antibody against human cox-2 and vegf, in 41 samples of OSCC (15 WD, 14 MD, 12 PD) and 7 samples of oral mucosa. Statistical tests Shapiro-Wilk, Student t test, and Mann-Whitney U were performed. Values of P > .05 were considered not significant. Results: In cox-2, statistically significant difference between was observed. In vegf, statistically significant difference between WD vs PD and MD vs PD was observed. Conclusions: Cox-2 protein expression in regulating vegf production can be used as biomarkers in the progression of OSCC. New therapeutic strategies based on cox-2 inhibition may be realistically considered for the treatment of OSCC. Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) overexpression is linked to carcinogenesis and maintenance of progressive tumor growth. Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in progression and invasive capacity. Vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is the principal factor involved in angiogenesis. A significant role of both proteins has been described in several human neoplasms, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Objective: To determine and analyze the immunohistochemical expression of cox-2 and vegf proteins in OSCC according to histologic differentiation (well differentiated [WD], moderately differentiated [MD], and poorly differentiated [PD]) and oral mucosa. Study Design: Standard immunohistochemical streptavidin-biotin peroxidase analysis was carried out with highly specific antibody against human cox-2 and vegf, in 41 samples of OSCC (15 WD, 14 MD, 12 PD) and 7 samples of oral mucosa. Statistical tests Shapiro-Wilk, Student t test, and Mann-Whitney U were performed. Values of P > .05 were considered not significant. Results: In cox-2, statistically significant difference between was observed. In vegf, statistically significant difference between WD vs PD and MD vs PD was observed. Conclusions: Cox-2 protein expression in regulating vegf production can be used as biomarkers in the progression of OSCC. New therapeutic strategies based on cox-2 inhibition may be realistically considered for the treatment of OSCC.

Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Breast Cancer

Background: breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of diagnosed cancers in women. It is still the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women after lung cancer all over the world. Breast cancer is the first of top ten cancers in Egypt. It ranks as the first malignancy affecting females, contributing 30% of all female cancers. It affects 1 in 14 women during their life time. Aim: This study investigated the association between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in female breast cancer versus the expression of ER, PR, as well as its association with other established prognostic indicators like age, tumor size, lymph nodal status, stage, grade, lymphovascular invasion, insitu component and histological subtype, and aims to validate the role of overexpression of COX-2 as a prognostic marker in female patients with breast cancer in Egypt. Results: High significant correlation was found between lymph node metastasis, negative ER and PR cases and COX-2 expression. No significant correlation could be detected between age, tumor size, site, histologic type, grade, insitu component, LVI and COX-2 expression. Conclusion: Cyclooxygenase-2 has poor prognostic parameter in breast cancer, as it is over expressed in majority of breast carcinoma, especially with lymph node metastasis, ER and PR negative hormone receptor.