Immuno Chemistry Research Articles

Ayurvedic understanding of pathogenesis of Psoriasis in general

Psoriasis is an autoimmune, complex, multifactorial, non-infectious, chronic inflammatory relapsing skin disease characterized by erythematous plaques with silvery scales. Prevalence of the disease world-wide ranges from 0.09% to 11.4% of the total population. According to WHO, at least 100 million individuals suffer from psoriasis worldwide with a great negative impact on the quality of life. Immuno chemistry and auto immunity are well developed to explain changes in cell biology in case of psoriasis. Ayurveda has good success rate in the management of psoriasis. But to answer the query regarding pathogenesis of psoriasis as per ayurveda is not yet clear. Hence in the present paper an effort is made to understand the pathogenesis of psoriasis on par with current trends in psoriasis.

Performance evaluation of cobas pure integrated solutions at multiple sites in Europe and Asia

Abstract Objectives We evaluated analytical performance, functionality, reliability, and comparability of cobas® pure integrated solutions (Roche Diagnostics) under routine-like conditions. Methods The study was conducted in Europe and Asia (five sites). Seventy-six applications covering ion selective electrolytes (ISE), clinical chemistry (CC), and immunochemistry (IC) analytes were assessed using Elecsys® immunochemistry assays (Roche Diagnostics). Samples included control material and pseudonymized residual samples (plasma/serum/urine). Analytical performance, functionality, and system reliability were evaluated. An inter-laboratory survey, routine simulation imprecision (RSI) and method comparison experiments, and dedicated workflow runs were conducted. Results Most coefficients of variation (CVs) for repeatability were <1 % for ISE, ≤2 % for CC, and <2.5 % for IC assays; for intermediate precision were ≤2 % for ISE and CC, and <2.5 % for IC assays; and for reproducibility were ≤3 % for ISE and CC, and <2.5 % for IC assays. Most RSI reference (94 %) and random part (93 %) CVs were ≤2 %; 99 % of runs completed without system-related interruption. 218 method comparisons generated median Passing–Bablok slope of 1.00, median bias at the medical decision point of −0.1 %, and median Pearson’s r of 0.998. Conclusions cobas pure integrated solutions demonstrated precise and accurate results under routine-like conditions and comparable results vs. commercial analyzers, supporting implementation into routine practice.

68Ga-FAPI-04 vs. 18F-FDG in a longitudinal preclinical PET imaging of metastatic breast cancer.

This longitudinal study aims to evaluate the performance of 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG and to profile the dynamic process of tumor metastasis in a preclinical 4T1 breast cancer model. Although both of these two radioligands are wildly used in clinic, no study was reported on their performance in the longitudinal monitoring of tumor metastasis. Also, no correlation between the expression level of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and the development of tumor metastasis has been elucidated previously. In this study, we evaluated the performance of 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG PET during the entire process of tumor metastasis, and their potential for the early diagnosis of tumor metastasis. We also clarified the correlation of uptakes as well as the signal-to-background (S/B) ratios between these two probes at different stages of tumor metastasis. Forty 4T1 metastatic breast cancer murine models were established using female BALB/c mice, followed by the longitudinal imaging with 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG once a week for up to 6weeks. In vitro hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunochemistry (IHE) staining were performed to evaluate FAP expression on the metastatic lesions. Further statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation of 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG uptake (%ID/cc) at different stages of the metastasis. 68Ga-FPAI-04 holds an advantage over 18F-FDG with higher sensitivity at the early stage of tumor metastasis. However, with the progress of tumor metastasis, uptake of 68Ga-FAPI-04 decreases and becomes less sensitive than 18F-FDG. There is also no direct correlation between uptake or S/B ratios of 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG during this dynamic process. 68Ga-FAPI-04 is more sensitive than 18F-FDG in detecting the early stage of tumor metastasis, but becomes less sensitive than 18F-FDG at the late stage of tumor metastasis. We envision this result would be meaningful for the explanation of the 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG imaging both in the future clinic and preclinic studies.

Immunochemistry in the work-up of mesothelioma and its differential diagnosis and mimickers.

The differential diagnosis in cellular effusions with cytological atypia often includes malignant mesothelioma (MM), reactive mesothelial proliferation, and malignancies of metastatic origin, particularly carcinomas. The International Reporting System for Serous Fluid recently established guidelines for reporting MM. In conjunction with the cytomorphologic evaluation, the role of immunochemistry (IC) was emphasized as a very useful tool in the workup of serous fluids, especially with the availability of novel markers. Utilizing a panel of markers, IC allows the characterization of the cells, whether mesothelial or not, and when mesothelial origin is established, IC can frequently assist in delineating its benign or malignant nature. IC can also confirm metastatic disease, allowing the identification of the primary origin in most cases. This review summarizes the current status of IC and its role in the diagnosis of MM and its differential diagnosis in serous fluids.

Research on magnetism particulate immuno chemistry luminescence method for limit of detection and functional sensitivity of four items of liver fibrosis

Research on magnetism particulate immuno chemistry luminescence method for limit of detection and functional sensitivity of four items of liver fibrosis

936 Prevalence and Manifestations of Infectious Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome in a Children’s Hospital in Greece

IntroductionInfectious Mononucleosis Syndrome (IMS), is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, tonsillitis, hepatomegaly, spleenomegaly. Also peripheral lymphocytosis with >10% atypical lymphocytes is present. It is attributed mostly to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), less...

Role of Intra-Operative Touch Imprint Cytology in the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Objectives : A prospective study was carried out to evaluate the role of intra-operative touch imprint cytology (TIC) in the assessment of sentinel lymph node (SLN) involvement for staging and treatment of early-stage, clinically node-negative breast carcinoma.Methods : Forty-five patients with early-stage, clinically node-negative breast cancer underwent a SLN biopsy with intra-operative TIC. The SLN was bisected if its width was less than 4 mm or sliced every 2 mm if it was more than 4 mm. The imprint specimens were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Rapid immunochemistry (IH) was performed in case of equivocal cytological result. Permanent sections were evaluated with H&E and IH staining. The results of TIC were compared to histopathological results.Results : The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of TIC on a node basis were 65.5%, 96.3%, 85.5%, respectively. When calculated according to the size of SLN metastasis, the sensitivity of TIC for overt metastasis was 84.6%, while it was 62.5% for micrometastasis and 37.5% for sub-micrometastasis. The mean size of nodal metastasis was 5.08 mm and 1.25 mm for true positive and false negative results, respectively (P = 0.0236). Because of intra-operative TIC, 76.5% of the patients who needed further axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) could undergo this during the same operating time.Conclusions : TIC is a rapid and reliable method for the intra-operative assessment of metastatic sentinel node involvement in patients with early-stage, clinically node-negative breast carcinoma. Despite a low sensitivity comparable to frozen section (FS) in detecting micro-and sub-micrometastases, the technique offers the advantage of full tissue preservation for subsequent histological analysis.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided Trucut biopsy of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor

Data on the utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided Trucut biopsy (EUS-TCB) for suspected gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor (GIMT) are limited. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield and complications from EUS-TCB for GIMT. Consecutive patients with suspected upper gastrointestinal or rectal GIMT from the muscularis propria with a maximal diameter of 20 mm or more were enrolled in a prospective, single-center cohort. An EUS-TCB was performed when on-site fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology review of the lesion was deemed suboptimal. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and leiomyoma were defined by the presence or absence of positive immunochemistry (IC) for c-kit, respectively. All GIMTs with a nondiagnostic IC were considered as unspecified. The outcomes assessed included diagnostic pathologic and IC yield (when tested) and procedural complications. In this study, 38 patients (24 women; median age, 62 years) with suspected GIMT (median maximal diameter, 42 mm; range, 20-120 mm) in the esophagus (n=6), stomach (n=28), duodenum (n=3), or rectum (n=1) underwent EUS-TCB without complications. Final diagnoses included GIST for 20 patients, leiomyoma for 13 patients, unspecified GIMT for 3 patients, and unknown disorder for 2 patients. An EUS-FNA was performed for 33 (87%) of the 38 patients, a diagnostic final cytology for 25 (76%) of 33 patients, and an FNA-IC for 12 (50%) of 24 patients. The EUS-TCB (median, 3 passes; range, 1-8 passes) obtained a visible tissue specimen in 37 (97%) of the 38 patients, with a median overall maximal fragment length of 3.5 mm (range, 0-15 mm). The diagnostic final TCB histology and TCB-IC were obtained, respectively, in 79 and 97% of the samples tested. In this cohort, EUS-TCB provided diagnostic histology and IC for 79 and 97% of the patients, respectively. For the initial biopsy of GIMT, EUS-TCB may be considered an acceptable alternative to EUS-FNA.

A Diagnostic Method for Pneumocystis carinii a Causative Agent of Pneumonia in Immunodeficient Rats

Immunodeficient animals are in demand in current biomedical research, and they contribute to medical progress. In Pneumocystis infections, a specific histological diagnostic tool may be immunochemistry (IC). However, it was recently reported that the antibody (3F6) was not suitable for detecting Pneumocystis in rats. We purchased another antibody [PNC007] from a commercial source for IC. We could detect positive signals at identical locations with IC and Toluidine blue O in lungs of infected rats. These results corresponded to the results obtained with PCR. We should study the relationship between unexpected positive signals seen in IC and trophic forms in lungs of infected rats. We could clinically diagnose pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii with the diagnostic method we developed.

Sterile biofilm on intraperitoneal polymers results in local and systemic inflammation in mice

To address the hypothesis that inflammatory biofilm on an intraperitoneal (ip) polymeric foreign body is associated with tissue and systemic inflammation, we inserted ip into 40 C57Bl/6 mice: 5 sterile loops of catheter made from silicone (SI), polyurethane (PU), or polyethylene (PE); controls had sham operations. After 1‐5 weeks, dis‐membranated biofilm and peritoneal tissue were cultured to demonstrate sterility and studied with electron microscopy (EM) and immunochemistry (IC). Transmission EM demonstrated macrophage, fibroblast, lymphocyte, mesothelial cells but no bacteria. Total biofilm cell density (#/cm2) varied from 1‐4 x 104 in the first week and increased with time. Marked changes were noted in thickness, angiogenesis and peritoneal staining of TGFβ, FGF, VEGF, and αSMA =4 times that of controls. Biofilm cells were identified with IC (antibody) as macrophages (F4/80), lymphocytes (CD8), mesothelial cells (cytokeratin), myofibroblasts (aSMA, vimentin). Biofilm and extraperitoneal tissue IC staining for cytokines paralleled the alterations in the peritoneum. Control animals had minimal staining in all tissues. These data demonstrate a sterile biofilm is associated with marked structural and inflammatory changes in peritoneal and extraperitoneal tissue.

Fabrication of Au Nanoparticle for Au-conjugate Immuno Chemistry Probe

Current nanogold cluster synthesized by chemical routine with 11 or 55 atoms of gold has been widely used for immuno chemistry probe as a form of nanocluster conjugated with biomolecules. It would be an undeveloped region that the 1 nm size of nanogold could be made by materials engineering processing. Therefore, objective of this study is to minimize the size of gold nanocluster as a function of operating temperature and chamber pressure in inert gas condensation (IGC) processing. Evaporation temperature was controlled by input current from 50 A to 65 A. Chamber pressure was controlled by argon gas with a range of 0.05 to 2 torr. The gold nanocluster by IGC was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The gold nanocluster for TEM analysis was directly sampled with special in-situ method during the processing. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to observe 3-D nanogold layer surfaces on a slide glass for the following biomolecule conjugation step. The size of gold nanoclusters had a close relationship with the processing condition such as evaporation temperature and chamber pressure. The approximately 1 nm size of nanogold was obtained at the processing condition for 1 torr at <TEX>$1124 ^{\circ}C$</TEX>.

Changes of heme oxygenase-carbon monoxide system in vascular calcification in rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the change in heme oxygenase (HO)-carbon monoxide (CO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway in vascular calcification. Vascular calcification model was established in rats by using vitamin D 3 and nicotine. Vascular calcium content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, HO activity, HbCO formation and content of cGMP in vessels were measured. Immunochemistry (IH) for HO 1 expression and in situ hybridization (ISH) for HO 1 mRNA were observed. Compared to those of control rats, the aortic calcium content and vascular ALP activity in rats of the calcified group (VDN group) were obviously increased, but HO 1 activity, CO concentration and cGMP content in vessels of rats in VDN group were markedly decreased. Expressions of HO-1 protein and mRNA were significantly decreased compared to control rats. Vascular calcification might induce a down regulation in vascular HO-CO-cGMP pathway.

Fully mechanized latex immunoassay for serum lipoprotein(a)

We have developed a fully automated system to quantify lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) in human serum, based on the latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay by application of the Immuno Chemistry Analyzer 501X. This assay was carried out with undiluted serum and was able to detect at Lp(a) levels higher than 4.0 mg/l. When judged to be out of range of the calibration (>600 mg/l), the sample was automatically re-tested after automatic 10-fold dilution. Within-run C.V.s ranged from 1.9 to 2.1% and between-run C.V.s from 2.7 to 3.9%. Results by the present method were in good agreement with those by the in-house ELISA ( r = 0.978) and the commercial ELISA ( r = 0.990). The distribution of Lp(a) levels in sera from 508 healthy donors was highly skewed; the mean and median were 158 mg/l and 105 mg/l, respectively.

Prognostic significance of flow cytometry (FCM) and immunochemistry (IC) in colorectal cancer (CCR)

Prognostic significance of flow cytometry (FCM) and immunochemistry (IC) in colorectal cancer (CCR)

Antigenic and structural relationships within group 19 Streptococcuspneumoniae: chemical characterization of the specific capsular polysaccharides of types 19B and 19C

The specific capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcuspneumoniae types 19B and 19C (American types 58 and 59) were investigated by a combination of 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and analytical methods based on mass spectrometry. The two polysaccharides were found to be high molecular weight polymers composed of L-rhamnose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannose, D-ribose, D-glucose, and phosphate. Homo- and heteronuclear chemical shift correlation techniques and nuclear Overhauser enhancement experiments led to the unambiguous assignment of the 1H and 13C resonances from the glycose residues and established their sequence within repeating oligosaccharide units. The oligosaccharide units are polymerized through phosphate diester linkages.[Formula: see text]Both polysaccharides share a common hexasaccharide structural unit and they differ only in the degree of substitution at the branched 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-mannopyranosyl residue: the 19C polysaccharide is O-6 linked by β-D-glucopyranosyl end groups to form a heptasaccharide repeating unit, while the 19B polysaccharide is unsubstituted at that position. The serologic cross-reactivity between S. pneumoniae serotypes 19B and 19C can now be related to the structural similarity of the antigenic capsular polysaccharides. Keywords: Streptococcuspneumoniae, capsular polysaccharide, immuno chemistry.