Indices Of Immune Function Research Articles

Clinical Efficacy of Bushen Yiqi Fuzheng Decoction Combined with Sunitinib in the Treatment of Postoperative Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma and Its Influence on Their Immune Function.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Bushen Yiqi Fuzheng decoction combined with sunitinib on the prognosis, clinical efficacy and immune function of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after surgery. A total of 120 patients who experienced RCC after surgery were randomly divided into the observation and control groups in this prospective study, with 60 cases in each group. The therapeutic effect, improvement of clinical symptoms, changes of immune function-related indicators and adverse reactions during medication were recorded. The changes in immune cell population, midkine (MK), interleukin 35 (IL-35), hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha (HIF-2α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), osteopontin (OPN), ferritin (FERR) and beta2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels were measured. The Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score of patients was recorded. The total effective rate of the observation group (95%) was better than that of the control group (85%, p < 0.05). After treatment, the changes of immune function indexes in the control group were not obvious. The indexes related to immune function in the observation group significantly decreased. Significant differences were observed in the cluster of differentiation 3+ (CD3+), cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+), cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+) and CD4+/CD8+ between the two groups after treatment. The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that of the control group. The KPS of the observation group was higher than that of the control group. Before treatment, no differences were observed in the MK, IL-35, HIF-2α, CEA, OPN, FERR, β2-MG, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels between the two groups. After treatment, the levels of the above parameters were lower than those before treatment, especially in the observation group. Bushen Yiqi Fuzheng decoction combined with sunitinib can significantly improve the clinical efficacy and postoperative immune function of RCC patients after surgery and down-regulate MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in the serum, which is beneficial to the prognosis of patients.

Effect of co-administration of pranoprofen/emedastine difumarate eye drops on efficacy, inflammatory factors, tear film stability and immune function in children with allergic conjunctivitis

Purpose: To investigate the clinical efficacy of pranoprofen eye drops when combined with emedastinedifumarate eye drops for the treatment of children with allergic conjunctivitis.Methods: A total of 96 children with allergic conjunctivitis admitted to Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences from January 2020 to 2022 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into study group (treated with both pranoprofen eye drops and emedastine difumarate eye drops), and control group (treated with emedastine difumarate eye drops alone), with 48 children in each group. The control group was given emedastine fumarate eye drops 1 drop twice a day. The study group was given pranoprofen eye drops 2 drops 4 times a day in addition to the treatment administered to control group. Patients in both groups were observed and compared after one week of treatment. Efficacy, incidence of adverse reactions, symptom scores, inflammatory factors, tear film stability indicators and immune function indicators were assessed and recorded.Results: Prior to treatment, there was no significant difference in symptom score, inflammatory factors, tear film stability indicators and immune function indicators between study and control groups. Although the above indicators improved in both groups after treatment, the study group showed significantly greater improvement than control group (p &lt; 0.05). Overall clinical response rate in the study group (95.83 %) was higher than in the control group (77.08 %), while the incidence of adverse reaction in the study group (6.25 %) was lower than that of control group (27.08 %, p &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: Pranoprofen eye drops, when combined with emedastine difumarate eye drops for treatment of children with allergic conjunctivitis, is more effective than the use of emedastine difumarate eye drops alone. However, further clinical trials are required to validate the findings of this study prior to adoption of the combination treatment in clinical practice.

Emergency exploratory laparotomy and radical gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer combined with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignant tumor worldwide and ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a frequent complication of GC. Radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy are widely used surgical procedures in the clinical management of GC. This study intends to probe the clinical efficacy and safety of radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy on the basis of exploratory laparotomy in patients with GC combined with UGIB, hoping to provide valuable information to aid patients in selecting the appropriate surgical intervention. To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of exploratory laparotomy + radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy in patients with GC and UGIB combined. A total of 89 GC patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China between July 2018 and July 2020 were selected as participants for this study. The 89 patients were divided into two groups: radical resection group (n = 46) treated with exploratory laparotomy + radical gastrectomy and Palliative group (n = 43) treated with palliative therapy. The study compared several variables between the two groups, including surgical duration, intraoperative blood transfusion volume, postoperative anal exhaust time, off-bed activity time, length of hospitalization, and incidence of complications such as duodenal stump rupture, anastomotic obstruction, and postoperative incision. Additionally, postoperative immune function indicators (including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, and CD3+/HLADR+), immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM), tumor markers (CEA, CA199, and CA125), and inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α) were assessed. The surgical efficacy and postoperative quality of life recovery were also evaluated. The patients were monitored for survival and tumor recurrence at 6 mo, 1 year, and 2 years post-surgery. The results indicated that the duration of operation time and postoperative hospitalization did not differ between the two surgical procedures. However, patients in the radical resection group exhibited shorter intraoperative blood loss, anus exhaust time, off-bed activity time, and inpatient activity time than those in the Palliative group. Although there was no substantial difference in the occurrence of postoperative complications, such as duodenal stump rupture and anastomotic obstruction, between the radical resection group and Palliative group (P > 0.05), the radical resection group exhibited higher postoperative immune function indicators (including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, etc.) and immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM) than the Palliative group, while tumor markers and inflammatory factors levels were lower than those in the radical resection group. Additionally, surgical efficacy, postoperative quality of life, and postoperative survival rates were higher in patients who underwent radical gastrectomy than in those who underwent palliative therapy. Moreover, the probability of postoperative tumor recurrence was lower in the radical gastrectomy group compared to the palliative therapy group, and these differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared to palliative therapy, exploratory laparotomy + radical gastrectomy can improve immune function, reduce the levels of tumor markers and inflammatory factors, improve surgical efficacy, promote postoperative quality of life recovery, enhance survival rates, and attenuate the probability of tumor recurrence.

Foods Containing Pantoea agglomerans LPS Reduce Eye-Nose Allergies—A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Parallel-Group Comparative Pilot Study

In this study, the effects of foods containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pantoea agglomerans (LPSp) on immunity were preliminarily investigated using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group comparative study design. Thirty healthy subjects aged ≥ 20 years (four males and twenty-six females; mean age 49 ± 9.2 years) were randomly assigned to the LPS-containing food group (488 μg/day; LPS) or placebo group. Each food was consumed for 8 weeks, and a subjective survey of cold symptoms (Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Questionnaire) and allergic symptoms of the eyes and nose were conducted. Phagocytic capacity and lymphocyte counts were measured as indicators of immune function. There were no significant between-group differences with respect to any of the investigated items. On sub-group analysis of eye–nose allergy symptom score, confined only to subjects who reported eye–nose allergic symptoms in previous years, the LPS group showed a trend toward milder symptoms compared to the placebo group. In addition, when the symptom scores were compared only for subjects who developed eye–nose allergies during the study period, the LPS group showed significantly lower overall scores and eye symptom scores compared to the placebo group. These results suggest that the consumption of LPS-containing foods may alleviate or prevent eye–nose allergies. There were no statistically predominant changes in hematology and blood biochemistry tests, indicating that continued consumption of LPS-containing foods is safe. (UMIN000046154).

Effect of Early Postoperative Nutritional Nursing on the Prognosis of Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Surgery

We have examined the influence of early postoperative nutritional nursing on the prognosis of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. A total of 82 patients with gastrointestinal surgery were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between January 2020 and December 2022 for this study. The patients were divided into two equalsized control and treatment groups. The control group received routine care, whereas the treatment group received added nutritional care. Compared to the control group, the first exhaust time, first defecation time, and hospitalization time in the treatment group were shorter (P &lt; 0.01). On the 7th day after surgery, no difference was found in the levels of albumin and total protein between the two groups (P &gt; 0.05). However, on the 4th and 7th days after surgery, the diamine oxidase and malondialdehyde values in the treatment group were lower relative to the control group. Body weight in the treatment group was higher, the incidence of complications was lower, and the quality-of-life score and immune function were better compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.05). To sum up, early nutritional care is beneficial to improving the immune function indexes, nutritional indexes, and quality of life of patients after gastrointestinal surgery, as well as reducing the occurrence of postoperative adverse reactions.

Characteristics and Correlation Analysis of Negative Emotions, Quality of Life, and Chinese Medicine Syndromes in Patients with Lung Cancer after Surgery

Objective: The objective of the study was to observe and analyze the characteristics of negative emotions and quality of life (QoL) in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from 1 to 3 months after surgery, and summarize their population characteristics after surgery. Materials and Methods: The consolidation rehabilitation period was defined as 1 to 3 months after surgery. The main observation indicators were the general Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Core QoL Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), and EORTC QLQ-Lung Cancer-13. The secondary observation indicators were peripheral blood cytokines and immune function indicators. Statistical methods such as one-way analysis of variance and logistic regression were used to analyze the characteristics of this part of the population. Results: Among patients who underwent lung surgery, the overall incidence of anxiety during consolidation recovery was 13.66%, and that of depression was 10.38%. The scores of fatigue, pain, dyspnea, insomnia, and loss of appetite were significantly higher than those of other symptoms (P = 0.000). The presence of anxiety was associated with the site of surgery (P &lt; 0.05) and the presence of depression was associated with emotional functioning and dyspnea (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The occurrence of negative emotions in the postoperative NSCLC population is related to gender, and the degree of emotions is negatively correlated with QoL and positively correlated with the degree of symptoms. The main relevant syndromes are the pulmonary and meridian categories.

Effect of budesonide formoterol combined with tiotropium bromide on pulmonary function and inflammatory factors in patients with asthma-COPD overlap syndrome.

To investigate the clinical efficacy of combining budesonide formoterol with tiotropium bromide for treating asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (AOCS). The data of 104 patients with AOCS admitted to our hospital from December 2019 to December 2020 were assessed, randomly and divided into an experimental group (comprising 52 patients, receiving drug combination therapy) and a conventional group (comprising 52 patients, receiving drug therapy alone). Patients' clinical efficacy, pulmonary function, fractioned exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), immune function, endothelial function, serum lipid peroxidation injury indexes, adverse reactions, and quality of life scores were compared. Prior to treatment, no significant differences were observed in various pulmonary function indicators, FeNO, immune function, endothelial function, and lipid peroxidation injury indexes between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, after treatment, all observation indexes in both groups improved to different levels, with the experimental group -demonstrating -significantly superior improvement, compared to the conventional group (P < 0.05). We also observed that adverse reactions in the experimental group were significantly lower than in the conventional group (P < 0.05). The combination of budesonide formoterol to tiotropium bromide in treating asthma-COPD overlap syndrome may significantly improve pulmonary function, endothelial function, and immune status of patients and encourage the recovery of serum lipid peroxidation injury; therefore, this may deserve widespread adoption and application.

Clinical Value Analysis of Pemetrexed Combined with Cisplatin in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Objective: To analyze the clinical value of pemetrexed combined with cisplatin in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Sixty-nine patients in Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital were recruited between May 2021 and August 2022 and separated into the observation group (n = 35) and the control group (n = 34). Cisplatin combined with pemetrexed (the observation group) and cisplatin combined with gemcitabine (the control group) were used for treatment, respectively, and the therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared. Results: There was no significant difference in the disease control rate between the two groups (P &gt; 0.05); the immune function indexes of the patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group after treatment (P &lt; 0.05); there was no significant difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting as well as hair loss (P &gt; 0.05), but the incidence of blood toxicity in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Pemetrexed plus cisplatin in NSCLC patients has an ideal effect, and it can improve the quality of life of patients and reduce adverse reactions, which has clinical promotion value.

Biological expressions of early life trauma in the immune system of older adults.

Poor immune function is associated with increased risk for a number of age-related diseases, however, little is known about the impact of early life trauma on immune function in late-life. Using nationally representative data from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 5,823), we examined the association between experiencing parental/caregiver death or separation before age 16 and four indicators of immune function in late-life: C-reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor (sTNFR), and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to cytomegalovirus (CMV). We also examined racial/ethnic differences. Individuals that identified as racial/ethnic minorities were more likely to experience parental/caregiver loss and parental separation in early life compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, and had poorer immune function in late-life. We found consistent associations between experiencing parental/caregiver loss and separation and poor immune function measured by CMV IgG levels and IL-6 across all racial/ethnic subgroups. For example, among Non-Hispanic Blacks, those that experienced parental/caregiver death before age 16 had a 26% increase in CMV IgG antibodies in late-life (β = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.34) compared to a 3% increase in CMV antibodies among Non-Hispanic Whites (β = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.07) controlling for age, gender, and parental education. Our results suggest a durable association between experiencing early life trauma and immune health in late-life, and that structural forces may shape the ways in which these relationships unfold over the life course.

Application of intelligent nursing based on cloud computing of internet of things in children with pneumonia and sepsis treated with human gamma globulin

Purpose: To explore the application of intelligent nursing (IN) based on the Internet of Things (IoT) in children with pneumonia and sepsis treated with human gamma globulin (HGG). Methods: A total of 200 children with pneumonia combined with sepsis who attended the First People’s Hospital of Shangqiu from January 1, 2020 to February 13, 2022 were consecutively collected. Children were randomly divided into IN group and routine nursing (RN) group, with 100 children in each group. All children received standard anti-infection treatment along with intravenous HGG. In IN group, IN measures based on the IoT cloud computing platform monitored the treatment process of children with HGG throughout the whole process, while children in the RN group only received RN measures. Information on both groups was collected from the medical records, such as gender, age, duration of hospitalization, fever, antibiotic use, serological indicators, pulmonary function indicators, immune function indicators and adverse effects of HGG. Multi-factorial logistic regression was performed to access the correlation between IN and the duration of hospitalization and a range of other factors studied above. Results: After adjusting for numerous confounding factors, multifactorial logistic regression revealed that the application of IN was associated with a shorter duration of hospitalization ( p = .030) and lower white blood cell (WBC) and creatinine (Cr) levels in post-treatment children ( p = .003, p = .010). It was also associated with higher levels of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow (PEV) after treatment ( p = .014, p = .001, p = .002) and higher levels of immune CD4+/CD8+ ratio after treatment ( p = .001) and reduced symptoms of vomiting among the adverse effects ( p = .047). Conclusion: The IoT cloud-based IN model significantly improved the efficacy of HGG in the treatment of pneumonia sepsis in children and reduce occurrence of some adverse reactions.

A Prospective and Randomized Control Study on Effects of Thymalfasin for Injection on Perioperative Immune Function and Long-term Prognosis of Patients with Colorectal Cancer

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to explore the effects of thymalfasin for injection on perioperative immune function and long-term prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). In total, 400 patients who entered the groups from February 2019 to January 2021 and underwent radical resection of CRC in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University were the study subjects. They were separated into experimental group (0–199, XELOX chemotherapy and thymalfasin for injection) and control group (200–400, XELOX chemotherapy) by random number table, and the experimental group was randomly divided into conventional-dose group (n = 100, 1.6 mg of thymalfasin for injection, twice a week) and high-dose group (n = 100, 1.6 mg of thymalfasin for injection, thrice a week) according to a ratio of 1:1, to analyze the effects of different treatment schemes on perioperative immune function and long-term prognosis of CRC patients. Compared with control group, the conventional-dose group and high-dose group had notably lower incidences of perioperative infection (P < 0.05), with no significant difference in both groups (P > 0.05). The experimental group had significantly lower overall incidence of early and late postoperative complications, local recurrence rate and the incidence of distant metastasis, and higher perioperative immune function indexes and median disease free survival (DFS) (P < 0.05). The conventional-dose and high-dose thymalfasin for injection effectively improves the perioperative immune function of CRC patients and reduces the incidence of postoperative complications, as an effective treatment for such patients, which can benefit patients.

MiR-126-5p expression in the plasma of patients with sepsis-induced acute lung injury and its correlation with inflammation and immune function.

This work was implemented to elucidate the miR-126-5p expression in the plasma of patients with sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and its correlation with inflammation and immune function. The peripheral blood of patients with sepsis-induced ALI was obtained, and the levels of inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], and procalcitonin [PCT]) were determined. Meanwhile, T lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+), and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were tested. miR-126-5p and TRAF6 mRNA expression in plasma was assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of miR-126-5p in sepsis without ALI and sepsis with ALI. Correlation between miR-126-5p expression and clinical indicators was analyzed. The targets of miR-126-5p were predicted using the bioinformatics method, and the direct targets were verified through investigations. miR-126-5p expression in plasma of patients with sepsis-induced ALI was reduced than that of patients with sepsis without ALI. miR-126-5p expression was negatively correlated with IL-6, CRP, and PCT but positively correlated with IgA, IgM, and IgG as well as CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ in patients with sepsis-induced ALI. ROC curve suggested that miR-126-5p (AUC: 0.777; 95%CI: 0.689-0.866) could distinguish patients with sepsis with ALI from patients with sepsis without ALI. TRAF6 expression in patients with sepsis-induced ALI was higher than that in patients with sepsis without ALI. TRAF6 was a target gene of miR-126-5p, CONCLUSION: This research highlights that miR-126-5p is reduced in the plasma of patients with sepsis-induced ALI, and miR-126-5p relates to systemic inflammation and immune function indicators.

Novel risk prediction models, involving coagulation, thromboelastography, stress response, and immune function indicators, for deep vein thrombosis after radical resection of cervical cancer and ovarian cancer

This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of coagulation, thromboelastography, stress response, and immune function indicators for the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) following radical resection of cervical cancer and ovarian cancer. We conducted a prospective, single-centre, case-control study that included 230 cervical cancer patients and 230 ovarian cancer patients. In the testing cohort, the final predictive model for cervical cancer patients was: Logit(P)=9.365–0.063(R-value)−0.112(K value) +0.386(α angle)+0.415(MA)+0.276(FIB)+0.423(D-D)+0.195(IL-6)+0.092(SOD). For ovarian cancer patients, the final model was: Logit(P)= −2.846–0.036(R-value)-0.157(K value) +0.426(α angle) +0.172(MA) +0.221(FIB)+0.375(CRP) −0.126(CD4+/CD8+). In the validation cohort, these models exhibited good predictive efficiency, with a false-positive rate of 12.5% and a false-negative rate of 2.9% for cervical cancer patients, and a false-positive rate of 14.3% and a false-negative rate of 0% for ovarian cancer patients. In conclusion, the risk prediction models developed in this study effectively improve the predictive accuracy of DVT following radical resection of cervical and ovarian cancer.

Comparison of the Efficacy, Immune Function and Survival Rate of Sorafenib and Apatinib in the Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Objective: To explore the influence of sorafenib combined with apatinib in treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its influence on immune function. Methods: One hundred and ninety-nine patients with advanced HCC who received treatment in our hospital were collected. Ninety-eight patients were treated with sorafenib and included in the control group (CG). One hundred and one patients received sorafenib combined with apatinib and they were included in the study group (SG). After therapy, the therapeutic effect, immune function and other indexes were compared between the two groups. Results: After therapy, the total effective rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) in SG were obviously higher than those in CG (P&lt;0.05). After therapy, the serum interleukin -10 (IL-10) and interleukin -18 (IL-18) were obviously declined in both groups (P&lt;0.05), and the decline of IL-10 and IL-18 in SG was obviously greater than that in CG (P&lt;0.05). After therapy, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) declined obviously in both groups (P&lt;0.05), and the reduction of VEGF in SG was obviously greater than that in CG (P&lt;0.05). After therapy, the number of alpha fetal protein (AFP) decreased in SG was obviously higher than that in CG (P&lt;0.05). In SG, it could obviously ameliorate the progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced HCC (P = 0.01, P&lt;0.05), and there were no obvious differences in the incidence rate of adverse reactions in both groups (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Sorafenib combined with apatinib can obviously improve the therapeutic effect, immune function and survival rate in treating patients with advanced HCC, and it is safe and worthy of clinical promotion.

Effect of Huangqi Granules Combined with Budesonide on Clinical Indexes, Clinical Efficacy, and Safety in Children with Bronchial Asthma

We have investigated the effect of a combination of Budesonide and Huangqi granules on pulmonary function in children with bronchial asthma. To this end, children diagnosed with bronchial asthma were divided into two treatment groups, one receiving Budesonide alone (the control group) and the other receiving additional Huangqi granules (the study group). The syndrome score, pulmonary and immune function indices, clinical efficacy, and adverse reactions were observed and compared between the two groups. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in any of the measures between the two groups. However, after treatment, all measures were significantly improved in both groups, with a greater improvement in the study group. Also, the difference in the adverse reaction rate between the two groups was insignificant. In conclusion, Huangqi granules combined with Budesonide can effectively improve the clinical symptoms and repair pulmonary function in children with bronchial asthma.

Clinical study on changes of peripheral blood immune function indicators in adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma during the peri-radiotherapy period

ABSTRACT To analyze the changes of immune function-related indicators with newly diagnosed glioblastoma before and after radiotherapy and their clinical significance. Clinical data of 104 patients were analyzed. The independent samples t-test or chi-square test was used to compare changes in immune function indicators and to ascertain the differences between groups with different doses or volumes. The grading of the lowest lymphocyte count during radiotherapy was compared. The log-rank (Mantel – Cox) test of the Kaplan – Meier method was used to compare the survival rate, and the relationship of radiotherapy-related parameters, with the survival rate was evaluated by using the Spearman correlation coefficient. A Cox regression model was used to determine the relationship between various immune function indicators and prognosis. The percentages of total T lymphocytes and CD4+ T cells, the CD4-to-CD8 subset ratio, and the percentages of B cells and NKT cells showed an overall decreasing trend, whereas the percentages of CD8+ T cells and NK cells displayed an overall increasing trend. The lower CD4+ T cell percentage and CD4/CD8 ratio after radiotherapy were independent risk factors for OS. Short OS was observed in patients with grade 3 or 4 lymphopenia or with low levels of hemoglobin and serum albumin before radiotherapy. The percentage of CD4+ T cells and the CD4/CD8 ratio were higher in patients with the low tumor-irradiated volume and irradiated volume and dose of the OAR, than in patients from the corresponding high indicator group. Different irradiation dose or volume can differentially alter various immune function indicators.

Effect of entecavir plus peginterferon α-2a on hepatitis B virus-RNA, IL-21 expression level, immune function and prognosis in patients with hepatitis B

Combination of interferon and nucleotide analogues might be more effective in inhibiting replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV), thereby alleviating hepatic fibrosis and hepatocyte necrosis. Herein, we explored the impact of co-treatment of entecavir (ETV) and PEG-IFNα-2a on HBV-RNA, IL-21 level, immune function and prognosis in HBeAg-positive patients with low HBsAg level. Patients treated with ETV over 12 months received PEG-IFNα-2a treatment. Serum HBV markers and HBV-DNA were examined at 12, 24 and 48 weeks, and disappearance of HBsAg were measured at 24 weeks as an evaluation index for efficacy. Besides, levels of IL-21, serum albumin, and complement C3 were measured. During follow-up, we found that, HBsAg serological conversion appeared in 6.0% of all patients, with HBsAg disappearance in 18.1% and HBsAg &lt;10 IU/mL in 10.8%. The HBeAg level in non-disappearing group was lower than HBsAg disappearing group (P &lt;0.05) with AUC score of 0.720 for HBsAg suggested by HBeAg conversion rate (P &lt;0.05). Of note, HBsAg levels decreased at 12 weeks of treatment (≥0.5 log IU/mL) and HBsAg was prone to disappearance (P &lt;0.05). AUC of HBsAg disappearance predicted by the HBsAg levels at 12 weeks and 24 weeks were 0.810 (95% CI: 0.686–0.935, P = 0.000) and 0.842 (95% CI: 0.736–0.947, P = 0.000) compared with baseline. Combination of ETV and PEG-IFNα-2a resulted in enhancement of serum IL-21 level (210.803±72.477) and reduction of IL-21 expression (157.084±38.697). The IL-21 level was negatively correlated with immune function indicators serum albumin and serum complement C3. HBsAg conversion rate and early HBsAg changes are crucial to prediction of HBsAg disappearance. With ETV achieving great virological response, combination of ETV with PEG-IFNα-2a enhanced HBsAg loss, reducing IL-21 expression, and improving immune function in patients.

The effect of nursing intervention combined with PD-1 inhibitor on platelets, white blood cells, tumor markers and quality of life in patients with lung cancer

ABSTRACT Tumor immunotherapy has become one of the important directions in the field of anti-tumor research. Among them, programmed death molecule-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) inhibitors have attracted considerable attention. This study analyzed the application effects of PD-1 inhibitors assisted nursing intervention in patients with lung cancer (LC). Sixty-eight patients with LC were divided into research group and control group randomly. Control group was treated with PD-1 inhibitor chemotherapy. Research group was treated with PD-1 inhibitors as auxiliary nursing intervention. Platelets, immune function indexes, tumor markers, and white blood cells were analyzed. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom score, survival quality of karnofsky performance scale (KPS) score, living quality of quality of life (QOL) score, and nausea and vomiting classification. Hemoglobin (HB), platelet (PLT) and serum white blood cells (WBC) levels in the two groups were decreased after treatment. HB, PLT and WBC levels were enhanced in research group versus control group. Moreover, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) and CA125 levels in both groups were reduced after treatment. Compared with before treatment, the levels of cluster of differentiation (CD)3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ in control group and the research group increased, while the CD8+ content was significantly decreased after treatment. And their content of the research group was significantly higher/lower than that of the control group. TCM symptom score, KPS score, QOL score and nausea and vomiting classification were improved in research group compared to control group. PD-1 inhibitors assisted nursing intervention can improve the living quality of patients with LC after chemotherapy.

Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging to Evaluate the Clinical Efficacy of CalliSpheres Drug-Loaded Microspheres in the Treatment of Advanced Bladder Cancer

The MR diffusion-weighted imaging technique was used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CalliSpheres drug-loaded microspheres for transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of advanced bladder cancer. 35 patients with advanced bladder cancer were treated with CalliSpheres DLMS for transarterial chemoembolization. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted imaging were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect. The changes in serum tumor markers, immune function indexes, and oxidative stress indexes in patients before and after treatment were compared, and the quality of life of patients and the incidence of adverse reactions during follow-up were also evaluated. The results showed that the overall response rate (ORR) was 74.29% and that the disease control rate (DCR) was 97.14%. Compared with that before treatment, the ADC value of the tumor in patients with advanced bladder cancer detected by MR diffusion-weighted imaging technology was significantly increased after treatment and the maximum tumor diameter was significantly decreased P &lt; 0.05 . Compared with those before treatment, the levels of serum tumor markers (CA199, CA724, and CA125) in advanced bladder cancer patients after treatment decreased P &lt; 0.05 . The levels of T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+ and CD4+) decreased, and CD8+ levels increased P &lt; 0.05 . The levels of superoxide dismutase decreased P &gt; 0.05 . At the same time, the subscale evaluation of function, symptoms, quality of life, adverse reactions, and economics of patients with advanced bladder cancer on the QLQ-C30 scale improved after treatment, and the incidence rate and recurrence rate during the follow-up period were 8.57% and 11.43%, respectively. It showed that CalliSpheres DLMS had a good clinical effect and high safety in the treatment of advanced bladder cancer and was a safe and feasible treatment method. The use of MR diffusion-weighted imaging technology could achieve quantitative evaluation of clinical efficacy of advanced bladder cancer.

Effect of continuous blood purification on immunity and endothelial cell function in patients with sepsis

To explore the effect of continuous blood purification (CBP) on the immunity and endothelial cell function of patients with sepsis. A prospective study was conducted. The patients aged ≥ 18 years old and meeting the diagnostic criteria of sepsis admitted to the department of critical care medicine of Binzhou Medical University Hospital from March 2019 to October 2020 were selected as the research subjects, and the patients were divided into standard treatment group and CBP treatment group according to random number table method. Both groups were given standard treatment including initial fluid resuscitation, infection source control and antibiotics according to the 2016 international guidelines for the management of sepsis and septic shock. CBP treatment group was additionally given continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) at a dose of 25-30 mL×kg-1×h-1 and blood flow rate of 150-200 mL/min for more than 20 hours a day for 3 days. The clinical data of patients including blood lactic acid (Lac), procalcitonin (PCT), lymphocyte count (LYM), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score were recorded before treatment and 1 day and 3 days after treatment. At the same time, the venous blood was collected, and the immune function related indexes [interleukins (IL-4, IL-7), programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] and endothelial cell injury related markers [soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), von Willebrand factor (vWF), heparan sulfate (HS), syndecan-1 (SDC-1)] levels in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay of patients in the two groups was recorded, and the outcomes of patients in the two groups were followed up for 28 days. Finally, 20 patients were enrolled in the standard treatment group, and 19 patients were enrolled in the CBP treatment group. There were no significant differences in gender, age and infection site between the two groups. The length of ICU stay in the standard treatment group was (10±5) days, and 5 patients died and 15 patients survived after 28 days. The length of ICU stay in the CBP treatment group was (9±4) days, and 8 patients died and 11 patients survived after 28 days. There were no significant differences in the length of ICU stay and number of patients who died within 28 days between the two groups (both P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the Lac, PCT, LYM, APACHE II score, SOFA score and immune function and endothelial cell injury related indexes before treatment and 1 day after treatment between the two groups. After 3 days of treatment, the Lac, PCT, APACHE II score and SOFA score of the CBP treatment group were significantly lower than those before treatment, and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-4, apoptosis-related indicators such as PD-1 and IL-7, and endothelial injury related factors such as sTM, SDC-1 and HS were significantly improved compared with the pre-treatment, the improvement degree of the above indicators was more obvious than that of the standard treatment group, and LYM was significantly higher than that of the standard treatment group (×109/L: 1.3±0.3 vs. 0.9±0.4, P < 0.05), IL-4, IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, IL-7, PD-1, sTM, SDC-1, HS, and Ang-2 were significantly lower than those of the standard treatment group [IL-4 (ng/L): 2.8 (1.5, 3.2) vs. 3.3 (2.7, 5.2), IFN-γ (ng/L): 6.3 (5.4, 106.5) vs. 217.9 (71.4, 517.1), IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio: 3.7 (1.8, 70.3) vs. 59.1 (18.3, 124.9), IL-7 (ng/L): 4.6 (3.2, 5.1) vs. 6.3 (5.2, 8.0), PD-1 (μg/L): 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) vs. 0.08 (0.05, 0.12), sTM (μg/L): 4.9 (4.3, 7.4) vs. 8.7 (6.0, 10.8), SDC-1 (μg/L): 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) vs. 0.9 (0.8, 2.5), HS (ng/L): 434.8 (256.2, 805.0) vs. 887.9 (620.1, 957.3), Ang-2 (ng/L): 934.0 (673.3, 1 502.1) vs. 2 233.9 (1 472.5, 3 808.4)], the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). CBP treatment can eliminate the patient's immunosuppressive state, reduce a variety of endothelial injury markers and the degradation of glycocalyx, but cannot decrease the 28-day death risk or shorten the length of ICU stay.