Immune Adherence Hemagglutination Test Research Articles

Evaluation of varicella zoster virus-specific cell-mediated immunity by using an interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

BackgroundAdministration of the varicella vaccine induces both varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). ObjectiveTo assess VZV-CMI, we developed an interferon γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IFN-γ ELISA) that measures the quantity of total IFN-γ in culture supernatants of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Study designWe evaluated this method by comparing the pre- and post-vaccination immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 30 healthy children who were administered an initial varicella vaccination at Konan Kosei hospital. ResultsIFN-γ ELISA showed well-validated results; CMI was not detectable pre-immunization but became detectable post-immunization. Seroconversion was detected in 92.6% of subjects by the immune adherence hemagglutination test; however, half of the subjects did not display an increase in CMI levels. We also compared the incidence of breakthrough varicella and herpes zoster development between CMI post-positive and post-negative vaccinees at 1–2years after the last VZV vaccination. Eight subjects had a history of varicella or herpes zoster exposure post-VZV vaccination. Two of them with post-negative CMI contracted breakthrough varicella 15–16months after the last vaccination, even though they had sufficient VZV-specific antibody levels to be considered seropositive and seroprotected. Conversely, the others with post-positive CMI did not contract breakthrough varicella, despite experiencing extensive VZV exposure through casual contact with playmates and family. ConclusionsThe CMI data generated by this IFN-γ ELISA may accurately reflect real-world immune status, and CMI may be closely related to immunoprotection against breakthrough varicella development.

C群ロタウイルスの疫学的研究

By electron microscopy survey of acute gastroenteritis of children in Matsuyama, rotaviruses were detected in 561 of 2479 fecal samples obtained between October, 1984 and September, 1988, in which 60 atypical and 259 typical rotaviruses, so far tested, were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of viral RNA. Out of 60 atypical rotaviruses, 5 were observed in 1985, 7 in 1986, none in 1987 and 48 in 1988. These atypical rotaviruses were morphologically indistinguishable from typical ones and showed very similar RNA migration patterns of PAGE to those of group C rotavirus. Furthermore, one atypical virus (86-542) reacted with antiserum against a porcine group C rotavirus in immune electron microscopy, while it did not react with anti-group A rotavirus serum. On the other hand, hyperimmune guinea pig antiserum against 86-542 reacted with a couple of atypical rotavirus including viruses isolated in 1988, so far tested, but did not react with any of the typical viruses. These findings showed that atypical rotaviruses which were endemic in Matsuyama city in 1988 were defined as group C rotavirus. Moreover, these group C rotaviruses showed two kind of RNA migration patterns in PAGE, which clearly discriminated the virus were isolated before and after 1987. Epidemiological features of group C rotavirus were as follows. Children from whom group C rotavirus was isolated were older than those from of whom group A rotavirus was isolated. The epidemic season was in February through April, compared to December through March in group A virus. Retrospective seroepidemiological study by immune adherence hemagglutination test (IAHA) using the purified 86-542 virus as antigen indicated that 15 of 78 sera of children obtained in 1971 already possessed IAHA antibody against group C rotavirus.

VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS PREVALENCE IN JAPAN: NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN A DECADE

A seroepidemiologic time-comparison study was conducted to evaluate changes in IgG antibody to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and to determine VZV prevalence in Japan with randomly collected serum samples from two healthy Japanese populations: 1973 (n = 670) vs. 1984 (n = 677). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was found to be superior to the immune adherence hemagglutination test (IAHA) especially for detecting seropositivity in adults. Serologic results showed essentially no significant difference between the 1973 and the 1984 age-specific prevalences; with the exception of a slightly lower prevalence in the 5-year-old age group in 1973 than that in 1984. In general, the age-specific prevalence was lowest in the 1-year-old group (mean 11%) and increased in a linear fashion until age 9 (mean 82.9%); prevalence continued to increase slowly after age 9 and plateaued at 100% for ages greater than or equal to 25-29.

Specificity of skin test with varicella-zoster virus antigen in varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus infections

Specificity of the skin test with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antigen was examined in guinea pigs infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or VZV and in children with a history of HSV infection who developed varicella. Infected guinea pigs responded positively only to homologous virus. No cross-reaction between HSV and VZV was detected in the skin test, as well as in the neutralization test in infected guinea pigs, suggesting that the VZV skin test is specific for immunity to VZV infection. Twelve children were infected with HSV during an HSV epidemic and subsequently developed varicella in institutional settings. During the 2.5-month period between the HSV and VZV infections, the immune status of the children to VZV was negative both in the skin test and in the antibody test, although antibody to HSV was detected by an immune adherence hemagglutination test. After VZV infection, all responded positively both in the skin test and in the antibody test (immune adherence hemagglutination test) to VZV. These results suggest that the VZV skin test is specific for immunity to VZV infection, not cross-reactive to HSV infection in humans. This specificity will be of value in screening susceptibility or immunity to VZV, irrespective of prior HSV infection.

Application of immune adherence hemagglutination test in the screening of blood donors carrying a high titer antibody to varicella-zoster virus.

The immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test was compared with the complement fixation (CF) test and fluorescent antibody (FA) test to measure the antibody titer to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in 70 sera of convalescents 2 to 8 weeks after herpes zoster onset. The IAHA titer correlated with the FA titer, but not with the CF titer which was lower than the IAHA and FA titers. Then, the IAHA test was used for screening of blood donors with a high titer (higher than 64 units) of antibody to VZV from 2,592 blood donors. About 14% of the sera from the donors aged 16 to 19 years had an antibody titer higher than 64 units, about 10% of sera from the donors aged 20 to 49 years, and 5.6% of sera from the donors older than 50 years. An average positive rate was about 9%, indicating that an enough VZV immune plasma with a high titer of antibody might be obtained from blood donors.

Freezing and rejuvenation of human O erythrocytes for use in the immune adherence hemagglutination test.

A method was established to freeze selected human O erythrocytes and to thaw them as necessary for use in the immune adherence hemagglutination test. This method ensured interrun reproducibility and eliminated the necessity to screen blood donors (fresh cells) for acceptable C3b receptor site sensitivity.

Immune adherence hemagglutination test for detection of antibody to respiratory syncytial virus. Brief report.

An immune adherence hemagglutination test was established for detection of antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus. The test was shown to be as specific as and much more sensitive than the neutralization and complement fixation tests.

An Immune Adherence Assay for Discrimination Between Etiologic Agents of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

Antigens of the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and antibodies to these antigens were titrated in an immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test and a CF test. Vero-E6 cells infected with the SR-11 strain of HFRS virus, an isolate from rats associated with a laboratory outbreak in Japan, and the 76-118 strain of Hantaan virus, the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, were used as antigens in the IAHA, CF, and indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. Sera from patients with different types of HFRS were tested against both strains of virus. Titers of antibody detected by the IFA test were similar for the two strains, but the IAHA test discriminated between antibodies to the two types of HFRS virus. Antigenic differences between HFRS viruses were suggested by the results of the IAHA test.

A serological survey on rotavirus infection in dogs by immune adherence hemagglutination test.

A serological survey on rotavirus infection in dogs by immune adherence hemagglutination test.

Natural and experimental infection of woodchucks with woodchuck hepatitis virus, as measured by new, specific assays for woodchuck surface antigen and antibody.

Solid-phase radioimmunoassays for woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) surface antigen (WHsAg) and antibody to it (anti-WHs) were developed. The test for WHsAg could detect as little as 10 ng/ml. In both tests it was necessary to employ radiolabeled WHsAg instead of anti-WHs as the probe because the latter appeared to be labile to the conditions of labeling. The tests were used to characterize naturally acquired and experimental WHV infections of woodchucks. Forty-three of 72 wild-caught woodchucks had serological evidence of WHV infections; 16 of these resulted in chronic infection, and the remainder were self-limiting. All chronically infected animals were positive for WHsAg and DNA polymerase activity. During 3 years of observation, 11 of the 16 WHsAg-positive animals and 3 of the 27 anti-WHs-positive animals, but none of the 21 uninfected animals developed hepatocellular carcinoma. Seroconversion, possibly resulting from infection with WHV, was documented in a chimpanzee inoculated with WHV. An immune adherence hemagglutination test for WHsAg was also developed by using anti-WHs of chimpanzee origin as a reagent, but the test was not useful for detecting anti-WHs of woodchuck origin because of the lability of the latter.

Assay of human rotavirus antibody by immune adherence hemagglutination with a cultivable human rotavirus as antigen

A cultivable human rotavirus, Wa, was propagated in MA-104 cells and used as an antigen in immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) and complement fixation (CF) tests. IAHA antibody titers of sera from normal humans were found to be eightfold higher than CF antibody titers. The IAHA antibody determination with the Wa antigen is considered to be especially useful for the seroepidemiological studies of human rotavirus infections.

Isolation and identification of dengue viruses by combined use of C6/36 cells and the immune adherence hemagglutination test.

Dengue viruses were isolated in a mosquito cell clone, C6/36, and their serotypes were identified by the immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test. Even when viruses were not cytopathogenic, the IAHA test detected virus growth in the cells.

Serotyping of dengue viruses by an immune adherence hemagglutination test.

Abstract An immune adherence hemagglutination test was used to type dengue viruses grown in LLC-MK2 cells and whole mosquitoes. The test was found to be more sensitive than the complement fixation test for that purpose.

Changes of the rotavirus concentration in faeces during the course of acute gastroenteritis as determined by the immune adherence hemagglutination test.

Concentrations of rotavirus were studied in serially sampled faecal specimens from 55 patients with acute gastroenteritis, utilizing the immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 45 (82%) out of 55 cases. In the faeces which were positive for rotavirus antigen, the concentrations reached their maximum titer shortly after the onset of the illness and diminished gradually until the 9th day.

Two Cases of Peripheral Facial Paralysis Associated with Varicella

Facial paralysis caused by chickinpox are rare. Two cases of facial paralysis associated with varicella were described.First case, a 5-year-old girl, complained of immobility of right facial muscle on Feb. 6, 1979. Three days later, she developed typical varicella. Laboratory studies revealed no abnormalities except for an elevated anti varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibody levels in the serum. Anti VZV antibody titers were measured by immune adherence hemagglutination test (IAHA). The serum IAHA titers for VZV were 1:128 (Feb. 14) and 1:128 (March 5). Complete recovery occured five weeks after the onset.Second case, a 5-year-old boy, had a skin rash and diagnosed as varicella on April 5, 1979. On May 17, he noticed a weakness of the right facial muscle. No other neurological abnormalities were observed. About two weeks later, mumps occured. The serum IAHA titers for VZV were 1:64 (May 23) and 1:128 (June 18) and the mumps virus antibody titers were 1:<2 (May 23) and 1:64 (June 18). The facial palsy completely recovered after six weeks.

Serology of Legionnaires disease: comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody, immune adherence hemagglutination, and indirect hemagglutination tests

An immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test for the measurement of antibodies to Legionella pneumophila was developed and evaluated for the diagnosis of Legionnaires disease. Its sensitivity was compared to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and a recently developed indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. The sensitivity of the three tests appeared to be similar, with the IFA test giving slightly higher titers. Both the IHA and IAHA tests appear useful for the serodiagnosis of Legionnaires disease; the IAHA test has the advantage that it can be used with many other serological antigens.

Incidence of heterophil antibody responses inchildren with infectious mononucleosis

Of 68 children 2 to 15 years of age who had clinical signs compatible with infectious mononucleosis, 38had serologic evidence for a primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques for detection of heterophil antibodies, 50% of the 38 patients had positive reactions in rapid slide agglutination tests with sheep RBC stromata, and 79% in slide tests with horse RBC. In the quantitative tests, 79% reacted in the ox cell hemolysin tests, 82% in the Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn test, and 95% in the immune-adherence hemagglutination test. The percentages of reactors were lowest in the 2 to 5-year-old groups and highest in the 11-to 15-year-old patients. Thus, depending on the assay used, the percentage of heterophil antibody responses in the youngest patients may differ only slighty form that seen in adolescents or yong adults. Although the ranges of titers oberved with the three quantitative assays and in the three age groups were similar, the geometric mean titers incrased three-to eightforld from the youngest to the oldest group of patients. None of the 30 patients with mononucleosis-like illnesses not associated with EBV had positive heterophil reactions. Thus, rapid slide tests using horse RBC serve to confirm a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis in the majority of pediatric patients, and EBV-specific serodiagnostic tests are needed mainly to identify heterophil negative cases of infectious mononucleosis and to separate them from mononucleosis-like illenesses caused by other agents.

Studies on the outbreak of hepatitis A in an institute for mentally retarded children

The authors encountered an outbreak of acute hepatitis in a public institute for mentally retarded children in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Studies revealed that the probable vehicles of transmission of infection were contaminated water, contaminated meals, and close contact. From the clinical manifestations and epidemiological investigations of 41 affected children and staff members, an outbreak of hepatitis A was strongly suspected. Immune electron microscopy disclosed hepatitis A virus antigen particles in the stool specimens collected during the few days before and after peak transaminase elevation. Hepatitis A antigen was further extracted and purified. The antigen was the first reported recovery of the virus from a natural outbreak of hapatitis A in Asia. Subsequently, with the immune adherence hemagglutination test, using this extracted antigen, an increase in titer of antibody to hepatitis A antigen was demonstrated. Thus, this epidemic was serologically established as an outbreak of hepatitis A. Human immune serum globulin for the protection against hepatitis A was administrated to the 80 individuals concerned, and it was effective in preventing the clinical manifestation of hepatitis.

Heterophil antigen in bovine sera detectable by immune adherence hemagglutination with infectious mononucleosis sera

Bovine sera for tissue culture use were shown to contain heterophil antigen of the Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn type by immune adherence hemagglutination tests with sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis. The antibody titers observed were comparable to those determined by two other methods; i.e., the immune adherence hemagglutination test was found to be as specific as the differential absorption test with horse erythrocytes or the ox cell hemolysis assay,but it appeared to be the most sensitive of the three procedures. All 16 individual or pooled bovine serum samples showed Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn antigen at concentrations varying over a fourfold range. The potential usefulness of the immune adherence hemagglutination test for various Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn antigen-related problems and implications of the observations are discussed.

Quantitative estimation of infantile gastroenteritis virus antigens in stools by immune adherence hemagglutination test

Infantile gastroenteritis virus antigens in stools were titrated by the immune adherence hemagglutination test. A good correlation was observed between immune adherence hemagglutination titers and electron microscope counts.