Immobilized Phanerochaete Chrysosporium Research Articles

Biodegradation of bisphenol A by alginate immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium beads: Continuous cyclic treatment and degradation pathway analysis

The wide application of biodegradation technology makes it particularly significant to use immobilized microorganisms to achieve continuous degradation of pollutants. In this study, the performance of Ca-alginate (CA) immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium beads in a consecutive biocycle treatment of bisphenol A (BPA) effluent was researched. The effects of initial BPA concentration, biomass dosage, pH and curing time were investigated. Results showed that CA-immobilized P. chrysosporium can be successive cycle at least 9 times (12 h each), and each time the removal efficiency of BPA reached 100%. The degradation process of BPA in the treatment process was investigated. According to the analyses of glucose, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, extracellular proteins and biomass, it was found that consumed carbon and nitrogen sources were used for the rapid growth of fungal hyphae and the synthesis of a series of proteins. These extracellular proteins can be utilized as a nitrogen source by P. chrysosporium, and played a key role in the removal of BPA. Biodegradation process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Moreover, intermediates in the BPA degradation process were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and three possible degradation pathways were proposed. This strategy presented in the study provides a convenient and efficient biological method for the continuous treatment of BPA effluent.

Batch Mode Reactor for 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic Acid Degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

A new batch mode reactor was constructed to conduct continuous biodegradation of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid. Various types of matrices with immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium were immersed in a solution containing pollutant and mineral nutrients. Three parameters were chosen to optimize the process. The nitrate and nitrite ions concentrations and HPLC analysis were used to prove the biodegradation of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, and the mixed effects model using one-factor ANOVA was used for statistical calculations. The results showed the correlation between the initial pH, a medium composition, and the process time. In pH = 6.5, the degradation effectiveness was estimated at 99% decrease in the substrate within 14 days, while an 80% decrease of acid concentration was indicated in pH = 3.5 after 28 days of the process duration.

Purification, characterization, and biodelignification potential of lignin peroxidase from immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Lignin peroxidase (LiP), which has been studied extensively in white-rot Basidiomycetes with regard to bio-pulping and bio-bleaching, plays a role in the biodegradation of plant cell wall lignin. In the current study, LiP obtained from a wild isolate of Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on polyurethane foam cubes was purified 21-fold using ammonium sulphate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography. The enzyme with a molecular mass of 55 kDa exhibited a considerably higher pH tolerance and thermostability compared with the native enzyme. It showed a strong affinity for the substrate veratryl alcohol and had kinetic constant values of 142.86 µmol and 65 µM. Cysteine, sodium azide, mercaptoethanol, and silver nitrate inhibited the activity, while ethanol, EDTA, Cu2+, Mn+, Na+, and Fe2+ exhibited induction. Purified LiP completely decolorized (100%) bromo phenyl blue, bromothymol blue, and bromocresol green. The 96 and 72% degradation obtained with phenol and congo red was also higher compared to crude LiP. Treatment with LiP showed reduction in ADL as compared to untreated straws, with a maximum of 2.87 units obtained in JR followed by 2.66 units in PS. The digestibility of all straws increased, the response varying from a maximum of 21.27 units in PRM to a minimum of 12.32 units obtained in LM.

The Simultaneous Bioremoval of Cr(III) and Dye by Immobilized Phanerochaete Chrysosporium

To attain better removal efficiency and higher toxic resistance, the alginate was used to immobilize Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 in this study. And according to the characteristics of tannery wastewater, inhibitory effect of Cr(III) to the decolorization was investigated and adsorption kinetics of Cr(III) by the immobilized P. chrysosporium had been established. Furthermore, the Acid Violet 7 and Basic Fuchsin contributed as the experimental dyes in the paper, the removal studies were performed at an initial pH of 4.5. The combined effects of Cr and dyes on the simultaneous removal properties were determined in a batch system at different levels of Cr and dyes. Moreover, the dose-response relationship and a kinetic equation describing the simultaneous removal properties had been established. The results have proved that the immobilized P. chrysosporium has the ability to treat the tannery wastewater.

Organic matters removal from landfill leachate by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with graphitic carbon nitride under visible light irradiation

This study investigated the technical applicability of a combination of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) with photocatalyst graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for organic matters removal from landfill leachate under visible light irradiation. Photocatalyst g-C3N4 was well immobilized on the hyphae surface of P. chrysosporium by calcium alginate. The typical absorption edge in visible light region for g-C3N4 was at about 460 nm, and the optical absorption bandgap of g-C3N4 was estimated to be 2.70 eV, demonstrating the great photoresponsive ability of g-C3N4. An optimized g-C3N4 content of 0.10 g in immobilized P. chrysosporium and an optimized immobilized P. chrysosporium dosage of 1.0 g were suitable for organic matters removal. The removal efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) reached 74.99% in 72 h with the initial TOC concentration of 100 mg L−1. In addition, the gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurements showed that immobilized P. chrysosporium presented an outstanding removal performance for almost all organic compounds in landfill leachate, especially for the volatile fatty acids and long-chain hydrocarbons. The overall results indicate that the combination P. chrysosporium with photocatalyst g-C3N4 for organic matters removal from landfill leachate may provide a more comprehensive potential for the landfill leachate treatment.

Statistical analysis of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in PVA–alginate–sulfate beads for textile wastewater treatment

A two-level fractional factorial design was used to assess the ability of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-alginate-sulfate beads to treat textile effluents. The analysis from scanning electron microscope micrographs reveals that the fungus is successfully immobilized in this type of matrix. Based on the statistical analysis, it was found that pH, nitrogen concentration and beads loading are the significant factors affecting the production of ligninolytic enzymes: manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase (Lac). Analysis of variance reveals that coefficient determination R2 of MnP and LiP was 0.8695 and 0.8607, respectively, and the coefficient determination of Lac was 0.9078 and reflects that model fits well to the data. The results also revealed that textile dye discoloration (associated with producing a large set of ligninolytic enzymes) occurred best at pH 7 with 10 g of the beads loaded containing P. chrysosporium (approximately 3.4067 × 107 spores) into textile wastewater without addition of nitrogen. The maximum discoloration percentage was up to 65.5%. Additionally, immobilized cells can be reused for up to five cycles as a wastewater treatment.

Enhanced carbamazepine removal by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a novel rotating suspension cartridge reactor under non-sterile condition

A rotating suspension cartridge reactor immobilized with white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was employed to treat synthetic wastewater containing 1000 μg l−1 of the recalcitrant pharmaceutically active compound carbamazepine. The reactor was continuously operated for 160 days under non-sterile conditions. After one month of fungal adaptation, the removal efficiency for carbamazepine exceeded 90% through such strategies as the immobilization of P. chrysosporium on the polyurethane foam cubes (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 cm3), the pattern of liquid/air flow inside the cartridge created through the application of intermittent operational mode, and the gradual cut of external carbon source loading in the influent. Both nutrients and oxygen were effectively transferred to fungi, which contributed to the excellent bioreactor treatment performance for the long-term continuous operation. The bacterial contamination occurring in the bioreactor was effectively suppressed, providing a feasible alternative to treat recalcitrant compounds under non-sterile conditions.

Treatment of landfill leachate using immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

This study investigated the performance of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles in the treatment of raw landfill leachate with a very low biodegradability ratio (BOD5/COD) of 0.09. The effects of various operating parameters, such as initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, pH, temperature, and biosorbent dosage, were evaluated with respect to the removal efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N). For the immobilized biosorbents, an optimum pH of 6.0 for TOC and 7.0 for NH3–N were found suitable for TOC and NH3–N removal at temperature of 37°C, respectively. The most superior removal efficiencies of TOC and NH3–N of landfill leachate were over 75% and 74% in 72h at an initial COD concentration of 200mgL−1, respectively. In addition, heavy metals were partly removed by the immobilized biosorbents during the process of landfill leachate treatment. The species and mass percentage of organic compounds in landfill leachate after the treatment were found to have considerably declined according to the gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) system. These results indicate that the immobilized P. chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles could be a convenient and efficient method for the treatment of landfill leachate.

Application of immobilized fungi on food efluent treatment using airlift reactor

Depuration capacity of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium was tested on food effluents which showed high COD, sugar, and nitrogen concentration. Comparative study in airlift reactor and agitated flasks was performed to determine an effective depuration treatment with suspended and immobilized biomass into alginate spheres. While enzymetic production was analyzed in these sytems in order to evaluate influence of the immobilization micro-organism, effluent composition, and aeration mechanism. In addition, the use of seed lettuce allowed evaluating the quality and effectiveness of the studied effluent treatment system. In particular, all tests showed that COD and color of the effluent was reduced by airlift cultures. Treatment achieved a decline in 85% of COD in 120 h. While experiments with 33 PCU color showed high efficiency (100%) in decolourization period of 5 h. Maximum laccase production was mainly found in airlift system with suspended biomass, whereas manganese peroxidase was detected on immobilized micro-organism. Toxicity tests revealed that treated food effluent was not phytotoxic; conversely effluent contains sufficiently high concentrations of nutrients to ensure the germination and lettuce growth.

Polyvinyl alcohol-immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium and its application in the bioremediation of composite-polluted wastewater

A novel biosorbent, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was applied to the bioremediation of composite-polluted wastewater, containing both cadmium and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). The optimum removal efficiency achieved was 78% for Cd(II) and 95.4% for 2,4-DCP at initial concentrations of 20mg/L Cd(II) and 40mg/L 2,4-DCP. PPBs had significantly enhanced the resistance of P. chrysosporium to 2,4-DCP, leading to the degradation rates of 2,4-DCP beyond 90% with varying initial 2,4-DCP concentrations. This research demonstrated that 2,4-DCP and secreted proteins might be used as carbon and nitrogen sources by PVA-immobilized P. chrysosporium beads (PPBs) for Cd(II) removal. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of PPBs were dominant in Cd(II) binding. The mechanism underlying the degradation of 2,4-DCP into fumaric acid and 1-hexanol was investigated. The adsorption–desorption studies indicated that PPBs kept up to 98.9% of desorption efficiency over three cycles.

Physiological fluxes and antioxidative enzymes activities of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles after exposure to toxic pollutants in solution

Immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles (PTNs) are novel high-value bioremediation materials for adsorbing cadmium and for degrading 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). The real-time changes in H+ and O2 fluxes were measured using the noninvasive microtest technique (NMT). The H+ influx increased after the addition of 2,4-DCP, and shifted to efflux following the addition of Cd2+. The O2 flux decreased after the addition of both 2,4-DCP and Cd2+. A larger Cd2+ flux was immediately observed after exposure to 0.5mM Cd2+ (−351.25pmolcm−2s−1) than to 0.1mM Cd2+ (−107.47pmolcm−2s−1). The removal of Cd2+ by the PTNs increased more after treatment with the 0.5mM exposure solution (27.6mgg−1) than with the 0.1mM exposure solution (3.49mgg−1). The enzyme activities were analyzed to review the antioxidative defense system of PTNs in a solution containing various concentrations of Cd2+. The activities of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase as well as the enzyme catalase (CAT) plateaued at 6.5Ug−1 FW and 9.7Ug−1 FW, respectively, after exposure to 0.25mM Cd2+. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased gradually in solutions containing 0.1–0.6mM Cd2+, and eventually reached a maximum (68.86Ug−1 FW). These results illustrate how the antioxidative defense system and the physiological fluxes of PTNs respond to the stress caused by toxic pollutants.

Removal of carbamazepine and naproxen by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium under non-sterile condition

This study explored the utilization of a white-rot fungus (WRF), Phanerochaete chrysosporium, immobilized in wood chips, to remove carbamazepine and naproxen under non-sterile condition. The removal efficiencies for both pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in artificially contaminated water were improved by 4% for naproxen and 30% for carbamazepine in seven days, compared to without wood chips. Although adsorption was crucial at the early stage, bioremoval was found to be the main removal mechanism for both PhACs. The extracellular enzymes played important roles in the naproxen removal, while the intracellular enzyme system was responsible for the carbamazepine removal. The increased of intracellular enzyme activity through the immobilization of WRF cells may contribute to the significantly enhanced removal efficiency for carbamazepine. In addition, the removal of naproxen or carbamazepine slightly increased when both compounds coexisted, compared to the system where the two pharmaceuticals existed separately. Based on the batch experimental results, a fixed-bed bioreactor packed with a mixture of WRF mycelia pellets and wood chips was developed and operated with the intermittent feeding and continuous aerating mode for 28 days under non-sterile condition, with naproxen and carbamazepine spiked into the influent at 1.0 mg L(-1). Almost complete removal of naproxen and 60-80% removal of carbamazepine were obtained in the first two weeks. However, the removal efficiencies for both compounds suddenly dropped to as low as less than 20% by the 14th day, possibly due to the contamination by other microorganisms in the reactor. After the addition of 8.25% sodium hypochlorite at the ratio of 1:100 (v/v) into the influent tank on both Day 20 and Day 25, a rapid recovery (higher than 95%) was achieved in the naproxen removal, by effectively inhibiting contamination in the reactor. In comparison, the same rebounding phenomenon was not observed for carbamazepine and this difference may be associated to the various enzyme-working systems. A longer hydraulic retention time (HRT) was conducive to improve the removal of both compounds.

Enzyme production by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium using airlift reactor

AbstractEnzyme production by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium was evaluated in airlift bioreactor and agitated cultures. Free mycelium and immobilized mycelium on alginate beads were tested in the decolourization of 50 and 500 mg/L of Remazol Brilliant Blue R. Dye concentration did not inhibit the fungi development in all tests. In addition, high decolourization percentage of dye was found with free mycelium (99%) in agitated flasks and with immobilized mycelium in airlift (98%). However, decolourization period by immobilized mycelium (120 h) was greater than that by the free mycelium (14 h). Important manganese peroxidase, lignine peroxidase and laccase activities were identified in decolourization process. Manganese peroxidase appeared to be promoted by high dye concentrations during the treatment with immobilized mycelium, but this enzyme was not detected with free mycelium in airlift. Bioreactor prompted also laccase and lignine peroxidase actions in both tests; free mycelium registered a maximum laccase action of 31.569 × 103 U/L in 70 h, whereas immobilized mycelium registered 1.680 × 103 U/L in 170 h, while lignine peroxidase secretion by free P. chrysosporium was higher (1.300 × 103 U/L) than immobilized mycelium (1.250 × 103 U/L). Maximum laccase activity coincided with the maximum percentage of decolourization, however, high peroxidase activity was identified from the start of dye treatment.

Application of Immobilized Fungi <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> in Removal of Heavy-Metals from Wastewater

Immobilized microbe technologies are expected to be effectively used in wastewater treatment. Removal of heavy-metals from wastewater by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Pc) with Ca-alginate and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was studied. The results showed that a biosorbent as Pc immobilized by Ca-alginate and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles was successfully developed. And the iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles played an important role in the increase of biosorption capacity of Pc. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis confirmed that metal ions adsorbed to the surface of the biosorbents were partly transmitted to the interior of biosorbents, mainly embedded with iron oxide nanoparticles and Ca-alginate. Moreover, it was found that MNPs-Ca-alginate immobilized Pc showed a good affinity to various heavy metals, such as Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) or Mg(II) and so on. The results proved the high efficiency of the biosorbents for heavy-metal removal and its potential application in the treatment of metal-containing wastewater.

Continuous Acid Blue 45 decolorization by using a novel open fungal reactor system with ozone as the bactericide

To maintain long-term lignin-degrading enzyme production under non-sterile conditions was a key to the technical application of white rot fungi in wastewater treatment. In this work, a novel open fungal reactor system with ozone as the bactericide, and using immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was built and operated continuously to produce the manganese peroxidase and decolorize the Acid Blue 45. The results showed that an average of 84% Acid Blue 45 decolorization, the manganese peroxidase production with its activity ranging from 63UL−1 to 5UL−1, was achieved during about 25 days system continuous operation. The contaminating bacteria in the reactor can be controlled at a level of 4.65×104CFUml−1 that did not adversely affect the fungal activity. The result of this study provides a new practical way for future design and operation of white-rot fungi reactor under non-sterile conditions.

Discoloration of aqueous textile dyes solution by Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized in modified PVA matrix

This study investigates the performance of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in modified PVA matrix in removing a mixture of textile dyes consisting of Yellow FG, Red 3BS, Orange 3R, Blue RSP, Black B, and remazol turquoise blue from aqueous solution. The effects of agitation and temperature were thoroughly investigated in determining the optimum operating condition of dye discoloration using central composite design. Optimum condition was determined as 100 rpm and 35°C. Evidently, adsorption only plays a minor role in removing these dyes as it contributes to about 8% of color removal. The rest of color removal could be attributed to fungal enzymatic biodegradation, particularly the highly regarded manganese peroxidase. Manganese peroxidase assay revealed that a maximum enzyme activity of 174 U/l was achieved in the third cycle of repeated use. The reusability test also revealed that the immobilized fungus could be used for up to six cycles with a peak of 82% of discoloration, where discoloration started to fluctuate until the fifth cycle before a sharp decrease in dye discoloration was observed. The incidence of aromatic ring breakage was confirmed by FTIR analysis as indicated by the occurrence of certain corresponding peaks.

Textile Effluent Discoloration by Immobilized Phanerochaete Chrysosporium into PVA-Alginate-Sulfate Beads

This paper presents preliminary research on immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in PVA-alginate-sulfate beads to discolor textile effluents. It is an alternative technique from the current physico-chemicals. The main focus of this study was to determine the colour removal, Chemical oxygen deman (COD) removal and manganese peroxidase activity of the immobilized P.crysosporium. Immobilized P.crysosporium also confers advantages such as reusability and improved cell performance. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also performed to characterize the immobilization matrix. The immobilized results were compared with that of free cells. Immobilized cells were able to discolor 47.14% compared to free cells which recorded 10.78% colour removal. The COD removal of immobilized cell is more than 60% as compared to that of free cells, which could only reduced 30% of COD. Finally, the manganase peroxidase activities showed a slight difference between the immobilized and free cell at 0.15U/L and 0.13U/L respectively.

Treatment of bagasse preparation effluent by Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on polyurethane foam: Enzyme production versus pollution removal

In the present work, polyurethane foam (PUF) sponge was used to develop and evaluate an alternative treatment process based on biodegradation ability of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium for bagasse preparation effluent while trends of the activities of the ligninolytic enzymes and the COD, BOD and color was measured. Results showed P. chrysosporium is able to reduce the color of bagasse preparation effluent by either free and immobilized fungal cell operation from initial value of 500mgL−1 Pt–Co units (PCU) to final value of 111±10 and 86±8mgL−1PCU (78 and 83% removal efficiency) after 9 days of treatment respectively. After 7 days of treatment, the concentrations of BOD were measured as 113±17 and 46±8mgL−1 (removal efficiencies of 96 and 98.3% respectively). Also, after 7 days, the concentrations of COD were 120±12 and 76±7mgL−1 (removal efficiencies of 97.2 and 98.2% respectively). In the case of lignolitic enzymes, activity of peroxidase enzyme was first detected in both free and immobilized treatment starting from day 2 of the incubation. Then it increased to its highest value on the 5th day (260±8UL−1 in the immobilized culture, 195±3 in the free culture) and was maintained around 250±5UL−1 until the 7th day of immobilized culture, but decreased sharply to 141±3UL−1 of free culture. Like peroxidase, “laccase type activity” first appeared on day 2 (12±3 and 14±3UL−1 in free and immobilized culture respectively) and reached the maximum level on day 5 (78±3 and 131±5UL−1 in free and immobilized culture respectively). Xylanase production was increased to 74±4UL−1 in immobilized treatment and 59±5UL−1 in free cell treatment in day 3, then was declined slowly in immobilized treatment and sharply in submerged one. With respect to the results of this study, it can be concluded that: (1) the porous nature of PUF increases the diffusion of oxygen, resulting in an increased production of enzymes, as well as an enhanced activity; (2) the enzymatic activity is correlated to the pollutant degradation with a 2 days delay of phase; (3) the wastewater treatment efficiency was increased by the immobilization of the fungus compared to free cell treatment; (4) a continuous process should reach more rapidly the highest treatment efficiencies.

Adsorption of Pb(II) by iron oxide nanoparticles immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Equilibrium, kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanisms analysis

A novel adsorbent, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and Ca-alginate immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was prepared for removal of Pb(II) ions. Confirmation of the experimental data indicated the pseudo-second-order reaction of the prepared adsorbents. Langmuir isotherm was found to be applicable in terms of relatively high correlation coefficients, which indicated that the adsorption between Pb(II) and the adsorbent was favorable. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) was spontaneous and endothermic under the experimental conditions. The adsorption–desorption studies indicated that the prepared adsorbent kept its adsorption efficiencies constant over 5 cycles, maintained about 90%. All the results illustrated that MNPs–Ca-alginate immobilized P. Chrysosporium was a very attractive adsorbent for efficient Pb(II) removal from contaminated aqueous solution.

Cadmium removal and 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been identified as an effective bioremediation agent for its biosorption and degradation ability. However, the applications of P. chrysosporium are limited owing to its long degradation time and low resistance to pollutants. In this research, nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were loaded on P. chrysosporium to improve the remediation capacity for pollutants. The removal efficiencies were maintained at a high level: 84.2% for Cd(II) and 78.9% for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in the wide pH range of 4.0 to 7.0 in 60 h. The removal capacity of immobilized P. chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (PTNs) was strongly affected by the initial Cd(II) and 2,4-DCP concentrations. The hyphae of PTNs became tight, and a large amount of crystals adhered to them after the reaction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that carboxyl, amino, and hydroxyl groups on the surface of PTNs were responsible for the biosorption. In the degradation process, 2,4-DCP was broken down into o-chlorotoluene and 4-hexene-1-ol. These results showed that PTNs is promising for simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and 2,4-DCP from wastewater.