Immobile Porosity Research Articles

SF6 as a Conservative Tracer in Saturated Media with High Intragranular Porosity or High Organic Carbon Content

AbstractThe application of dissolved stable gases as injected ground‐water tracers is a relatively new area of study, and the transport behavior of dissolved gases in a comprehensive range of saturated porous media types is poorly understood. Gas tracers, and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in particular, possess many of the characteristics of an ideal conservative, nonreactive tracer. SF6 is a volatile, nontoxic, inorganic gas that, when dissolved in water, behaved similarly to bromide in an idealized highly uniform saturated medium, exhibiting little physical nonequilibrium. For sand possessing significant intragranular porosity, SF6 did not show persistent tailing as a result of physical nonequilibrium transport to the same degree as bromide. This is consistent with less mass transfer of SF6 to immobile porosity due to its lower diffusion coefficient. This nonequilibrium is enhanced by the high pore‐water velocities employed. SF6 is slightly hydrophobic, with a measured octanol‐water partitioning coefficient of 13.8. This raises the question of whether SF6 would be slightly retarded in media with significant organic carbon, but no evidence of retardation was seen in sand with foc as high as 2.5 wt%.

The nature of groundwater flow in fractured rock: Evidence from the isotopic and chemical evolution of recrystallized fracture calcites from the Canadian Precambrian Shield

The isotope geochemistry of fracture calcites in three Precambrian plutons on the Canadian Shield has been investigated in order to understand the paleohydrogeological conditions in fractured crystalline rock. Fracture calcites of ancient hydrothermal origins in the Chalk River and East Bull Lake plutons exhibit 18O enrichment and 13C depletion trends resulting from recent low-temperature calcite recrystallization under open-system conditions for oxygen, but semiclosed for carbon, and under extremely variable time-integrated, water/rock (calcite) ratios. This process causes recycling of elements with calcite distribution coefficients > 1 (rare earths, manganese, and possibly iron) from the precursor calcite to younger calcites as well as calcite control over the 87Sr 86Sr ratio of the groundwater within the Chalk River pluton. The large but variable water/rock (calcite) mole ratios calculated from the shifts in the stable isotopic compositions of fracture calcites are compatible with fracture flow models that invoke flow channeling within single fractures that also contain regions of immobile porosity. Quantification of isotopic shifts resulting from recrystallization requires that the initial isotopic composition of the precursor hydrothermal calcite be well constrained. Unlike the Chalk River and East Bull Lake plutons, hydrothermal fracture calcites in the White Lake pluton, which intrudes marble-rich country rocks of the Grenville Supergroup, have highly variable δ 13C and δ 18O values. This is attributed to mixing of carbon from magmatic and sedimentary reservoirs, and to oxygen isotopic exchange between hydrothermal fluids and carbonate country rocks at the time of intrusion. Convective circulation of meteoric groundwater from the surrounding 13C-rich carbonate rocks (up to 6.6%.) resulted in δ 13C values as heavy as 3.0%. for the fracture calcites in the pluton.