Immigration Policy Research Articles

JEWISH CONCEPT OF SLAVERY AND THE 21ST CENTURY OF AFRICAN SOJOURNERS IN DIASPORAS: NIGERIAN’ BEST BRAINS IN DIASPORAS

This study explores the Jewish concept of slavery and compares it to the 21st Century African sojourners in Diasporas, with a focus on Nigerian professionals who have migrated to other countries in search of better opportunities. In contemporary affairs, Jews and African-Americans have cooperated in the Civil Rights Movement, motivated partially by the common background of slavery. The three types of slavery Africans have engaged in which are: 1. Colonial or force slavery by the European 2. Leadership slavery and, 3. Self slavery, (Talabi, 2021). Individual migrating in search of greener pastures shall be adequately discussed in this paper with empirical evidences. Drawing on historical and religious texts, the paper analyzes the Jewish understanding of slavery and the ethical considerations that arise from it. It also examines the experiences of Nigerian professionals in diasporas, highlighting their contributions to their host countries and the challenges they face as immigrants. Finally, this qualitative study discusses the implications of these experiences for contemporary discussions on migration and global citizenship, arguing that the Jewish concept of slavery offers a useful framework for re-thinking about the ethical dimensions of immigration policies and practices in the 21st Century due to the failures of African leaders in developing their respective societies and followership inability to lead peaceful protest that will propel rebuilding or happen African Governance.

Care that transcends legal citizenship: Teachers advocating for undocumented migrant children

Theoretically framed by caring scholarship in education, the current study aims to provide rich and detailed portraits of teachers in South Korea who serve a significant number of migrant and undocumented children. The findings of the study illustrate the ways teachers endeavor to create “spaces of belonging that supersede legal citizenship” (Gonzales et al., 2013, p. 17) in a school for the undocumented migrant children. Teachers attended to the everyday realities of undocumented migrant children and the material, physical, and emotional challenges caused by restrictive immigration policies and their precarious legal status. Teachers further provided undocumented migrant children with a variety of resources, support, and care and cultivated reciprocal and loving relationships with them. The findings of the study offer insights into the critical and pivotal roles of teachers in supporting and empowering undocumented migrant children amidst exclusive and xenophobic immigration regimes. The study also offers implications for educators, researchers and policymakers worldwide to promote more caring, resilient, and structurally inclusive environments for undocumented students.

The national aspect of Quebec immigration policy

The national aspect of Quebec immigration policy

다문화사회의 상호문화성에 대한 전망

In the history of civilization, the world history of the past 200 years has left a mark in the history of the global expansion of Western civilization and the struggles of non-Western countries. And in the 21st century, Korea's multicultural phenomenon, which was formed at the crossroads of radical globalization economically, politically, and culturally, is also operating surrounded by the axis of Western civilization universalism. Accordingly, in the midst of globalization, ‘practice multiculturalism’ and ‘social integration’ have become important tasks in Korean society due to the influx of labor migrants and marriage migrants. However, in reality, there are social and historical weaknesses in Korea's compressed modernization that prevent the community from maturing as a multicultural society. This is not only because the Western sociality that enables representative politics of civil society, the basis of Western universalism, and the rule of law, that is, rational liberal democracy, has not fully matured in Korean society, but also because of the inherent vulnerability of globalized multiculturalism.
 The term ‘multicultural society’, which is used in various senses, has its origins in the immigration policy managed by the state, and has a large state-led political connotation as it has legal elements at the border management level. In Western history, it is an ideology that was created with the problem of post-colonialism following the immigration crisis. However, the mutual interference between the global economy and cultural activities at an ever-increasing pace is forming a super-complex social system. Among these direct and indirect influences, the movement of population, movement of labor, and flow of goods and capital have brought about rapid cultural transformation and conflict around the world under the advanced information technology system. Therefore, Western universalism requires the fusion of new civilizations from the perspective of the universal history of human civilization.
 This study examines the special characteristics of Korea's multicultural society within the mechanical arrangement of globalization and seeks the possibility of building the integration of a multicultural society based on the ideology of 'interculturality'. We will also highlight that the practice of cultural diversity implies a deep awareness of the diversity of life and the prospect for a universal civilization of humanity.

Historical Transformation of Germany's Immigration and Labor Market Integration Policies from 1945 to the Present

Almanya, gelişmiş ekonomisi ve son yıllarda özellikle vasıflı işgücünü teşvik etmek amacıyla gerçekleştirdiği mevzuat düzenlemeleriyle, düzenli ve düzensiz göçmenler için cazip bir hedef ülke haline gelmiştir. Göçmenlerin önemli bir kısmının işgücüne katılacağı gerçeğinden hareketle, Almanya’nın göç politikalarının göçmenlerin işgücü piyasası entegrasyonuna nasıl etki edeceği önem taşımaktadır. Son yıllarda en çarpıcı göç akışının gerçekleştiği 2015 yılında, Suriye’deki savaştan kaçan ve diğer bölgelerden gelen yüzbinlerce göçmenin Almanya’ya girişleriyle birlikte, Almanya Avrupa’da en fazla mülteciye ev sahipliği yapan ülke haline gelmiştir. Makalede Almanya’nın 1945’ten günümüze sürdürdüğü göç politikaları ve işgücü piyasasına entegrasyon politikaları incelenmektedir. Çalışmada literatürdeki birincil ve ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılmış, gerçekleşen politika süreçleri tarihsel sırayla ele alınmıştır. Almanya, göç ülkesi olduğunu kabul etmeye başladığı 2000’lerden itibaren çeşitli düzenlemeler ile ülkeye özellikle vasıflı işgücü göçünü teşvik etmektedir. Öte yandan son yıllarda 2015’teki sığınma politikalarına geri dönüş olmayacağı, sığınmacı göçünün azaltılmaya çalışıldığı görülmektedir. Böylece Almanya, 2015 sonrasında, nitelikli işgücü göçüne ve var olan göçmen işgücünün piyasaya entegrasyonuna öncelik verdiği, diğer gruplara ise kısıtlayıcı politikalar uyguladığı bir göç politikasına geçiş yapmıştır.

THE SELECTIVE IMMIGRATION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE LABOUR MARKET FOR THE NON-EU NATIONALS

Migration is an indispensable option for people to sustain their life cycle and improve their quality of life. In the 20th century and beyond, we have seen immigration policies among the common policies of the European Union, mainly due to the rise in immigration and the need for workers. The EU's Common Immigration Policy is a set of social and economic policies in which a balanced approach is adopted and measures are taken to promote orderly and irregular migration practices are applied. The paper will highlight the EU's aim for a qualified immigration policy. The study's research question is to question why the EU is setting up an immigration policy that balances economic prosperity with the labour market. The study examined the situation of EU and non-EU migrant workers in terms of EU selective immigration policy, wage inequalities, social integration problems and discrimination in the labour market. The study is covered in three sections. In section one, international migration and labour migration are studied in a theoretical framework. The second section examines the EU's selective immigration policy and its impact on the labour market. The third section focuses on the integration problems faced by immigrants from EU and non-EU countries in the labour market.

British Values, Hong Kong Voices: Tracing Hong Kong’s Britishness and Its Influences on British Immigration Policies

Abstract This article examines the rationale behind the United Kingdom’s decision to offer Hongkongers new immigration routes and assess whether Britishness constitutes part of Hong Kong’s identity, influencing this policy choice. It explores the concept of Britishness and how Hong Kong developed a distinct identity through its colonial history and experiences under British rule. Perspectives from the British administration, Hongkongers, and Chinese government on Hong Kong’s Britishness are considered. The article argues the United Kingdom action stems from two factors – perceiving a shared Britishness between Hongkongers and Britons mitigating public backlash, and viewing Hongkongers’ Britishness as crucial to their integration. Ultimately, Britishness remains integral to Hong Kong due to shared social and political values with Britain from over 150 years of colonial rule.

Resistance Through Connections, Communities, and Friendships: Interrelational Possibilities of Educational Curriculum Design

This paper examines the transformational possibilities of educational curriculum design in fostering interrelational solidarities among mature migrant and diaspora women. It offers a brief introduction to an emerging doctoral project that engages with the educational experiences of mature migrant and diaspora women in Canada. Throughout a migrant woman’s displacement and “settlement” journey, friendships emerge as a starting point through which some women start to construct their agentic selves within and outside their homes, partners, and diasporic community. These friendships allow for a transnational self to emerge, one that can move beyond identification as the primary location for struggle, and towards shared, but different, experiences of oppression. By resisting neoliberal and multicultural immigration policies that isolate mature immigrant women and reproduce violence, these connections, communities, and friendships push settlement education systems to reckon with complicated, yet symbiotic experiences of migrant and diaspora women.

SOCIAL RELATIONS AND OLDER MIGRANTS

Abstract This paper elaborates on how the key life course tenets of timing and context represent important factors that influence older adult social relations following the act of migration. The timing of migration may yield specific social relations. For instance, migrating later in life is likely to result in more homogenous and restricted networks compared to migrating as a young adult. Reasons for migration (political instability, family reunification, or socio-economic aspirations) as well as host country factors such as immigrant policies and receptivity infer important contexts in which social relations emerge. The process of movement from one country to another, and the circumstances around those movements, frame the migrant experience and its effects on social relations. Beyond timing and context, there are also demographic and cultural factors that influence the experience. For instance, gender, race and SES indicate social positions in systems of stratification that can influence and structure the people with whom one has ties. Further, cultural factors such as country of origin and language not only signal the ease with which host society incorporation occurs, but also inform the acculturation and meaning-making processes upon which the formation and function of social relations rest. In sum, the concepts found in the life course perspective provide a useful starting point to demonstrate that the effects of migration on older adults’ social relations occur within various influential contexts.

THE NATIONAL MINORITIES EMIGRATION FROM THE UkSSR DURING THE NEP PERIOD (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VOLHYNIA PASSENGER AGENCY "RUSCAPA")

Abstract
 The purpose of the article is to study the main problems and factors of the ethnic minorities emigration, in particular, Germans and Jews, from Volhynia-Zhytomyr region in the 1920s; to reveal the peculiarities of the activities of the Russian-Canadian-American Passenger Agency (RUSCAPA) that helped USSR citizens to emigrate legally during the NEP period. Methodology of the study was general scientific methods (analysis of the available archival documents, synthesis of other sources that allowed to recreate the picture of the organization of migration flows), historical research methods (historical-comparative: parallels were drawn with previous periods and the causes of various migration waves), methods of classification and typology (to study the categories of citizens who could obtain permission to leave and enter another country). Scientific novelty. New documents from the archival fund «The Volhynia passenger agency «RUSCAPA»», stored in the State Archives of Zhytomyr region, are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The conditions of emigration during the NEP period and the methods of its regulation by the Soviet authorities are systematized.
 Conclusions. The second wave of emigration among the representatives of national minorities (primarily Jews and Germans) was an indicative form of protest against the conditions of economic, religious life, and other restrictions imposed by the Soviet political system. The former Volhynia province, with its center in Zhytomyr, was a region with a compact population of German and Jewish communities, whose representatives made up the highest percentage of those who took advantage of the short «window of opportunity» to travel abroad that existed in the USSR during the NEP period. That was a reason for the presence in Zhytomyr a representative office of a private company that organized emigration. However, it was not easy to leave the USSR, nor was it easy to get to the country of immigration, due to significant bureaucratic obstacles and arguments for the expediency of permits/prohibitions for the departure/entry of representatives of different social categories and national groups. Restrictions were created by the Soviet government that sought to prove to the world the advantages of the young «proletarian» state and by the immigration policy of «overseas» states that were interested in attracting physically, socially and financially prosperous citizens to their countries. RUSCAPA helped to bypass the restrictions, and its liquidation was a consequence of the collapse of the NEP and the transformation of the USSR into a totalitarian system closed by the Iron Curtain.

Problematic transition from residence permit for the purpose of studies to having an employment: Non-EU foreign students from post-Soviet countries and Czech immigration policy

The Czech Republic introduced a migration policy in 1999, and one of the newly emerged residence permits was for the purpose of studies. It allowed non-EU foreign nationals to study in the Czech Republic. However, its rationale was also associated with restricting the permanent settlement of non-EU international students in the country. The policy changed in 2006. However, even up to 2019, it remained challenging for international students to secure permanent residency. In particular, students from post-Soviet countries wanted to settle permanently and had to find a job before graduation to secure their stay. In 2019, the Czech Republic introduced a transitional period for non-EU foreign graduates, enabling them to stay in the country for nine months to find a job. However, despite the advantages, this was late compared to other European countries. This article discusses the situation of non-EU international students before 2019 and the difficulties they experienced due to the complicated transition process from residence permit for the purpose of studies to employee status.

AGE AND COHORT TRENDS OF RACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCE IN RELIGIOUS PARTICIPATION AMONG MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER AMERICANS

Abstract Religious involvement is an important way of maintaining social connectedness for older Americans. While large quantities of studies have explored age and cohort effects of religious participation separately, less is known about racial/ethnic disparities. Applying growth curve modeling to the 2004-2020 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N=134,734 person-years), the current study examines how religious attendance changes across the life course and among recent birth cohorts, as well as how exposure to immigration policy regimes (IPR) shapes Hispanic immigrants’ religious participation behaviors. Results suggest an overall reversed U-shape age trajectory with lower average levels and faster declines among more recent cohorts. Compared to White older adults, Black and Hispanic populations attend religious activities more frequently, but their attendance declines at faster rates in later life, leading to minimal White-Nonwhite differences in the oldest ages. However, Hispanic immigrants display significantly less decline in religious participation among more recent cohorts relative to Whites, although no similar trend is found between White and Black/native Hispanic older adults. Further analyses of Mexican Hispanic immigrants suggest that longer exposure to restricted IPR (since the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, IRCA) is associated with increased religious attendance, but less restricted IPR (between 1964 and 1985) is associated with decreased religious participation net of age and cohort effects. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the civic engagement experiences of Hispanic immigrants against the context of immigration policy regimes.

Fiasko reformy polityki imigracyjnej, kontroli granic zewnętrznych oraz polityki azylowej Unii Europejskiej w latach 2015-2020

THE FAILURE OF THE REFORM OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S IMMIGRATION POLICY, EXTERNAL BORDER CONTROL, AND ASYLUM POLICY BETWEEN 2015 AND 2020: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS The primary research objective of the article is to evaluate the reform of the immigration, external border control and asylum policy of the European Union between 2015 and 2020. The author formulates two research hypotheses. The first is based on the assumption that the legislative packages presented by the European Commission in 2015-2016 and then in 2018 have almost completely failed. The second hypothesis is that the idea of establishing a permanent resettlement mechanism as a means to overcome the migration crisis in the Union in 2015-2016 and address the future migration challenges of the EU has generally failed. Instead, the EU’s temporary resettlement mechanisms in place between 2015 and 2017 and the 1:1 resettlement mechanism between the EU and Turkey introduced in 2016 have worked well. The author then formulates two research questions: firstly, why have the legislative acts of the European Commission largely failed?; and secondly, why has the temporary relocation of asylum seekers in the EU generally been successful?

Risk of unemployment and work disability among refugee and non-refugee migrants with incident psychotic disorders in Sweden and Denmark.

Unemployment and work disability are common among individuals with non-affective psychotic disorders (NAPDs) but it is unknown whether rates differ among migrants and native-born individuals. The present study aimed to compare the risk of these outcomes during the first 5 years of illness in non-refugee migrants, refugees and native-born individuals with NAPDs in Sweden and Denmark-two countries with different immigration policies and models of early psychosis care. Using national registers, we identified all individuals aged 18-35 years in Sweden and Denmark who received an incident NAPD diagnosis between 2006 and 2013 (N = 6750 and 8320, respectively). Cohorts were followed for 5 years to determine the days of unemployment and sickness absence (analyzed using zero-inflated negative binomial models) and the time to receipt of disability pension (analyzed using complementary log-log models). Relative to their native-born peers, refugees and non-refugee migrants in Sweden and non-refugee migrants in Denmark were significantly less likely to have zero unemployment days (OR range: 0.54-0.72) and all migrant groups experienced more unemployment days (IRR range: 1.26-1.37). Results were largely unchanged after adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors. In the adjusted model, both Swedish migrant groups and refugees in Denmark were more likely to experience zero sickness absence days than native-born individuals (OR range: 1.48-1.56). Only refugees in Denmark were at greater risk of disability pension. Non-refugee migrants and refugees with NAPDs in both Sweden and Denmark are particularly vulnerable to experiencing unemployment. Targeted interventions may help to reduce these disparities and promote long-term work ability among migrant groups.

The Flows of Racial Capitalism: Charting the Spread of COVID-19 through Alberta’s Meatpacking Industry

This article will present a case study of Cargill’s High River meatpacking plant operations to show how at crucial historical junctures racial capitalism shaped its working conditions and in so doing determined the spread of COVID-19. First, the Canadian meatpacking industry’s 1980s-era economic restructuring relocated and reorganized its workforce from a core to peripheral one, allowing for the low wage employment of many precarious workers; this restructuring enabled the Cargill company to gain overwhelming control of the meatpacking industry in Canada and to become a “choke point” in the supply chain. Second, Canadian immigration policy from 2006 to 2010 supported a marked increase in migrant workers to meet the labour market needs of business; this reconstituted the labour class to heighten their disposability. With these pieces in place, the Albertan provincial government could classify meatpackers as “essential workers” who worked even in the face of mass COVID infection in April through June 2020. Across this crucial historical period racial capitalism enabled the plant to circumvent public health interventions protecting workers through the onset of the pandemic. Political championing of business interests, enacted through legislative mechanisms, allowed for the exploitation of workers and consistently rendered workers personally responsible for their own health and safety, despite their lack of control over what exposed them to risk.

Lessons Learned from Immigrant Health Cohorts: A Review of the Evidence and Implications for Policy and Practice in Addressing Health Inequities among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders.

The health of Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPI) is uniquely impacted by structural and social determinants of health (SSDH) shaped by immigration policies and colonization practices, patterns of settlement, and racism. These SSDH also create vast heterogeneity in disease risks across the AANHPI population, with some ethnic groups having high disease burden, often masked with aggregated data. Longitudinal cohort studies are an invaluable tool to identify risk factors of disease, and epidemiologic cohort studies among AANHPI populations have led to seminal discoveries of disease risk factors. This review summarizes the limited but growing literature, with a focus on SSDH factors, from seven longitudinal cohort studies with substantial AANHPI samples. We also discuss key information gaps and recommendations for the next generation of AANHPI cohorts, including oversampling AANHPI ethnic groups; measuring and innovating on measurements of SSDH; emphasizing the involvement of scholars from diverse disciplines; and, most critically, engaging community members to ensure relevancy for public health, policy, and clinical impact.

Immigration and health outcomes: A study on native health perception and limitations in Europe

This study examines the impact of immigration on the self-perceived health of natives in 16 European countries from 2006 to 2018. Utilizing data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the European Union Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS), we focus on two health outcomes: natives’ self-perceived health and health-related limitations in daily activities. Contrary to concerns, our findings indicate a positive influence of immigration on natives’ health perception and a reduction in health-related limitations. Noteworthy variations by gender and age emerge, with more pronounced benefits in countries with lower human capital. These results underscore the potential health advantages of immigration, emphasizing the necessity for nuanced immigration policies that consider societal impact and call for a comprehensive evaluation of immigration’s effects.

Structured encounters and immigrant experiences of integration in Sweden

ABSTRACT The present paper investigates immigrants’ perceptions of the integration process, centering their perceptions of organizations and the built environment. To do so, we use the concepts formal structured encounters, or planned organizational activities intended to foster access to social connections and integration facilitators, and informal structured encounters, or unplanned, organic social connections and access to facilitators fostered by the physical arrangement of space. Drawing from in-depth interviews and ethnographic data gathered at two Swedish research sites, we examine how immigrants who participated in formal and informal structured encounters perceive these encounters affecting their integration experiences. We then compare how immigrants who have and have not participated in formal and informal structured encounters perceive the integration process overall. We find that immigrants who participated in formal structured encounters were able to access language and cultural learning as well as opportunities for social connections. Informal structured encounters rarely occurred. We also find that those who participated and did not participate in formal structured encounters perceived and experienced the integration process similarly: as never-ending and burdensome, with processual challenges and discrimination functioning as formidable hurdles. We conclude the paper by discussing the implications of our findings for future research and immigration policy.

EU migration policy: policy of humanism vs threat to national security

Uncontrolled migration sweeping Europe is a priority of the political leadership led by a number of European states such as France, Italy, as well as their allies in the United States. The climate crisis in Europe also plays an important role here, which can be resolved, according to Germany, with the help of future “new citizens” who arrived from countries in Africa and the Middle East, exclusively with a Muslim population. What are the migration and immigrant policies in EU countries? How is the immigration policy of European countries being transformed? A detailed analysis of the current state of affairs in Europe is based on official data from the national statistical services of Germany, France, Great Britain, the Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Serbia, the Department of Civil Liberty and Immigration of the Italian Republic, as well as international organizations - the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Eurostat, World Bank. The article examines the security problem in connection with the penetration of radical Islam along with refugees. The authors reveal the consequences of the migration crisis in Europe and make an attempt to answer the question: is the reception and integration of refugees an act of humanity or a problem of national security for EU countries.

Modernization of the US immigration system as an important condition for maintaining global technological leadership

The article focuses upon the problem of a comprehensive reform of the US immigration system. The reform was supposed to increase the effectiveness of immigration policy, make it able to respond the needs of the economy. The author notes the extreme politicization of the problem of immigration. Acute inter-party contradictions made it impossible to carry out a comprehensive immigration reform, the need for which was recognized at the beginning of this century. Many developed countries successfully compete with the United States, attracting thousands of foreign specialists to their countries.