Immigration Of Individuals Research Articles

The effect of immigration of infectives on disease-free equilibria.

Many disease transmission models exhibit a threshold behaviour based on the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text], where the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if [Formula: see text] and unstable if [Formula: see text]. However, if a system includes immigration of infected individuals, then there is no disease-free equilibrium. We consider how the disease-free equilibrium moves as the level of immigration of infected individuals is increased from 0, finding, under mild assumptions, that the disease-free equilibrium becomes an endemic equilibrium if [Formula: see text] and leaves the biologically relevant space (by having at least one coordinate become negative) if [Formula: see text].

Global stability for an SEI model of infectious diseases with immigration and age structure in susceptibility

In this paper, we propose an SEI age-structured model for infectious diseases where the susceptibility depends on the age and with immigration of new individuals into the susceptible, exposed and infectious classes. The existence of a global attractor and the asymptotic smoothness of the solution semi-flow generated by the model are addressed. Using a Lyapunov functional, we show that the unique endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.

“My mom works in a restaurant here at the market, so she doesn’t need Czech”: managing the (non-)acquisition of the majority language in an ethnolinguistic minority community

For immigrants, linguistic competence in the national or minority language is frequently viewed as a tool for emancipation, protection, and integration. However, in contexts where immigrants primarily work in ethnic-economy blue-collar professions, language acquisition is less likely to function as a solution to adaptation-related problems. This paper addresses one such case: the Vietnamese in the Czech Republic. Attention is devoted to the questions of whether and how 1st-generation Vietnamese acquire Czech, and whether and how their language acquisition and use is influenced by state policy, represented by the CEFR A1 examination requirement for permanent residence. Using the language management approach (Fairbrother et al. in The language management approach: a focus on research methodology, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2018), which reflects connections between the management of language issues and the management of socioeconomic ones, we consider the activities of the relevant actors, state institutions and individual immigrants, in relation to the problem of ‘insufficient Czech’ on the part of 1st-generation Vietnamese. Based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews, it is revealed that the A1-level exam does not fulfill its intended aims. It neither enables easier communication with state offices nor supports integration. Individuals only acquire minimal job-related vocabulary, for other needs they use language brokers, upon whom they become dependent. Post-exam, they stop learning and use Czech only minimally. Overall, the time-consuming jobs done by the Vietnamese, the minimal language requirements for these jobs, and the network of available language brokers mean that these individuals design different adjustments to the problem of ‘insufficient Czech’ than the other relevant actors.

Wendy Chan and Accenture's Upwardly Global Partnership

Wendy Chan, a manager in strategy at Accenture, a global professional services company, was offered the opportunity to help build and formalize a partnership between Accenture and a nonprofit called Upwardly Global. The nonprofit provided job coaching services to work-authorized, college-educated immigrants, refugees, and asylees, helping them rebuild their careers in the United States and fully contribute their talents to the US workforce and economy. The two companies had already been partnering on a small scale, and Chan had been providing pro bono consulting to Upwardly Global on strategies to grow its impact. Chan was personally passionate about Upwardly Global's work, and she believed a partnership would be beneficial to both companies. At the same time, she worried about the career consequences of focusing on a nonprofit; she was unsure how Accenture's executives would react to her proposal; and she was excited but nervous about the possibility of executing a strategy she herself had designed, if the partnership went through. How would a partnership affect each company? What would success look like for the potential partnership? What would success look like for Chan? Excerpt UVA-OB-1285 Apr. 17, 2019 Wendy Chan and Accenture's Upwardly Global Partnership Wendy Chan was a manager in strategy at Accenture, a global professional services company. Returning from maternity leave after the birth of her second child, Chan was offered the opportunity to help build and formalize a partnership between her company and a nonprofit called Upwardly Global. The nonprofit provided job coaching services to work-authorized, college-educated immigrants, refugees, and asylees, helping them rebuild their careers in the United States and fully contribute their talents to the US workforce and economy. Accenture had been partnering with Upwardly Global on a small scale. As part of a process to determine if a larger partnership would be appropriate and mutually beneficial, Chan provided short-term, pro bono consulting services to Upwardly Global and advised its leadership on strategy to grow its impact. During this project, Chan and her team saw opportunities for Upwardly Global to use technology to engage more stakeholders as well as to reach more individual immigrants and refugees who might use the nonprofit's services. She developed a blueprint to guide Upwardly Global to leverage these strategies to make its training programs more accessible and scalable. . . .

Effects of migration on vector-borne diseases with forward and backward stage progression

Is it possible to break the host-vector chain of transmission when there is an influx of infectious hosts into a naive population and competent vector? To address this question, a class of vector-borne disease models with an arbitrary number of infectious stages that account for immigration of infective individuals is formulated. The proposed model accounts for forward and backward progression, capturing the mitigation and aggravation to and from any stages of the infection, respectively. The model has a rich dynamic, which depends on the patterns of infected immigrant influx into the host population and connectivity of the transfer between infectious classes. We provide conditions under which the answer of the initial question is positive.

A Sometimes Hidden Economic Dimension to Individual Immigration Preferences: Cross-National Evidence in Support of the Labor Competition Hypothesis

This paper seeks to restore labor competition as an explanation for anti-immigration attitudes, recognizing that education may proxy both individual-level skill and cultural socialization. We thus need new tests to distinguish the effect of education based on skill from that due to socialization. If the education effect is consistent with these relationships, then we can have greater confidence that it is capturing the former and not simply the latter. This paper thus develops and conducts a new test, using data from the International Social Survey Program’s National Identity Survey fielded in 2013 across thirty-two countries. From a factoral framework, our test identifies three national-level factors that should influence how much labor market pressure lower skilled citizens feel from immigration: the quantity of immigrants, the direction of capital/investment flows, and the amount of trade protection. These national-level factors are interacted with individual-level education, showing that the attitudinal differences based on education increase with more immigrants but decrease with greater investment inflows and increased trade protection. These results demonstrate why this economic dimension may sometimes be hidden: in national contexts where there are few immigrants, capital follows labor, and/or there is trade protection, labor competition as a driver of anti-immigration preferences should lessen.

A Sometimes Hidden Economic Dimension to Individual Immigration Preferences: Cross-National Evidence in Support of the Labor Competition Hypothesis

This paper seeks to restore labor competition as an explanation for anti-immigration attitudes, recognizing that education may proxy both individual-level skill and cultural socialization. We thus ...

Stochastic modelling of age-structured population with time and size dependence of immigration rate

Abstract A stochastic age-structured population model with immigration of individuals is considered. We assume that the lifespan of each individual is a random variable with a distribution function which may differ fromthe exponential one. The immigration rate of individuals depends on the time and total population size. Upper estimates for the mean and variance of the population size are established based on the theory of branching processes with constant immigration rate. A Monte Carlo simulation algorithm of population dynamics is developed. The results of numerical experiments with the model are presented.

Identity Development in Immigrant Youth

Abstract. Rates of immigration are at an all-time high in many Western countries, and immigration can exert profound influences on identity development. These influences occur both at the individual level and at the group level, but these two sets of influences have rarely been considered simultaneously. Accordingly, this article adopts a multilevel approach to identity development among immigrant youth, with a focus on North American receiving contexts. We focus not only on individual ethnic, national, and personal identity development, but also on the societal-level intergroup processes (e.g., threats and stereotypes) that constrain the identity options available to immigrants. We highlight the prominence of biculturalism – endorsement of both heritage and destination-country identities – but also discuss ways in which biculturalism may be difficult to attain for some immigrants and immigrant groups. We also emphasize the interplay between individual immigrants’ identities and the mechanisms through which defensive policies enacted by “threatened” majority groups may harm identity development among immigrant youth. The article concludes with a listing of priorities for future work.

Impartiality in the EU Asylum Procedure

Abstract The Asylum Procedures Directive stipulates that asylum applications are examined ‘impartially’ by the national authorities. This paper explores the meaning of the term impartiality in administrative settings in EU asylum law focussing on three levels: the Common European Asylum System, the administrative organisational level and the level of the individual immigration officer. CEAS does not provide for a definition of impartiality. The article connects impartiality to the right to good administration as in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. It includes jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights as well as the approach of the EU Ombudsman and EASO in its scope. These sources provide more concrete aspects of impartiality. The article is finalized with recommendations for a code of conduct.

Border Struggles within the State: <i>Administrative bordering of non-citizens in Finland</i>

Drawing on interviews with non-EU citizens, who arrived as asylum seekers or students in Finland, I examine different aspects of materialisation of borders within the state. This article focuses on non-citizens’ negotiations with the immigration bureaucracy, in particular on administrative procedures in residence permit applications. The analysis of non-citizens’ immigration trajectories and various border struggles during the conditional period before obtaining a permanent residence permit reveals the non-linear nature of immigration. The immigration process involves transitions in the legal status, which consequently affect non-citizens’ position in the labour market, access to welfare services, and the terms of family reunification. The concept of administrative bordering introduced in this article highlights the significant role of the bureaucratic procedures in migration management. I argue that administrative bordering related to the inclusion and exclusion of non-citizens creates pervasive insecurity about one’s presence and future as it can potentially modify individual immigration trajectories.

Estimating transient populations of unmarked individuals at a migratory stopover site using generalized N‐mixture models

Abstract Migration counts are popular indices used to monitor population trends over time. Advanced analytical methods for estimating abundance of unmarked, open populations now incorporate population growth models and simultaneously test for covariate effects on abundance and detection probability. However, estimating population abundance at a staging site is complicated by daily immigration and emigration of unmarked individuals. We applied a set of generalized N‐mixture models to simulated count data to test their applicability for transient populations. Using simulated datasets, parameters were unbiased when the apparent survival rate varied within a season or was mis‐specified in a model, but not when the immigration or detection probability was mis‐specified. With knowledge from the simulated data, we applied these models to daily counts of staging migratory shorebirds and estimated daily abundances accounting for variation in the detection and immigration rates. Daily counts of ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) staging at Westhampton Island, New York, were collected during northward migration (1997–1999). We tested the effects of weather and tides on detection probability, and we modelled within‐season variation in immigration rates as a function of time. Covariates affecting the detection probability differed among years, but tide height consistently was correlated with detection probability. Accounting for detection and immigration rates, the predicted maximum single‐day populations of ruddy turnstones were 172%, 165% and 129% of the observed counts for each year. Synthesis and applications. Management and conservation plans for migratory species require abundance estimates that are near the true population size though they are difficult to obtain. Our study is the first empirical application of the generalized N‐mixture model that incorporates temporal trends in immigration and estimates daily abundance of a staging unmarked migratory population. Despite its inherent limitation, we suggest that the generalized N‐mixture model can estimate the abundance of transient populations with low individual heterogeneity when counts are intensively surveyed. Correct estimation of population sizes and the environmental factors affecting them can aid the conservation prioritization of species and staging sites. Moreover, the use of generalized N‐mixture models can improve our understanding of the environmental factors that shape migratory movements.

How to control the immigration of infectious individuals for a region?

Immigration has contributed to the increase of certain infectious diseases in some regions. To inspect the impact of controlling immigration of infectious individuals on the transmission of infectious diseases in a region, we construct a basic SIR model with switching imported infectious population. There is no disease-free equilibrium and no basic reproduction number for this system. Based on the global dynamical analysis for the switching system, we know that a proper control of immigration of infectious individuals can control the infectious population for a region at a certain low level.

The influence of a demographic change on social relationships among male golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana).

It has been suggested that social relationships are more likely to be prone to variation in the dispersing sex than the philopatric sex. However, we know less about the dynamics of all-male groups in male-dispersing species than we do about other types of primate groups. We studied male sociality in a captive group of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), which was composed of a one-male unit (OMU, N = 7) and an all-male unit (AMU, N = 7 or 8), in Shanghai Wild Animal Park, China. Using data collected for 6months, during which there was a demographic change in the AMU and the alpha male was replaced by a newcomer, we found that a dramatic change in social ranks occurred accompanied by elevated aggression following this social upheaval. A proximity-based social network analysis revealed that members did not associate randomly any more but formed differentiated relationships post-upheaval, resulting in three distinct sub-units in the AMU. In terms of inter-unit interactions, significant changes were found in the affiliations between the male juvenile of OMU and AMU individuals. He interacted with AMU individuals randomly and frequently pre-upheaval, but cut down his affiliations and had a preferred partner post-upheaval, who was a member of the dominant male's sub-unit. Our findings suggest that social networks in the dispersing sex are dynamic structures and vary by some demographic change (e.g., individual immigration) in the studied species. We also put forward that individual dominance could be a criterion when the male juvenile chooses partners before he immigrates into a group. In conclusion, the high level of behavioral flexibility of the dispersing sex could be an evolutional strategy and good for individuals' future dispersing life.

Global asymptotic stability for a SEI reaction–diffusion model of infectious diseases with immigration

This paper studies the local and global stability of solutions for a spatially spread SEI epidemic model with immigration of individuals using a Lyapunov functional. It is shown that in the presence of diffusion, the unique steady state remains globally stable. Numerical results obtained through Matlab simulations are presented to confirm the findings of this study.

‘We don’t want any immigrants or terrorists here’: The linguistic manufacturing of xenophobia in the post-2015 Poland

This article explores the discursive patterns of legitimization of anti-immigration policies adopted by the Polish right-wing government which has been ruling the country since October 2015. It argues that legitimization of anti-immigration policies is essentially threat-based and coercive, involving a specific selection of rhetorical tools deployed to characterize different immigrant groups and individual immigrants from mainly Middle East and East African territories. Construed as ‘different’, ‘alien’ and ‘unbelonging’, in a whole lot of cultural, ideological and religious terms, they are claimed to pose an emerging threat to the safety of Poland and the personal safety and well-being of Polish citizens. The article draws on discourse space models and Proximization Theory in particular, revealing how the concepts of closeness and remoteness are manipulated in the service of threat construction and the sanctioning of tough anti-immigration measures, such as the refusal to accept non-Christian refugees from war territories in Syria. It demonstrates how Poland’s government manufactures and discursively perpetuates the aura of fear by conflating the issue of refugee migration into Europe with the problem of global terrorism, and how virtual threats to Polish cultural legacy and values are conceived to justify the government’s opposition to the idea of the multiethnic and multicultural state in general.

Experiences of Family Separation for Adults Who Immigrate Alone

This study explored lived experiences of migration and settlement for adults who migrated to Canada on their own and were separated from family and friends. A theoretical framework drawing on ecological theory and adult attachment theory was used to analyze data collected from exploratory, in-depth interviews with seven adults who arrived in Canada through a range of immigration streams. Themes previously identified in research on unaccompanied minors, refugees, and migrants with precarious status were found in this study to be experienced also by those who had arrived through other immigration streams. Participants described how they associated separation from various family members with negative experiences of emotional isolation, and both negative and positive experiences of social isolation. Participants discussed changes in relationships that occurred prior to migration and continued after arrival, particularly when separation was lengthy. Participants drew upon various personal and environmental resources to help mitigate negative impacts of social isolation, but were less effective in countering emotional isolation. The findings have implications for social workers working both with individual immigrants separated from family members and with immigrant families that have been reunited. In this paper, the author also suggests areas for further research and social work advocacy.

Mexico–U.S. Immigration: Effects of Wages and Border Enforcement

In this article, I study how relative wages and border enforcement affect immigration from Mexico to the U.S. To do this, I develop a discrete choice dynamic programming model where people choose from a set of locations in both the U.S. and Mexico, while accounting for the location of one’s spouse when making decisions. I estimate the model using data on individual immigration decisions from the Mexican Migration Project. Counterfactuals show that a 10% increase in Mexican wages reduces migration rates and durations, overall decreasing the number of years spent in the U.S. by about 5%. A 50% increase in enforcement reduces migration rates and increases durations of stay in the U.S., and the overall effect is a 7% decrease in the number of years spent in the U.S.

The importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in driving intraspecific variability in thermal niches of marine macrophytes

Climate change is driving the redistribution of species at a global scale and documenting and predicting species' responses to warming is a principal focus of contemporary ecology. When interpreting and predicting their responses to warming, species are generally treated as single homogenous physiological units. However, local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity can result in intraspecific differences in thermal niche. Therefore, population loss may also not only occur from trailing edges. In species with low dispersal capacity this will have profound impacts for the species as a whole, as local population loss will not be offset by immigration of warm tolerant individuals. Recent evidence from terrestrial forests has shown that incorporation of intraspecific variation in thermal niche is vital to accurately predicting species responses to warming. However, marine macrophytes (i.e. seagrasses and seaweeds) that form some of the world's most productive and diverse ecosystems have not been examined in the same context. We conducted a literature review to determine how common intraspecific variation in thermal physiology is in marine macrophytes. We find that 90% of studies identified (n = 42) found clear differences in thermal niche between geographically separated populations. Therefore, non‐trailing edge populations may also be vulnerable to future warming trends and given their limited dispersal capacity, such population loss may not be offset by immigration. We also explore how next generation sequencing (NGS) is allowing unprecedented mechanistic insight into plasticity and adaptation. We conclude that in the ‘genomic era’ it may be possible to link understanding of plasticity and adaptation at the genetic level through to changes in populations providing novel insights on the redistribution of populations under future climate change.

Migration Maps with the News

Maps showing immigration into Europe are a potential source of journalistic bias. Limited time and funding to create maps of migration can lead to dependence on data from institutions dedicated to controlling migration, in effect promoting a logic of surveillance directed at immigrants rather than a logic of hospitality based on respect for human rights. There are organizational and logistical barriers to overcome if migration is to be portrayed in ways that support thoughtful, democratic, rights-based deliberation but efforts need to be made to map migration in ways that reveal the geographical experiences of individual immigrants including their movement paths and the risks they face. This article examines unusual maps of migration, drawing on examples from news media as well as from non-governmental organizations, research teams, book authors, private companies, and entertainment media based in several European countries. The examples provide a foundation for concrete recommendations regarding the responsible use of cartographic visualization as a component of immigration news.