Speech Of Immigrants Research Articles

Русская речь в китайском Трехречье: языковые особенности

The authors analyse the Russian speech of immigrants' descendants from Russia to the Chinese Three Rivers region in the Inner Mongolia in the 20th century. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study various forms of existence of the modern Russian national language, including those in foreign countries. The research is based on both oral and written sources collected by the authors in 2017-2018 during their expeditions to Enhe Russian Ethnic Township (China). The research has shown deviations in the speech of immigrants' descendants from the norms of the Russian literary language due to the use of Russian in its dialect form, as well as interference from Chinese. The authors have proved that the Russian dialects of the Three Rivers region are genetically related to the Russian dialects of Eastern Transbaikalia, which, in turn, are related to the North Russian dialects. The dialectal features of the Russian dialects of the Chinese Three Rivers quialify them as the translitional dialects on the North Russian basis. Since there were no external factors of influence on the dialectal Russian language from its other idioms, the stated dialectal form of the Russian language remained unchaged until the early 21st century. The article considers both the dialectal originality of Russian speech in the Three Rivers region at different language levels (phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary), and the cases of interlingual interference resulting from the influence of the Chinese language on the Russian dialect system. The authors describe the following factors that determine the intensity of interference: generation, education, profession, and language environment. Having described the active zones of interaction between typoLogicaLLy different Chinese and Russian and determined the areas of interference in the Russian speech of bilinguals, the authors detected “weak points” of the Russian language system in the situation of Russian-Chinese bilingualism. Thus, the authors have studied the variant of the Russian language specific for the Chinese Three Rivers region and concluded that it preserves the Russian dialect base influenced by the interference from Chinese, which is an understudied fact of the Russian language environment in emigration.

"Acontecimentos de crônica urbana": Antônio Alcântara Machado, Fanfulla and the rise oof an Italian ethnicity in São Paulo

This article examines the development of an Italian-Brazilian identity in the city of São Paulo. Through the distribution of important information, journalism was an important vehicle in describing a new urban reality as well as organising immigrant communities and thus creating a new ethnic conscience. Subsequently we see how Antônio Alcântara Machado, a vanguard writer of the 1920s, uses this urban writing stile in his short stories. It is argued that this imitation of popular immigrant speech is not merely an aesthetic decision, but that it indicates a new notion of what it means to be Brazilian.

Interdental-stopping among older-aged bilingual and monolingual Finnish- and Italian-heritage Upper Peninsula Michiganders

The realization of interdental fricatives as coronal oral stops, referred to as interdental-stopping, is often attributed to substrate effects of ethnicity and immigrant-heritage. Michigan’s Upper Peninsula (UP) is an excellent case to examine this feature’s complex variation within bilingual and monolingual older-aged cross-sections of a rural immigrant speech community. To what degree, if any, is interdental-stopping occurring among Michigan’s UP Finnish and Italian-heritage speech communities? Interdental-stopping has been documented in UP English [3, 2], but only a more recent report has provided any quantitative account that tracks this salient feature and its sociophonetic trends within the community [1]. The present study examines this feature among 41 Finnish-Americans and 30 Italian-Americans, whom are all older-aged residents from Michigan’s Marquette County. Both samples are stratified by gender, socioeconomic status and lingua-dominance. All data is obtained from a reading passage task. This s...

Some introductory notes on the development and characteristics of Sabah Malay

This is a preliminary description of the Malay variety used as a lingua franca in the Malaysian state of Sabah at the northernmost top of Borneo. The paper discusses a number of common linguistic features that distinguish Sabah Malay from other Malay varieties and analyses these features from a historical linguistic perspective. While it is argued that Sabah Malay has a close historical relation with other Malay dialects spoken in Borneo, especially Brunei Malay, the vernacular is also influenced phonologically and lexically by Sabah’s indigenous and immigrant speech communities. Words and sentences recorded or elicited during fieldwork in various parts of Sabah illustrate these points.

Fronteras de cristal de la inmigración. Visión de los inmigrantes del <i>Este</i> Europeo en España

Symbols of barrier and learning of our existence, emblems of our shipwreck civilization, the borders even continue constituting, in the 21st century an important reference, although we are in the heat of was of the globalisation. The article sets out to present and to analyze the problematic one of the adaptation of the immigrant in the space of immigration. The paper taking as example the immigrant of Eastern Europe in Spain, and it guides from the immigrant speech. The first part approaches the border area like symbolism and the imaginary labyrinth of the borders; next it is realised trough qualitative study, an analysis of the factors that lead to the maintenance of the initial unsuitability of the foreigner, and the way in which perceives this one in Spain. Finally, I present, symbolically, the glass borders of immigration, from the voice of the immigrant.

Speaking like Asian immigrants

This article explores the relationship between immigrant and non-immigrant Asian American youth identities and the use of language to manage this relationship. Focusing on everyday interactions at a high school in Texas, the analysis examines how fluent English-speaking Korean and Filipino American students draw on linguistic resources associated with Asian immigrants, thus attending to generational identity, an important, though often oversimplified, social dimension in transnational contexts. According to the present analysis, salient generational differences may exist between Asian American youth, yet their linguistic practices complicate simple binaries of opposition. Specifically, this article focuses on how fluent English-speaking students both accommodate toward and mock Asian immigrant speech and notes that these ostensibly divergent practices exhibit linguistic overlap. It is argued that the convergences and divergences of these practices can be productively examined by distinguishing between the levels of frame and ideology, thus explaining how speakers interpret Asian immigrant revoicings as accommodation, mocking, or, in some cases, an ambiguous linguistic act that hovers in between.

Immigrant speech, creoles, and the ‘basic variety’: a usage-based account of some traits in the Portuguese-based creoles

In order to account for some key structures in immigrant Spanish, 15th-16th-century African Portuguese, pidgin Portuguese, and the Portuguese-based creoles, we appeal to a model of Emergent Grammar in which linguistic structure emerges from frequency and perceptual saliency. We argue that key traits of the Portuguese-based creoles evolved from L2 varieties of Portuguese initially spoken by Africans in Portugal in the 15th and 16th centuries. First, we show how certain verb forms make their way into the speech of immigrants due to frequency of occurrence of verb forms based on their respective verb class. We also note that some forms become part of immigrant speech because of their more perceptually salient form (e.g. son over es, and são over é). Second, we point out that the many traits that characterize Chinese immigrant Spanish also define African Portuguese, and are those that also have found their way into the Portuguese-based creoles. We claim that regardless of whether pidgin Portuguese had its beginnings in Portugal or emerged in the interaction between the Portuguese and Africans in Africa, the same relative frequency of occurrence of forms would apply, as would the same processes used in naturalistic L2 acquisition, including sensitivity on the part of the speakers/learners to perceptual saliency of items. Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of the role that naturalistic L2 acquisition played in the formation of the pidgin Portuguese and, subsequently, the Portuguese-based creoles.

Using the Immigrant's Voice: Humor and Pathos in Nineteenth Century "Dutch" Dialect Texts

The nineteenth century, and particularly its second half, was a period in American literature in which enormous interest in linguistic variation was displayed. Writers experimented with and used just about every form of expression that fell into their hands. In a sense, they were recorders of huge linguistic variety that characterized America. Many of these experiments were disseminated in small, cheaply made paperback anthologies produced by publishing houses such as Beadle and Adams. Often subtitles of publications indicated scope of these little volumes, which typically included writings in Dutch, French, Yankee, Irish, Backwoods, Negro and other dialects (Beecher). All literary genres were represented in these compilations, but texts were usually short, longest hardly exceeding four pages of print. Anecdotes and short narratives stood beside poems, dramatic dialogues and similar pieces, many of them intended for recitation. It seems that entertainment value of these texts lay as much in their subject matter as in their linguistic form. A creative use of was apparently relished by writers and readers alike. People delighted in for its own sake: during much of 19th century, readers in United States found ... renderings of dialect delicious (Blair and McDavid xxiii), they enjoyed new coinages, comic shouts and mock pompous words. In a way, it looked like growing nation was surveying its linguistic diversity. To a certain extent, these games and experiments can be regarded as attempts at finding new forms and ways of expressing conditions of life in New World. It may also have been an attempt to challenge predominance of formalized styles of writing and recitation which had become a symbol of cultural achievement (Blair and Hill 276). Although writing in dialect has been a feature of American literature from its very beginning, period of Civil War holds a prominent place in perfection of dialect voice. Artemus Ward, Josh Billings, Petroleum V. Nasby and other humorists, generally subsumed under heading of Literary Comedians or Phunny Phellows, created a humor of verbal expression and relied extensively on the eccentricities of language (Pound 257). While many exhausted themselves in deliberate unlettered spellings, technique rehearsed by these humorists eventually paved way for climax of dialect writing in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884. Apart from intention of wanting to create funny stories, urge to use dialect may also have come from a desire to approximate real speech of real people, wish to create a literature that depicted its objects more realistically. Local color writers, for example, used sound of real to endow regional portrayals with more realistic detail. Harriet Beecher Stowe in Oldtown Folks, George W. Cable in Old Creole Days, and Joel Chandler Harris in his Uncle Remus tales all used dialect to boost lifelikeness of their narratives. While these writers have been examined in context of growing literary tradition of United States, type of dialect writing that set out to imitate speech of immigrants has usually been excluded from scholarly scrutiny on basis of assumption that this form of expression was nothing but a stock dialect invented to denigrate foreigner. Customarily, products of this phenomenon have been brushed aside as low quality productions without merit. This attitude corresponds to opinion of nineteenth century literary critics and reviewers who, more often than not, slighted material that was presented in non-standard language. Based on their fixed notions of what literature and drama should be, they generally devalued literary creations of a host of foreign dialect writers. This was particularly obvious in reviews of plays that relied entirely on dialect. …

Realists and Jews

William Dean Howells, priding himself on writing fiction was true to life, longed to put Smith into lyric and Jones into tragedy.(1) Along with his friend and fellow realist, Henry James, he succeeded admirably in putting Smiths and Joneses into his magisterial novels, but had difficulty in giving fictional life to Levys and Cohens. Howells in Ohio and in literary Boston, and James in upper-class Old and New England, encountered Jews infrequently. When they met Jews, they were free of vulgar anti-semitism of many of their acquaintances and several of their close friends. Howells was enthusiastic about Henry Harland's stories of Jewish tenement life; he made Harland guest of honor at literary luncheon and later was deeply saddened at news Harland, a good sick fellow, was fatally ill.(2) When Abraham Cahan's stories of New York Jews appeared, he praised them unstintingly. Henry James, although surrounded by infamously anti-semitic friends like Henry Adams and Paul Bourget, nevertheless escaped infection, agreeing with his brother William prejudice one of worst evils afflict humanity.(3) He shared Howells' affection for Harland, and was fond of Theodore Child, his worshipful Jewish admirer. Convinced of Dreyfus' innocence, he called his persecution sinister affaire. Paul Lemaitre's attitudes, James said, were among ugliest ... throughout |Affair' in anti-revisionist and anti-semitic interest.(4) While agreeing with William about evils of conscious prejudice, Henry acknowledged unconscious prejudices were difficult to combat, and when his aesthetic sensibilities were tried, his repressed antipathies came out. He remarked about Theodore Child he is Jew, and has nose, but handsome and looks like Daniel Deronda. He described Lady Rosebery, daughter of Meyer Rothschild, as large, fat, ugly, goodnatured, sensible and kind. Another titled lady he described as very nice, kindly, elderly childless Jewess.(5) It was James' aesthetic prejudices came to fore in his reaction to swarms in ghettos of New York. He was saddened by what he saw as degradation of English language as result of multiplication of so vital group. One should read his much-quoted unhappiness about immigrant populations with an understanding of his hypersensitivity to changes in his beloved language: in light of James wrote, that in light of language ... one stared at this all-unconscious impudence of agency of future ravage. Listening to sounds of the Yiddish he found himself victim in the torture rooms of living idiom.... The accent of ultimate future, in States, he observed ruefully, may be destined to become most beautiful on globe and music of humanity ... but whatever we shall know it for, certainly, we shall not know it for English--in any sense for which there an existing literary measure.(6) But despite his aversion to sounds of immigrant speech, James, like Howells, was untained by racial viciousness festers in writings, letters, and conversations of James Russell Lowell, Charles Eliot Norton, Henry Adams, and Paul Bourget. The American realists' treatment of Jewish characters deserves to be regarded against this background of their usual decent tolerance. The few Jews they knew personally were men and women whom they accepted or rejected on basis of their qualities, and not their race or religion. These acquaintances were usually of literary world, or upper class of English Jewry. From their experience in life (and they both were devoted to realist credo of writing from experience) they could get little help in forming their fictional characters. Furthermore, there was little in literary tradition to which they could turn when they sought to portray ordinary Jews. …

Code-Switching or Borrowing? English Elements in the Dutch of Dutch-American Immigrants

Abstract Scholarly publications about Dutch immigrant speech are practically non-existent -- excepting the work of Clyne (1967, 1972, 1985, 1987). This applies particularly to Dutch speakers who immigrated in the 19th and the early 20th Century. A 75-hour corpus of language data from Dutch immigrants to the United States is currently being investigated systematically at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences' Institute for Dialectology. The general purpose of the project is to gain more insight in the nature of Dutch language and dialect maintenance or loss and of English influence on the language of these Dutch immigrants. This paper will focus specifically on English lexical elements in the speech of the first-generation immigrants (appr. 12,000 English elements in the Dutch of 97 speakers). First a diagnostic set of characteristics for code-switching, borrowing and nonce borrowing will be presented, based in part on discussions in the recent literature on other-language lexical elements in speech in contact situations and in part on a thorough review of the Dutch-American data. These characteristics do not only concern the formal linguistic level, but also the discourse, processing and extralin-guistic levels. They form the basis of a systematic classification of the various types of English elements found in the data. Next, a number of problem cases will be discussed -- with examples -- which defy easy classification in one of the three categories of other-language elements. Finally, an attempt will be made to formulate a more generalized model for the analysis of other-language lexical elements, consisting of a diagnostic and an analytic layer. The diagnostic layer assigns an element to one of the three categories of other-language elements. The analytic layer is specifically concerned with the analysis of code-switching, comprising not only a categorization of formal linguistic phenomena, but also a categorization of functional sociolinguistic factors determining the use of switched elements. Given the variety of linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects which apparently determine the use of switched elements, it seems unlikely that one single set of constraints could be refined enough to fully account for linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects of code-switching. Therefore, a case will be made for the establishment of more than one set of constraining factors on the use of switched elements. Instead of limiting constraints on code-switching to the formal linguistic -- in particular the syntactic -- level, separate constraining factors for the discourse, processing, functional, and motivational level might be formulated, in order to gain full insight in the process of code-switching.

Semantiniai daiktavardžio poslinkiai subordinacinio bilingvizmo sąlygomis

Semantic shift, or loanshift extension (in Haugen’s terminology) of the noun is studied under conditions of subordinate bilingualism. The linguistic corpus elicited from Lithuanian periodicals in the USA and Canada as well as from the speech of immigrants whose primary language, Lithuanian (L1), has for several decades been in contact with American English (L2) yields the following generalizations: (1) In the case of multiple lexical units (i. e. derivative and compound nouns), an identical inner form (i. e. an identical arrangement of synonymous morphemes) may also be a point of contact which together with synonymy works in creating the extension of meaning. (2) Interlingual identification of lexemes may also be convergent or divergent (as in diaphonic identification), but in either case it leads to the adjustment of whole synonymic groups of nouns of the two languages. (3) For a big group of Lithuanian nouns, semantic shift is accompanied by transfers “mass noun count noun”. (4) Semantic interference of the L2 noun sometimes manifests itself only by removing some combinatorial semantic restrictions which apply to the synonymous noun in L1. (5) Some nouns in L1 acquire metaphoric and metonymic meanings of L2 nouns. (6) Homologous extension of meaning is more intensive and extensive than synonymous extension of meaning.

Code switching in hawaiian creole

The speech community of the Hawaiian Islands is of theoretical interest to both the sociologist and the linguist. The reasons for this are clear. In the first place, it has a linguistic repetoire which is characteristic of multilingual societies. This is a direct consequence of the influx of immigrant labor from China, Korea, the Philippines, Okinawa, Japan, and Portugal and their social and linguistic contacts with the native Hawaiians and the English speaking colonial ists. Hence, Hawaii is a veritable laboratory for socio linguistic research. Secondly the varieties of speech range extensively and in accordance with the social demands of solidarity and status. This is particularly evident in the phenomenon of code switching where a native speaker of Hawaiian Creole can either shift towards a dialect of English, or towards a variety of immigrant speech when the social context of the situation demands it. Finally, the study of Creole languages such as the one to which this paper is directed has some very interesting implications for the sociology of knowledge because a Creole speaker attributes a different cognitive saliency to the lexical relations push/pull, bring/take, and come/go when he speaks Hawaiian Creole, than when he switches to standard English. These sundry concepts and their relevance to the field of sociolinguistics are the central topics of this paper.

Immigrant Speech: Austrian-Jewish Style

Immigrant Speech: Austrian-Jewish Style