Labour Market Outcomes Of Immigrants Research Articles

Poles Apart? EU Enlargement and the Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants in the United Kingdom

AbstractThe United Kingdom was one of only three countries to allow migrants from accession countries to enter their labour markets more or less without restriction following European Union enlargement in May 2004. Therefore, it is important to establish the characteristics and labour market performance of migrants from these countries who have subsequently entered the United Kingdom. We principally analyse Labour Force Survey data to compare the labour market outcomes of recent migrants from Poland and other accession countries to those of earlier migrant cohorts from these countries as well as to those of other recent migrants to the United Kingdom. We find that the majority of post‐enlargement migrants from the new member states have found employment in low paying jobs, despite some (especially Poles) possessing relatively high levels of education. It follows that recent Polish migrants typically have lower returns to their education than other recent arrivals. Migrants from the new member states who arrived immediately prior to enlargement have similar characteristics and labour market outcomes, apart from displaying a higher propensity to be self‐employed. These results are discussed in the context of policy changes, migration strategies, assimilation effects and possible impacts on the sending countries.

Dynamics of the Employment Assimilation of First-Generation Immigrant Men in Sweden: Comparing Dynamic and Static Assimilation Models with Longitudinal Data

We analyse the dynamics of employment assimilation of first-generation immigrant men in Sweden using a high-quality, register-based panel data set. It is discussed that when there are significant differences between employment status persistence of immigrants and natives, the standard static assimilation model produces biased predictions for the relative labour market outcomes for immigrants. We find significant persistence of employment status which differs between immigrants and natives, and also across immigrant groups. The static assimilation model overestimates (underestimates) the short-run (long-run) marginal assimilation rates. We find 10-15 percentage points lower initial employment probability disadvantage but the years to assimilation are 5-10 years longer compared to the standard static assimilation model.

Immigrants and Employer-Provided Training

Much has been written about the labour market outcomes for immigrants in their host countries, particularly with regard to earnings, employment and occupational attainment. However, much less attention has been paid to the question of whether immigrants are as likely to receive employer-provided training relative to comparable natives. As such training should be crucial in determining the labour market success of immigrants in the long run it is a critically important question. Using data from a large scale survey of employees in Ireland, we find that immigrants are less likely to receive training from employers, with immigrants from the New Member States of the EU experiencing a particular disadvantage. The immigrant training disadvantage arises in part from a failure on the part of immigrants to get employed by training-oriented firms. However, they also experience a training disadvantage relative to natives within firms where less training is provided.

Perceptions and Labor Market Outcomes of Immigrants in Australia after 9/11

I examine whether after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 Muslim immigrants and immigrants who fit the Muslim Arab stereotype in Australia perceive a greater increase in religious and racial intolerance and discrimination compared to other immigrant groups. I also examine whether there is a differential change in their labor market outcomes. I find that after 9/11 there is a greater increase in the likelihood of Muslim men and of those who look like Muslims to report a lot of religious and racial intolerance and discrimination relative to other immigrants. Further, I do not find evidence that after 9/11 Muslims or their stereotypes show a differential change in the likelihood of looking for a new main job or of being employed. There is also no evidence of a differential change in hours worked or in wage incomes. This suggests that the Australian labor market did not react to attitudinal changes in society, at least in the immediate aftermath of 9/11.

Labour Market Outcomes for Immigrants in New Zealand

This paper uses data from the 1997-2007 New Zealand Income Survey to examine the labour market performance of immigrants in New Zealand. Specifically, we use a synthetic cohort approach to examine how employment rates and hourly wages for immigrants compare to those for the New Zealand-born. Extending previous work, we examine how outcomes for immigrants change with years spent in New Zealand in a semi-parametric manner that makes no assumptions about how labour market outcomes evolve as more host country experience is acquired. The pattern of entry disadvantage followed by subsequent relative improvement is more pronounced for employment rates than for wage rates.

Labor Market Outcomes of Immigrants and Non-Citizens in the EU: An East-West Comparison

The starkly different histories and institutions in the eastern and western member states of the European Union (EU) suggest different roles of being non-native in these two regions. In this paper we study the roles of foreign origin and citizenship in the comparative East-West perspective. Our results indicate that while it is immigrant status that is of key importance in the western EU member states, both immigrant status and citizenship matter in the eastern EU member states, their roles depending on gender. We find some evidence that it is the Russian ethnic minority in Estonia and Latvia that drives the relationships between being non-citizen and labor market outcomes that we find in the eastern EU member states.

Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants in Germany: The Importance of Heterogeneity and Attrition Bias

Heterogeneity in the ethnic composition of Germany's immigrant population renders general conclusions on the degree of economic integration difficult. Using a rich longitudinal data-set, this paper tests for differences in economic assimilation profiles of four groups of foreign-born immigrants and ethnic Germans. The importance of time-invariant individual unobserved heterogeneity and panel attrition in determining the speed of assimilation is analysed. We find evidence for heterogeneity in the assimilation profiles for both annual earnings and unemployment probabilities. Robust assimilation profiles are found for two cohorts only. Omitted variables, systematic sample attrition and the presence of second generation immigrants in the sample influence the speed of assimilation, but do not change the overall picture.

Ethnic Enclaves and Immigrant Labor Market Outcomes: Quasi‐Experimental Evidence

I examine the effects of the ethnic enclave size on labor market outcomes of immigrants. I account for ability sorting into enclaves by exploiting a Danish spatial dispersal policy under which refugees were randomly dispersed across locations. First, I find strong evidence that refugees with unfavorable unobserved characteristics self‐select into ethnic enclaves. Second, a relative standard deviation increase in the ethnic enclave size increases annual earnings by 18% on average, irrespective of skill level. Third, further findings are consistent with the explanation that ethnic networks disseminate job information, which increases the job‐worker match quality and thereby the hourly wage rate.

Are there gender and country of origin differences in immigrant labor market outcomes across European destinations?

The paper uses the 1994-2000 waves of the European Community Household Panel to conduct a systematic analysis of the earnings of immigrants as compared to native workers, in particular to test whether there is any systematic variation in the labor market performance of immigrants across gender related to duration in the destination, schooling, age at immigration, country of origin, or country of destination. We find a significant negative effect of immigrant status on individual earnings of around 40% at the time of arrival in the pooled sample, although the difference is somewhat smaller for women. Those differences, however, vary greatly across countries with migrants in Germany and Portugal faring best relative to natives, and those in Sweden, Denmark, Luxembourg or Spain the worst, particularly among non-EU born migrants. Gender differences are more important among those born outside the European Union, with women doing relatively better than men. Among men, those from Asia, Latin-America and Eastern Europe receive the lowest earnings. LatinAmerican and Eastern European women are at the bottom of the women’s distribution. Earnings increase with duration in the destination and the foreign born “catch-up” to the native born, others variables being the same, at around 18 years in the destination among both men and women. Education matters more for women in terms of explaining earnings, whereas language skills are relatively more important for men.

The Persistence of Intergenerational Inequalities linked to Immigration: Labour Market Outcomes for Immigrants and their Descendants in France

<titre>R&#233;sum&#233;</titre>Si les travaux sur la mobilit&#233; interg&#233;n&#233;rationnelle sont assez classiques en France, la question des trajectoires sociales suivies par les descendants de migrants est d&#8217;apparition relativement r&#233;cente. &#192; partir des donn&#233;es de l&#8217;enqu&#234;te &#201;tude de l&#8217;histoire familiale, coupl&#233;e au recensement de 1999, cet article analyse l&#8217;insertion professionnelle des enfants d&#8217;immigr&#233;s, appr&#233;ci&#233;e par l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; l&#8217;emploi et les positions occup&#233;es sur le march&#233; du travail, en les comparant aux immigr&#233;s et aux &#171;&#160;natifs&#160;&#187;. Si une modification substantielle des formes d&#8217;activit&#233; est intervenue d&#8217;une g&#233;n&#233;ration &#224; l&#8217;autre, les &#171;&#160;secondes g&#233;n&#233;rations&#160;&#187; connaissent toujours d&#8217;importantes difficult&#233;s pour entrer dans le march&#233; du travail. &#192; la surexposition au ch&#244;mage s&#8217;ajoutent une plus grande pr&#233;carit&#233; dans l&#8217;emploi et une d&#233;pendance &#224; l&#8217;&#233;gard des emplois aid&#233;s. En revanche, la forte s&#233;gr&#233;gation professionnelle qui s&#8217;observe pour les immigr&#233;s diminue &#224; la g&#233;n&#233;ration suivante, signalant un processus de diffusion dans l&#8217;espace des professions. La persistance des &#233;carts entre secondes g&#233;n&#233;rations et natifs contredit l&#8217;hypoth&#232;se d&#8217;une mobilit&#233; entre g&#233;n&#233;rations li&#233;es &#224; l&#8217;immigration r&#233;sultant de la scolarisation et de la socialisation en France. Ce handicap d&#8217;une origine &#171;&#160;h&#233;rit&#233;e&#160;&#187; t&#233;moigne de l&#8217;existence de discriminations, qui p&#232;sent principalement sur les trajectoires des immigr&#233;s maghr&#233;bins, africains et turcs, mais aussi sur celles de leurs descendants.

Poles Apart? EU Enlargement and the Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants in the UK

The UK was one of only three countries to allow migrants from accession countries to enter their labour markets more or less without restriction following EU enlargement in May 2004. Therefore, it is important to establish the characteristics and labour market performance of migrants from these countries who have subsequently entered the UK. We principally analyse Labour Force Survey data to compare the labour market outcomes of recent migrants from Poland and other accession countries to those of earlier migrant cohorts from these countries as well as to those of other recent migrants to the UK. We find that the majority of post-enlargement migrants from accession countries have found employment in low paying jobs, despite some (especially Poles) having relatively high levels of education. It follows that recent Polish migrants typically have lower returns to their education than other recent arrivals. Migrants from the new entrants who arrived immediately prior to enlargement possess similar characteristics and labour market outcomes, apart from having a higher propensity to be self-employed. These results are discussed in the context of policy changes, migration strategies, assimilation effects and possible impacts on the sending countries.

Are Refugees Different from Economic Immigrants? Some Empirical Evidence on the Heterogeneity of Immigrant Groups in the United States

This paper analyzes how the implicit difference in time horizons between refugees and economic immigrants affects subsequent human capital investments and wage assimilation. The analysis uses the 1980 and 1990 Integrated Public Use Samples of the Census to study labor market outcomes of immigrants who arrived in the United States from 1975 to 1980. I find that in 1980 refugee immigrants in this cohort earned 6% less and worked 14% fewer hours than economic immigrants. Both had approximately the same level of English skills. The two immigrant groups had made substantial gains by 1990; however, refugees had made greater gains. In fact, the labor market outcomes of refugee immigrants surpassed those of economic immigrants. In 1990, refugees from the 1975-1980 arrival cohort earned 20% more, worked 4% more hours, and improved their English skills by 11% relative to economic immigrants. The higher rates of human capital accumulation for refugee immigrants contribute to these findings.

Are Refugees Different from Economic Immigrants? Some Empirical Evidence on the Heterogeneity of Immigrant Groups in the United States

This paper analyzes how the implicit difference in time horizons between refugees and economic immigrants affects subsequent human capital investments and wage assimilation. The analysis uses the 1980/1990 Integrated Public Use Samples of the Census to study labor market outcomes of immigrants who arrived in the U.S. from 1975 to 1980. I find that in 1980 refugee immigrants in this cohort earned 6 percent less and worked 14 percent fewer hours than economic immigrants. Both had about the same level of English skills. The two immigrant groups had made substantial gains by 1990; however, refugees had made greater gains. In fact, the labor market outcomes of refugee immigrants surpassed those of economic immigrants. In 1990, refugees from the 1975-1980 arrival cohort earned 20 percent more, worked 4 percent more hours, and improved their English skills by 11 percent relative to economic immigrants. The higher rates of human capital accumulation for refugee immigrants contribute to these findings.

Are There Gender and Country of Origin Differences in Immigrant Labor Market Outcomes Across European Destinations?

The paper uses the 1994-2000 waves of the European Community Household Panel to conduct a systematic analysis of the earnings of immigrants as compared to native workers, in particular to test whether there is any systematic variation in the labor market performance of immigrants across gender related to duration in the destination, schooling, age at immigration, country of origin, or country of destination. We find a significant negative effect of immigrant status on individual earnings of around 40% at the time of arrival in the pooled sample, although the difference is somewhat smaller for women. Those differences, however, vary greatly across countries with migrants in Germany and Portugal faring best relative to natives, and those in Sweden, Denmark, Luxembourg or Spain the worst, particularly among non-EU born migrants. Gender differences are more important among those born outside the European Union, with women doing relatively better than men. Among men, those from Asia, Latin-America and Eastern Europe receive the lowest earnings. Latin-American and Eastern European women are at the bottom of the women's distribution. Earnings increase with duration in the destination and the foreign born catch-up to the native born, others variables being the same, at around 18 years in the destination among both men and women. Education matters more for women in terms of explaining earnings, whereas language skills are relatively more important for men.

English Fluency of Recent Hispanic Immigrants to the United States in 1980 and 1990

Previous articleNext article No AccessEnglish Fluency of Recent Hispanic Immigrants to the United States in 1980 and 1990Alberto Davila and Marie T. MoraAlberto DavilaUniversity of Texas—Pan American Search for more articles by this author and Marie T. MoraNew Mexico State University Search for more articles by this author University of Texas—Pan AmericanNew Mexico State UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 48, Number 2January 2000 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452463 Views: 37Total views on this site Citations: 12Citations are reported from Crossref © 2000 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Joyce M. Northwood, Sherrie L.W. Rhine , Journal of Consumer Affairs 52, no.22 ( 2018): 317.https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12150Veena S. Kulkarni, Xiaohan Hu English Language Proficiency among the Foreign Born in the United States, 1980–2007: Duration, Age, Cohort Effects , International Migration Review 48, no.33 (Jul 2018): 762–800.https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12060Ilana Redstone Akresh, Douglas S. Massey, Reanne Frank Beyond English proficiency: Rethinking immigrant integration, Social Science Research 45 (May 2014): 200–210.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.01.005Yuval Arbel, Danny Ben-Shahar, Yossef Tobol The Correlation among Immigrant Homeownership, Objective and Subjective Characteristics, and Civic Participation: New Evidence from the Israeli Experience, Urban Studies 49, no.1111 (Dec 2011): 2479–2499.https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011427187Ilana Redstone Akresh, Reanne Frank At the intersection of self and other: English language ability and immigrant labor market outcomes, Social Science Research 40, no.55 (Sep 2011): 1362–1370.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.05.007Michael McCarthy Spoken fluency revisited, English Profile Journal 1 (Sep 2010).https://doi.org/10.1017/S2041536210000012Robert W. Schrauf English Use Among Older Bilingual Immigrants in Linguistically Concentrated Neighborhoods: Social Proficiency and Internal Speech as Intracultural Variation, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 24, no.22 (Jan 2009): 157–179.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-009-9091-0Donald R. Haurin, Stuart S. Rosenthal Language, Agglomeration and Hispanic Homeownership, Real Estate Economics 37, no.22 (Jun 2009): 155–183.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6229.2009.00238.xIlana Redstone Akresh Contexts of English Language Use among Immigrants to the United States, International Migration Review 41, no.44 (Dec 2007): 930–955.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00106.xAnthony P Mora, Marie T Mora, Alberto Dávila The English-Language Proficiency of Recent Immigrants in The U.S. During the Early 1900s, Eastern Economic Journal 33, no.11 (Jan 2007): 65–80.https://doi.org/10.1057/eej.2007.4Marie T. Mora, Alberto Dávila Hispanic Ethnicity, Gender, and the Change in the LEP-Earnings Penalty in the United States During the 1990s, Social Science Quarterly 87, no.s1s1 (Dec 2006): 1295–1318.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00429.xMarie T. Mora English-Language Assistance Programs, English-Skill Acquisition, and the Academic Progress of High School Language Minority Students, Policy Studies Journal 28, no.44 (Nov 2000): 721–738.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02059.x