Migration Flows Research Articles

Creating Alter-Nation through De-territorialization in Sam Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners

This paper will explore the concept of de-territiorialization and its contribution to the re-imagining of the borderline concept of a nation into an alter-nation in Sam Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners (1956). In a post-WWII British context, Britain’s territorial space opened up as an opportunity for the influx of migrants even as it grappled with changes in policy-making, including the “British Nationality Act of 1948”. It allowed the migrants to frequently challenge the unity of Englishness against the backdrop of multiculturalism. Selvon’s novel focuses on the lives and the newly found ways of Caribbean migrants to adapt to post-WWII Britain. This paper will explore how de-territorialization as an idea prompted the English to re-conceptualize a nation as an alter-nation in Selvon’s novel. Spectrum, Volume 18, June 2023: 80-88

Child fostering and maternal migration in sub-Saharan Africa

Rising feminization of migration has resulted in substantial flows of women migrating in Africa, increasing the importance of migration in women’s lives. Although child fostering is an enduring feature of family life throughout Africa, few studies have examined the role that maternal migration may play in these arrangements. I use Demographic and Health Survey data from 24 African countries to explore associations between maternal migration experience and fostering out of children aged 0–17, focusing on maternal migrant status, migrant stream, motivation, and timing of migration relative to births of children, to explore potential disruption introduced by migration. Results suggest that maternal migration disrupts mother–child co-residence, with greater fostering among children of migrant mothers, particularly rural–urban migrants. Children born before migration display the highest probability of fostering, consistently across migrant streams. These results suggest a need for greater attention to the impacts of maternal migration for children’s living arrangements, particularly as migration flows become increasingly feminized.

Agent-based model for forecasting the impact of the population life quality on migration movement in the context of the Russian Federation federal districts.

The Russian Federation is characterized by an extremely uneven distribution of the population across the country, which contributes to the asymmetry of economic and socio-demographic development of the regions, a shortage of qualified specialists for the development of the resources of Siberia and the Far East, and an increase in global risks in general. In this regard, the use of modern management technologies, in particular, multi-agent simulation modeling, to support decision-making on managing migration processes becomes relevant. Since the main incentive for active citizens to change their place of residence is investing in the development of the region and providing the necessary conditions for a comfortable life, the purpose of the study is to develop an agent-based model for forecasting the impact of the population life quality on migration flows between the federal districts of the Russian Federation. One of the tasks solved using the model is to track the direction of migrant movement relative to the Republic of Bashkortostan when changing the controlled parameters. The simulation model was designed using modern CASE tools; UML diagrams and a mnemonic diagram of the decision-making support process for managing the demographic development of the region were built in the course of the work. Scenario experiments were conducted to predict changes in the population size in the study areas. Within the framework of the research, the authors applied the object-oriented methodology of simulation model design, agent-based approach for its implementation, as well as an agent-oriented approach for its implementation and statistical analysis methods when setting up experiments. The toolkit developed as a result of the study can be used by the representatives of executive authorities and government officials to develop a balanced resettlement policy, assess the possibility and conditions for developing regions of the Russian Federation with low population density.

Persistence of Ancestral KhoeSan Mitochondrial Patterns in Contemporary South African Populations.

Southern Africa has been inhabited by hunter-gatherers for at least 20,000 years and has received diverse immigration flows in the last 2000 years. The original inhabitants have interacted with the pastoralist migrants from Eastern Africa (∼2000 ybp), followed by the southern Bantu migration arriving some 1000 ybp, and more recently with the European and Asian settlers after the 17th century. Many of the original Khoekhoe and San inhabitants have either become extinct or have disappeared through admixture in South Africa (SA), in a sex-biased manner involving KhoeSan women. In this study, we generated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (CR) sequences for 247 South African individuals. The sampling effort was concentrated in regions and populations with historical links to the KhoeSan population groups: admixed (Coloured, Griqua), Nama (Khoekhoe) and Bantu in three provinces. Here we evaluate the composition and extent of connectivity between population groups and regions, and to assess the distribution of haplotypes for the practical application of mtDNA CR data in forensic identifications. The analysis of the newly generated sequences revealed 142 distinct haplotypes, of which 122 were unique. Haplogroup L0 was predominant (overall 71.7%). A high-frequency L0d2a haplotype dominated the pool of the admixed groups with 10%-12.5% incidence overall or per region. Comparative analysis with 545 extant mtDNA CR sequences from South African KhoeSan and admixed descendants revealed extensive population structure and high within-group haplotype sharing. The observed population and regional variations, combined with the prevalence of high-frequency haplotypes, align with patterns of matrilocality. These findings highlight the limitations of using mtDNA control region analysis for forensic applications in South Africa.

Selected socio-economic aspects of the integration of Ukrainians: Evidence from the Czech Republic

The war against Ukraine has led to a substantial influx of Ukrainian migrants into many countries, including the Czech Republic. As these migrants navigate the integration process, a key aspect of their journey is often their entry into the Czech labor market. The paper aims to identify and analyze selected socio-economic aspects associated with the integration of Ukrainian immigrants, with a specific focus on their Czech language fluency, length of stay in the Czech Republic, and the underlying reasons for their migration. This quantitative research was conducted using a self-designed questionnaire. Data collection took place in the first half of 2023. The sample consisted of 158 Ukrainian immigrants. The results showed statistically significant connections between the subjective assessment of how the respondents communicate in the Czech language with the field in which they work (p < 0.05), the perception of economic status (p < 0.001), the subjective assessment of the difficulty of finding a job (p < 0.001), satisfaction with work (p < 0.005), and intention to change jobs (p < 0.005). Additionally, there are correlations between length of stay and use of original qualification (p < 0.01), reasons for migration and difficulty finding work (p < 0.05), and between subjective evaluation of the difficulty of finding a job in the Czech Republic in relation to coming to the Czech Republic (p < 0.01). The results can be used by counseling centers for foreigners and potential employers to improve Ukrainian employment opportunities in the Czech labor market. AcknowledgmentsThis study is supported by the project GA JU 101/2022/S “Selected aspects of integrating foreigners living in the Czech Republic from the perspective of society and the labor market.”

Controlling the droplet cell environment in scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) via migration and electroosmotic flow.

Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a powerful nanoscale electrochemical technique that advances our understanding of heterogeneity at the electrode-electrolyte interface. In SECCM, dual-channel nanopipettes can serve as the probe, and a voltage bias between the channels can control the local electrolyte environment inside the droplet cell via migration and electroosmotic flow (EOF) between the channels, enabling applications including controlled electrodeposition of bimetallic nanoparticles with variable compositions. Herein, we show quantitatively how the voltage bias between the channels modulates the local electrolyte environment via experiment and finite element modeling. Experimentally, redox molecules of different charges (e.g., ferrocene derivatives and Ruthenium(III) hexamine) were filled in separate channels, where their limiting currents at the substrate electrode were used to distinguish the contribution of migration and EOF. Furthermore, EOF was visualized by fluorescence imaging. Finite element models were developed to further validate the experimental results quantitively. We showed that migration is affected by the charge number of the redox molecule. Meanwhile, EOF is affected by the surface charge on the wall of the nanopipette and the location of the slipping plane inside the electrical double layer, which can be tuned by the solution pH and the ionic strength of the electrolyte, respectively. The experimentally validated model can guide the precise modulation of droplet cell environment in SECCM, potentially enabling new scanning modes in SECCM.

Mediji, migracije i terorizam - neke korelacije

Topics such as terrorism and uncontrolled migration have been prominent on the agenda for decades, frequently filling newspaper articles and boosting viewership on online platforms and social media. At the same time, media coverage of these issues is often saturated with elements of catastrophe and spectacle, leading even some within the academic community to adopt superficial and poorly documented analyses of these phenomena and their associated processes. This paper offers a modest contribution, not as a definitive truth but rather as a direction for analyzing these current and, according to the media, highly interconnected phenomena. How do terrorist attacks influence attitudes toward migrants? Such attacks' impact depends on the news reception's geographical location, indicating spatial conditioning. If terrorist attacks shape citizens' views on migration through a sense of immediate danger and fear, then proximity to the attack would be the primary conditioning factor. On the other hand, the local migration context of the news recipient can also significantly influence the effect. In homogeneous societies with little experience of immigration, citizens are more inclined to adopt discourses that link migration with terrorism, making these societies more susceptible to the adoption of negative attitudes. Beyond this spatial variable, as documented in research, the fact that the perpetrator of a terrorist act is Muslim significantly amplifies the news of the event itself, further generating prejudices against followers of the youngest monotheistic religion. Moreover, this wave of opposition to migration processes by right-wing populists in Europe is often associated with protecting against the Islamization of Europe (Subotić and Mitrović 2023, 123). When discussing the onset of the migrant wave toward Europe (which indeed correlated with numerous terrorist actions on European soil) and the last few years, during which there has been an increased influx of migrants alongside a significant reduction in the number of terrorist actions and their consequences, we must be aware of the statistical risk. More frequent migrant routes inevitably imply a greater likelihood that terrorists might infiltrate these groups or later join jihadist terrorism. However, there is no clear causal link despite this widely inferred correlation. More specifically, no clearly articulated or at least documented analysis indicates a consistent connection between the hypothesis that "terrorism causes migration" and the one suggesting that "migration causes terrorism." In the first case, the correlative element is certain and distinctly emphasized. The numerous actions of the terrorist organization that was at the peak of its power at the time - ISIS - undoubtedly contributed to the scale and intensity of the intense migratory pressure toward Europe. Additionally, the intensity of terrorist activities and the number of fatalities due to terrorism on European soil (primarily in France) during the most migrationintensive year, 2015, were notably high. However, it cannot be concluded that the increase in the number of irregular entries by as much as 80% compared to the average from the period of 2010 to 2014 led to the rise in terrorist attacks and/or fatalities in Europe by a similar percentage. The most recent cross-referenced data from the fourth consecutive year of increased migratory pressure toward Europe, combined with the occurrence or threat of terrorist acts, indicates quite the opposite. The average annual increase in the number of irregular migrants to Europe since 2021 is approximately 33%, while the number of terrorist activities has simultaneously decreased by nearly 35%. There is no doubt that immigration "contributes" to the spread of terrorism from one country to another. Still, it is unlikely that immigration alone would be a direct cause of terrorism. Furthermore, there is currently no empirical evidence to suggest that irregular immigrants (first-generation immigrants) are more prone to becoming terrorists. However, it must be noted that migration flows from countries where terrorism is more frequent do have a more significant impact on attacks in destination countries. Ultimately, all the findings suggest that, despite extensive political and media claims to the contrary, unauthorized immigration has not been a central driver of terrorist activities in recent decades.

“We're at the Door of Still Greater Progress”: Historical Narratives, Ethno-racial Conflict, and Place in Gonzales, Texas, at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Abstract At the turn of the twentieth century, the White business community of Gonzales, a small town in central Texas, envisioned a bright future for the town. It imagined Gonzales as an important town, civilized, progressive, and ethno-racially defined, with the White community—mostly Anglo Texans and German Texans—as protagonists, and African Texans and Mexican Texans as extras. At the time, the region was undergoing major economic, technological, and demographic changes, including the influx of European and Mexican immigrants. Together with a more independent African Texan community, these changes challenged the dominant southern narrative and strengthened both an emerging Progress narrative and several counter-narratives related to historical celebrations such as Decoration Day, Juneteenth, and 16 de septiembre. In this article, I study the White community's efforts to strengthen an ethno-racially defined, business-oriented community. These efforts involved not only specific business initiatives, but also violence against and marginalization of minorities, as well as a substantial rewriting of the narrative that defined Gonzales as a place. Zooming in on Gonzales makes apparent the ways in which the White community had to continuously modify itself and its vision of Gonzales to maintain power. The case study offers insights into broader issues relating to uses of history and place, and how narratives shape, and are shaped by, ethno-racial dynamics.

Evaluating environmental impacts of micro, mini and small hydropower plants in Norway

Small-scale hydropower plants with an installed capacity <10 MW are an important part of Norway’s local and regional development. Small-scale facilities have been viewed as a relatively environmentally friendly form of energy production because they are assumed to have limited negative environmental impact. However, the plants potentially have environmental impacts related to land use changes from infrastructure installation and also instream effects such as barriers to fish migration or disturbed flow conditions within bypasses. We used a remote sensing and GIS approach to examine the relative environmental impacts of three different size classes of Norwegian small-scale plants – categorized as micro (< 0.1 MW), mini (0.1 – 1 MW) and small (1 – 10 MW). We evaluated 148 small-scale hydropower projects in Trøndelag, central Norway, focusing on their footprint and potential environmental impacts. Our analysis showed a slight preference for siting in forested habitat and, in particular, forested gorges associated with high biodiversity. However, most hydropower plants were not sited in forested gorges, or in areas with high predicted intensities of threatened terrestrial species. Similarly, there was little overlap with known migratory paths of Atlantic salmon and sea trout, or with archived occurrence records of instream fishes: salmon, trout or European eel. A low degree of overlap was attributed to the limited number of projects compared to the extensive distribution of these fish populations. The footprint areas of the projects were small (< 4 ha) but increased with the size of the hydropower plants. Individual micro plants likely had low impact within their footprint because they required the least infrastructure for installation, and lacked dams which may act as barriers to fish movements. However, small plants were more land-use efficient. Our findings suggest that all size classes of small-scale hydropower plant have a role in balancing Norway’s goals of minimizing environmental impacts of energy production while contributing to local and regional development.

Internal and External Factors Contributing to New RESIDENTS’ EXPERIENCES in Acquiring Legal Information

The changes in migration flows in Europe have challenged not only those countries which have received a large influx of new residents, but also countries which had less experience of this in practice. One of the reasons is related to the fact that welcoming is followed by an integration process into different spheres of social life. Therefore, this research focuses on migrants’ integration into the host countries’ legal environment, particularly with respect to acquiring legal information. The study aims to answer what are the internal and external factors that contribute to new residents’ experience in acquiring knowledge in the host country’s legal environment. The results are based on analyses of the experiences of Ukrainian immigrants living in Lithuania and in Spain, focusing on the research subtopics: a) What are the conceptual challenges faced by new residents while integrating into the linguistic space of legal relations? (b) What are Ukrainians’ experiences in obtaining legal information in Lithuania and Spain? and c) What are the observed patterns for the dissemination of legal information? The analysis reveals that new residents face systemic and personal obstacles in accessing and applying information about the legal framework of the host country. Ukrainian citizens residing in both Lithuania and Spain face difficulties in obtaining information on legalities, although the challenges they face are not identical, due to the different institutional characteristics of the countries. The study shows that it is not the institutions, but rather an inner circle of informal contacts, that help obtain, verify and share knowledge about legal regulations.

Labor Market Conditions and Labor Migration in Russian Regions

In recent years, the Russian labor market has been in an extremely tense state, close to “overheating,” which poses risks for the economic development of the country. The most dynamically changing components of the market are the demand for labor and its supply. In the context of population decline, migration remains a flexible and effective mechanism for replenishing the labor force. Differences in the demographic and socio-economic situation in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries, primarily Central Asian ones, create preconditions for cross-border population movements, while the differentiation of various indicators of Russian regions becomes a factor in intra-country migration. In this study, the authors set the task of assessing the extent to which the situation in regional labor markets can influence the intensity of both international and interregional migration flows in Russia, ensuring their self-regulation and balancing. For this purpose, we constructed a clustering of the subjects of the Russian Federation based on the main indicators of labor supply and demand, as well as the intensity of labor migration flows in various directions. Then a correlation analysis of the selected indicators was carried out. The results show that, in general, labor migration smooths out imbalances in regional markets, but the effect of self-regulation mechanisms is far from perfect. For example, there is no linear relationship between tension in the labor market and the intensity of arrival of labor migrants. Based on the findings, the authors conclude by making recommendations regarding the need to create and improve federal mechanisms to ensure contact between employers and job seekers from different regions and to stimulate labor mobility of their populations.

Foreign Experience in Managing Educational Emigration of Youth

Educational migration has become an integral part of the development of higher education systems in large countries and a way to solve several social, economic, and demographic problems. The article analyzes the approaches of a few states to the regulation of outbound educational migration, i.e. aimed at preserving human capital within the country, or an attempt to attract students studying abroad to scientific, social, cultural, or economic projects implemented by the country. The article identifies three groups of tools used in the state policy of educational migration management: retention, return and involvement. Examples of countries implementing certain programs belonging to these three groups are given. The paper analyzes the shortcomings of domestic methods of managing the flows of educational migrants and makes recommendations that could be considered when adjusting national policy in this area, allowing expanding the target audience of measures already being implemented, as well as allowing Russia to use the potential of students abroad of domestic students within the framework of “brain circulation”.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Labor Migration and Migration Policy in Central Asian Countries

The research aims to determine the impact that the global COVID-19 pandemic had on labor migrants and the migration policy in Central Asian countries. During the research, the authors use statistical and sociological methods. Thus, the authors determine the number of arrivals and departures for a particular period, the composition of migrants, and the migration direction. The restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated many issues of migration from Central Asia and the situation of migrants in Russia. If the impact of COVID-19 restrictions continues and the income of migrants continues to decrease, migration participants will be forced to take emergency measures by actively returning to their homeland. Under these conditions, socio-economic tension in the donor countries may grow. The research establishes that the existing sanitary and epidemiological restrictions could contribute to the transformation of migration processes in the countries of Central Asia, including the reorientation of labor migrant flows to new directions and the strengthening of the tendency to receive the right to obtain a Russian passport. The authors propose several practical recommendations to reduce the negative impact of the pandemic on the migration processes in Central Asia. As the research shows, creating and developing new jobs in Central Asian countries is an issue of prime necessity, as is a high dependence of the economy on remittances from migrant workers.

Los primeros escritos cristianos en latín

Tertullian, the first known Christian author to write in Latin, was active in Africa at the end of the second century. In the same region, anonymous martyrial writings in Latin were already circulating prior to his words (Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs, ca. AD 180). Although some have atributed to Pope Victor the title of the first Latin Christian writer in Rome, this claim lacks conclusive evidence. It is possible that the earliest Roman Christian works in Latin were the translations of 1 Clement and Hermas, while the earliest Latin translatinos of the NT would have taken place in Africa. This suggests that the Latinisations of Christian communities in Africa preceded those in Rome, which would be explained by the local linguistic configuration and the steady flow of Greek-speaking Eastern Christian migrants to the imperial capital.

Navigating contradictions: justifications and imaginaries of the initiators of European migration information campaigns

AbstractEuropean states employ migration information campaigns (MICs) to discourage irregular migration to Europe by people from the Global South. Campaigns are justified by their initiators in various ways. On the one hand, campaigns are said to protect ‘potential migrants’ by helping them to make informed decisions (‘care’). On the other hand, campaigns respond to Europe's security objective of restricting migration flows (‘control’). Researchers have looked at various intermediaries involved in these campaigns. Yet, little attention has been given to individual European policy actors who decide on the funding and design of campaigns and how they navigate between campaigns' contradictory intentions to care for ‘potential migrants’ and to control borders. How do European campaign initiators justify the need for MICs? And what does this tell us about the migration imaginaries of those who develop migration governance measures? Based on interviews with European policymakers and campaign designers in the Netherlands and Senegal, this article examines their discursive acts of legitimation. It shows that in justifying their everyday work, they imagine themselves as humanitarian actors, and ‘potential migrants’ as depoliticized subjects in need of care. While initiators do sometimes examine campaigns critically, they build a worldview in which care is instrumental to border enforcement and in which compassion becomes a form of repressive ‘soft’ bordering.

Migration Component of Cooperation between Russia and Tajikistan

Aim. The article is devoted to the argumentation of the role of the migration component of labor resources, identification of socio-economic consequences of labor migration and development of approaches to its regulation in the interaction between Russia and the Republic of Tajikistan.Tasks. To study the role of Tajikistan in the formation and use of labor resources of Russia, to study the causes and consequences of the transformation of migration processes in the Republic of Tajikistan, to substantiate the prospects for the development of the migration component of interaction between Russia and the Republic of Tajikistan.Methods. The study used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparisons and groupings, economic and statistical analysis, evolutionary and historical approaches; used the legislative base and generalized literature sources on the topic of the study.Results. The study revealed a significant role of migration processes in the formation and use of labor resources, as evidenced by the average annual changes in this indicator calculated by the authors for more than a decade. The relevance of the study of the migration component of interaction between Russia and the Republic of Tajikistan is confirmed by its high share in the total migration flow. The article substantiates a set of factors affecting the migration component of labor resources. The main ones include: multipolarity, confirmed by the creation of interstate associations such as BRICS; changes in migration legislation regulating the activities of migrants, both in the host country and in the country of origin; the development of digital technologies, contributing to the expansion of the use of nonstandard forms of employment such as freelancing and platform employment. In the process of the research, the fundamental principles of forming the labor potential of migrants, which, in our opinion, contribute to the improvement of their labor potential, were identified. It is argued that it is advisable to focus attention not only on the organizational and economic efficiency of production processes. The article concludes that in regulating labor migration it is necessary to take into account the transition from the model of standardized employment to individualized employment, which significantly affects migrants and is confirmed by the spread of precarious work among them.Conclusions. This study examines the migration component of interaction between Russia and the Republic of Tajikistan, which is very important for both countries. For Russia, the expediency of migration processes is due to the fact that they contribute to the solution of demographic and related problems, including the replenishment of the labor force at the expense of young and middle-aged people. For the Republic of Tajikistan, migration is part of the state policy on labor market regulation, which is confirmed by current and prospective measures to regulate the labor market in this country. The positive result of interaction between Russia and the Republic of Tajikistan is achieved with a comprehensive approach to solving this problem, providing for statistical substantiation of the need for labor resources, adequate to changing conditions legislative framework, close connection with the sphere of education. Modern computer technologies cause a high degree of digitalization of organizational and labor processes, manifested in the expansion of non-standard, including precarious, forms of employment, which implies the need for their monitoring and regulation.

Unravelling the potential relationship between the climate crisis and the health of migrant children in LAC: perceptions from migrant parents and healthcare professionals in Chile.

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the regions most affected by the climate crisis, which is connected to international migration through a complex nexus. During the last years, migratory flows on the continent have increasingly included children and adolescents who are migrating through non-authorised crossing points. The existing literature shows how inequities negatively affect migrant children and the role that healthcare systems can play to mitigate them. Based on a qualitative study, the paper aims to analyse the role of the climate crisis on the healthcare needs of migrant children from LAC who are currently living in Chile, from the point of view of parents from five main countries of immigration in Chile and healthcare professionals. An exploratory study was conducted in Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago. In-depth interviews with 20 migrant parents and 20 healthcare professionals were carried out. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and a thematic analysis was performed. Three findings emerged from this study: (1) food insecurity affects LAC migrant children in their country of origin and during their migratory trajectories to Chile, (2) natural disasters and environmental degradation in the countries of origin are not the only drivers of migration for LAC families but also prevent returns, even when they remain undocumented and (3) LAC migrant children are exposed to urban pollution and contaminants in informal settlements due to difficulties in accessing formal housing, among others. The climate crisis must be integrated into the study of migrant health in LAC, considering the current context of multiple political, health and economic crises in the region. Healthcare professionals and communities play a central role in creating interventions to build sustainable and resilient universal healthcare systems.

Evolution of community-associated MRSA: a 20-year genomic and epidemiological study in Region Örebro County, Sweden

BackgroundMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been an issue in healthcare since the 1960s. It was initially found only in healthcare facilities, but in the late 1990s it began to be seen with no healthcare connexion. The mechanisms of intercontinental and national spread are not fully understood, as sometimes novel outbreaks occur without any identifiable source or connexion to locally dominant clonal clusters.MethodsThis study investigated the epidemiology and genomics of community-associated MRSA in Region Örebro County, Sweden, through 330 isolates collected between 2000 and 2019.ResultsA shift in the dominant sequence type (ST) from ST80 to ST22 occurred in 2011–2019, along with an increase in the prevalence of STs belonging to clonal complexes CC5 and CC22. Both ST8 and ST80 isolates seemed to give way to emerging ST22 isolates, also indicated by the declining presence of the USA300 clone. The staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) type IV Remained dominant.ConclusionsThe SCCmec type IV characteristic appears to be relatively geographically stable, possibly due to its low fitness cost and transductal capabilities. This warrants further studies of SCCmec type IV variant's survival mechanics as well as the effects of migratory flow on local epidemiology, in preparation for future possible outbreaks.

SOCIOCULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PROGRAMS AND POLICIES FOR MIGRANT CHILDREN IN ASIA-PACIFIC COUNTRIES: A MULTIPLE CASE STUDY

This study aims to analyze the educational and sociocultural aspects of migrant education programs and policies implemented in selected Asia-Pacific countries exposed to high migration flows for many years. This research was based on a multiple case study design. The study group included four Asia-Pacific (the United States, New Zealand, Japan and the Republic of Korea) countries. The data for this study consisted of official documents and was analyzed using content analysis. From an educational standpoint, this study found that most countries provided individual learning opportunities for migrant children in their programs or policies through pedagogical ways, considering migrant children’s past academic experiences, cultural backgrounds, and social life standards. The second educational perspective observed in education programs or policies was the role and importance of language development programs. From a sociocultural standpoint, most countries aimed to provide continuous social adaptation support, especially for migrant children, from their first entry into the host country to the following years without exposure to interruption/administrative challenges. This study suggests key policy actions for countries that are increasingly exposed to migration movements and do not have extensive historical experience in accepting and integrating domestic and international migrants into their social systems.

Law and Order in Exile Communities in Early Modern Norfolk

AbstractIn November 1565, Queen Elizabeth issued Letters Patent permitting thirty textile masters from the Low Countries to settle in Norwich and practice their trade. By early 1566, two language communities, one Dutch and the other French, had been established, each with its own church. However, in the wake of the Iconoclastic Fury in the Low Countries, which began in August 1566, many Calvinists left their homes and moved to Norwich. By 1568, the number of exiles in the town exceeded 2000. This led to tensions between the exile community and local people. Alongside a raft of regulations setting limits on the exiles’ commercial activities, the local authorities asked the Dutch and French communities to elect officials to maintain order within their communities and to act as a bridge in relations with the Anglophone community. These officials, known as politicke mannen in Dutch and hommes politiques in French, were elected annually for over 150 years. This article examines how they kept order within their communities and how they maintained relations with the local authorities, above all the mayor and the town council. It does so using correspondence and two minute‐books of the weekly meetings of these officials in the town's Guildhall. Furthermore, the article examines how this ad hoc solution to the sudden influx of migrants provided a template for the maintaining of law and order in other English towns with significant exile communities.