Country Of Immigration Research Articles

From Divided to Diasporic: Re-envisioning Italian American Texts through Transformative Translingual Practices

From Divided to Diasporic: Re-envisioning Italian American Texts through Transformative Translingual Practices

Immigrants' Contribution to Innovativeness: Evidence from a Non-Selective Immigration Country

The economic consequences of migration are hotly debated and a main topic of recent populist movements across Europe. We analyze Polish immigration in the context of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union and find a positive and significant spillover effect of the immigrants on the number of local inventors in German counties in 2001-2010. For causal identification, we exploit a historical episode in the Polish migration history to Germany before the fall of the Iron Curtain and construct a shift-share instrument. Our results differ from findings for high-skilled migration to the United States, which is particularly interesting as Polish immigration to Germany was not based on selection by qualification in our period of analysis.

Introduction: Fertility and Social Inequalities in Migrant Populations: a Look at the Roles of Selection, Context of Reception, and Employment

This paper is the introduction to the Special Issue on “Fertility and social inequalities in migrant populations.” The Special Issue contains twelve empirical papers that deal with both international migrants and internal migrants, both women and men, both older migrant populations spanning several generations as well as recent immigrant groups, such as refugees, and include analyses of both behavior and intentions. The data used comprise macro indicators and individual-level data as well as qualitative material. Regional contexts include classical immigration countries in Europe and Oceania as well as relatively recent destinations. The papers draw on several comparative perspectives—migrants at destination, emigrants and stayers at origin, migrants with different numbers of children upon migration, and different migrant generations—to address three large questions. Six papers explore the role of time and sequencing in migrant fertility, in relation to both period effects and sequencing of births in the life course, as well as the role selection into migration plays in female and male migrants’ fertility behavior. Four papers focus into how regional variation in the receiving contexts shapes fertility behavior, highlighting the role of migrant type, human capital, and social capital. Two papers look at how childbearing is associated with different degrees of economic assimilation, i.e., maternal employment. Overall, this Special Issue demonstrates the large heterogeneity in fertility among migrant and ethnic minority groups. Social inequalities shape fertility differentials, which in turn influence subsequent life courses of migrants and ethnic minority group members. Future research on migrant assimilation should pay more attention to variation in demographic behavior.

Migration of high-skilled and STEM professionals from India: Addressing Global Compact for Migration objective 1

This research note examines the dimension and characteristics of the outflow of Indian high-skilled and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) professionals to five key destination countries, namely, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Indian migrants constitute a significant and growing share of high-skilled and STEM professionals in the major immigration countries of the world. Statistics highlight the proposition that retaining them is vital for the origin countries to realize the Sustainable Development Goals with particular focus on mitigating global inequalities in the 21st century. This note also addresses objective 1 of the Global Compact for Migration by exploring specific statistics on emigration from India representing the Global South.

The general health status of newly arrived asylum seekers in Denmark.

The number of asylum seekers in Europe is increasing and is likely to do so continuously due to conflicts, poverty and climate. Asylum seekers are exposed to many health risk factors related to their migration process and this study aimed to explore their general health status on arrival at an immigration country. A retrospective study including 1907 general health assessments (GHAs) of adult asylum seekers arriving in Denmark between 1 September 2017 and 31 December 2019 was undertaken. The GHA is offered to all adult asylum seekers as part of the health-care reception programme. Only asylum seekers who attended the GHA within 1 month of their arrival in Denmark were included. Data comprised sociodemographic factors, health outcomes, and indication of exposure to trauma and torture. Data were described by absolute and relative frequencies, means and through regression analyses. The majority of asylum seekers were male (58.6%) of Middle Eastern origin with a mean age of 33.6 years (SD = 12.1). More than half (60.1%) of the participants had one or more physical health complaints, whereas mental health complaints were less frequent (25.0%). Asylum seekers, who had been exposed to trauma were more likely to have physical health complaints (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.22;1.89) and to have symptoms of mental health problems (OR 12.71, 95% CI 8.76;18.45). These complaints were substantially elevated for survivors of torture. This relatively high prevalence of health complaints, both physical and mental, emphasises the necessity of providing appropriate and timely health care from the very beginning of the asylum process.

City, Consumption and Interculturalism: How Cities Can Facilitate Consumer Acculturation

With the rise of interculturalism as an alternative paradigm to the dominant multicultural integration policies in immigration countries, the importance of cities, as landscapes of intercultural interactions and consumption has become more and more important. This study aims to investigate how cities and city-related consumption practices play a role in consumer acculturation, an area that is largely overlooked in previous research. A hermeneutic approach is used to analyse and interpret the data collected through semi-structured and unstructured go-along interviews with 18 Iranian immigrants who live in Dortmund, Germany. Beyond the dichotomy of the home and host countries, the findings of this study show how city-related activities and interactions can lead to the construction of a sense of belonging to the hosting society. We show how such a sense of belonging can be constructed through immigrant consumers’ involvement in city-related rituals, private appropriation of public space and reterritorialisation.

How Hoteliers Act in the Form of Organized Crime in Human Trafficking: A Case Study from Turkey

Because of supply and demand factors, human trafficking for sexual exploitation has always been a profitable industry. Turkey, as a host country for immigrants from both former Soviet countries and the Middle East, combines supply and demand together, attracting illicit business. Few studies have been conducted in the previous two decades to investigate the organized criminal element of human trafficking in this region. This research is based on ethnographic research in which trafficking victims (N = 11) were interviewed, and on-site observations were made. Our findings revealed that the trafficking industry in our study area was carried out by persons who were only loosely related to one another. There was no sophisticated, long-lasting sex trafficking organization. Membership was not severely limited, and individuals did not identify themselves as members of a well-known criminal organization. We provided policy recommendations and proposals for future research to address female trafficking for sexual exploitation.

Göç İçin Karar Verme Sürecinde Üç Temel Faktör: Karar Kalitesi, Uygulama, Zamanlama

In the decision-making process in Tabak (2020) model, three factors must be met to be successful: Decision quality, implementation, and timing. In the article, the predictions of this decision-making model were observed on immigrants. It has been determined that those who managed to migrate act in harmony with this model. Before making a decision, the individual knows the reasons for going, examines the countries receiving immigration and collects resources. In this process, acquiring an international profession, working in an international company, learning a foreign language, visiting the target country, catching job opportunities and acquiring a social environment are the best practices of the preparation period. Migrating as a career professional or learning a profession in the place of migration facilitates the migration process. In practice, perseverance, tolerance for uncertainties, using opportunities in the country of immigration, attending language or education programs first, and leaving family members one by one bring success. In terms of timing, being young, single, childless, a child at a young age and beginning of his/her career help to move faster and more flexible.

Academic achievement of immigrant children in Irish primary schools: the role of capitals and school context

Educational achievement is one of the key indicators of labour market success, yet previous research shows that in many countries, children from immigrant backgrounds struggle to match their native peers in terms of achievement. Despite high educational aspirations, migrant parents may struggle to "convert" their social and cultural capital to support their children’s achievement in their country of destination. Ireland is an interesting case study as there was substantial and rapid immigration of a diverse group of migrants, many of whom were European, to a school system that was predominantly White, Catholic, Irish and English-speaking. Drawing on the extensive literature on academic achievement of immigrant children and youth, this paper explores the academic achievement of 9-year-old immigrant children in a ‘new immigration country’, just after the peak of inward migration. The results show that unlike in many ‘old’ immigrant-receiving countries, the immigrant "penalty" in achievement in Ireland is modest, with social and cultural capital playing a salient role in English reading achievement, particularly for East Europeans, for whom the gap is greatest. Understanding the patterns of linguistic integration for recent migrant children may help us understand these processes in the case of subsequent movements of children and their families in Europe.

The Attitude of Norwegian Lithuanians Towards Migration to Norway

Based on the data of an empirical research conducted in 2021, the article discusses the attitudes of the Lithuanians living in Norway towards this country. It analyses what encourages Lithuanians to emigrate to this country and stay there permanently; why Norway seems attractive; what associations Norway raises for Lithuanians; whether this country is a good place to raise and bring up children, and other relevant issues often discussed in the Lithuanian media. The results of the survey are compared with the results of previous research done by other researchers. The majority of the Lithuanians living in Norway are satisfied with their living conditions in this country and would not change their country of immigration even if they had such an opportunity. For the Lithuanians living in Norway, this country is more often associated with positive (such as beautiful nature, peace, security, freedom, stability, friendliness, tolerance, and equality) rather than negative aspects of Norway. In 2021, at the time of the study, most Lithuanians residing in Norway felt fully integrated and said that they were trying to accept Norwegian culture and traditions as much as it was important for communicating with the locals. Nevertheless, Lithuanians try to uphold their Lithuanian identity and traditions while living in a foreign country. In comparison with the results of the surveys of previous years, the present study shows that Lithuanians in Norway are less and less ashamed of their nationality and increasingly express pride in their homeland.

Effect of migration on lung diseases

Genel nüfusla karşılaştırıldığında, göçmenler karmaşık sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve fiziksel çevresel geçmişleri nedeniyle olumsuz sağlık sonuçlarına karşı daha savunmasız olabilir. Göçmenler, ev sahibi ülkelerdeki değişen fiziksel ve sosyo-kültürel ortamlar, hastalık modellerinde kademeli bir değişimi beraberinde getirirken, menşe bölgeleri için tipik olan risk profillerinin bir kısmını korurlar. Pek çok ülkede göçmenlerin çoğu, ciddi çevresel ve mesleki riskler oluşturan, akciğer sağlığını olumsuz etkileyen madencilik, inşaat ve imalat işleri gibi işlerde çalışmaktadır. Son yıllarda, pek çok göç alan ülkenin endüstriyel yapısındaki önemli değişiklikler, mesleki solunum tehlikelerine maruz kalma durumlarını değiştirmiş ve bu nedenle mesleki solunum yolu hastalıklarının yükünü artırmıştır. COVID-19 pandemisi, akciğer sağlık sorunlarını etkileyen sosyal belirleyicilerinin belirgin yaşandığı tarihe geçecek bir deneyim olmuştur, bu süreçte de en fazla göçmenler etkilenmiştir. Karşılanamaz sağlık hizmetleri birçok göçmen için önemli bir engel olmaya devam etmektedir. Göçmenlerin başta koruyucu hizmetler olmak üzere tüm hizmetlere erişiminin sağlanması yanı sıra yaşam koşullarının da iyileştirilmesi ile akciğer sağlığı sorunları çözülebilir.

Onwards and upwards? The educational and occupational expectations of Irish teens of migrant descent

While students of immigrant origin often face difficulties during their school career, their educational aspirations and expectations have been found to be relatively high. Less is known, however, about the aspirations and expectations of students of migrant descent in more recent countries of immigration. Furthermore, occupational expectations have received less attention in the literature. Drawing on data from a nationally representative longitudinal study of Irish children, this paper provides the first investigation of the Irish case by comparing the educational and occupational expectations of Irish teens across five ethnic groups. Additionally, it explores how these expectations might translate into entry into third-level education by linking them to subject level choice in secondary school. The results suggest that expectations and subject level choice may be surprisingly similar across the groups, with no evidence of any substantial differences being found.

The perception of Polish economic immigrants in Great Britain

Great Britain is perceived as a traditional immigrant country. In relation to Poland, the process of immigration to the British Isles – especially for economic purposes – intensified after 2004, with the accession to the European Union. The perception of immigrants in the UK began to change in the first months after the referendum on Brexit, when there was an increase in hate crimes, mainly xenophobic crimes. The article presents the subject of Polish economic immigrants in the United Kingdom. Based on their own research conducted among Poles living in Leicester, the authors describe the perception of this group, taking into account positive and negative features of Poles, stereotypes associated therewith or the problem of discrimination (including language discrimination).

Cognitive and non-cognitive abilities of immigrants: New perspectives on migrant quality from a selective immigration country

We study innate ability – a traditionally unobserved component of migrant quality – in Australia, one of the top six destination countries worldwide. We proxy innate ability with validated and widely used measures of non-cognitive (personality) and cognitive (task performance) skills. We find that both first- and second-generation immigrants consistently outperform Australian-born residents with no immediate migration background (natives) on socially beneficial personality traits (Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience) and cognitive ability measures associated with high levels of executive function (coding speed), independent of their gender. The migrant pool resulting from the phase in of a selective immigration policy since 1974 was significantly better educated and more diversified in terms of language background relative to earlier arrivals. Although this meant that the point system attracted migrants with poorer English-language skills relative to natives with equal educational attainment, it did not change their innate ability composition or labor market outcomes. We conclude that selecting migrants based on observable quality characteristics did not lead to a migrant pool of lower quality in traditionally unobservable characteristics in the Australian immigration context.

The normalisation of welfare chauvinism

The normalisation of welfare chauvinism

Redes, interligações e sistemas migratórios num Portugal europeu e atlântico

In this article we will justify how the characteristics of Portugal, a country of emigration and a country of immigration, result from its structural insertion at the intersection between different migratory systems: the European migratory system (in which the freedom of movement of products, services and people is the foundation of the potential of migratory circulation) and the lusophone migratory system (a post-colonial political system made up of cultural, economic and political complicities that are still being consolidated). In addition to belonging to these early migratory systems, the growing importance of a global migratory system helps to contextualize migrations from (and to) Portugal, the type and profile of migrants and furthermore to explain the social structure of Portuguese emigration and immigration in Portugal.

고려 시대 미용 문화에 대한 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze how Korea's beauty culture was influenced by the original influence period of the Goryeo Period. Therefore, this paper aims to show how people's hairstyles during the Goryeo Period changed and how they influenced the beauty culture of the Joseon Period. According to the study, women in the Goryeo Period after the interference of the Yuan Period, it was found that she marriage to a country of immigrants and had a great significant influence on changes in hair style, clothing, and makeup, but did not change the hair style and dress with the mark of a Goryeo woman. This phenomenon formed Goryeo Yang after the middle period and created a culture unique to the Goryeo period, and it could be confirmed that the splendor of this Goryeo period also had a great deal of influence on the Joseon Period.

On Chinese feminist art from the perspective of globalization

In comparison with the expression of feminist art during the second wave of the feminism movement in the United States, Chinese feminist art embodies similar development paths but with different pursuits. Immigrant countries determine that feminist art in the United States has different aims on account of artists of different races and nationalities, such as black women discussing racial discrimination and immigration; European immigrants criticize patriarchy from the perspective of Western art history; and LGBT people are oppressed by society. However, Chinese feminist art also has its own unique artistic expression objects and goals in the development and evolution of feminist theory. Aiming at the prevalent problem of preference for boys over girls and gender inequality, Chinese female artists criticize the hidden gender discrimination in society in a particular way.

Social Integration and Residence Intention of Foreigners in Western China: Evidence from Xi'an.

Since “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) of 2014, the number of foreigners in China has increased rapidly and China has become an importing country for immigrants, a change ongoing since the beginning of the 21st century. To respond to the rapidly increasing number of foreigners in China, the government frequently revised the immigration policies and issued new regulations for foreigners. However, scholars understand very little about how the foreigners perceive their integration into Chinese society or decide to pursue long-term residency or lawful permanent resident status. While some pioneering studies touch on this, with samples from the coastal megacities, no empirical evidence has been collected from smaller, inner cities. Three new findings about the foreigners in Xi’an, a major city in western China, fill this literature gap. First, the level of subjective social integration is largely influenced by the local networks. Second, the level of objective social integration depends largely on local and hometown networks. Third, the intention to obtain long-term and permanent residency in China is more evident in those foreigners who come from countries covered by the BRI and who consider China to be a better place to live than their home country.

Türkiye’de Göçmenlere Yönelik Sosyal Koruma Rejiminde Değişim ve İşgücü Piyasalarına Etkileri

Turkey has been exposed to constant migration flows in the historical process, and Anatolia has been shaped as a migration geography. The civil war in Syria in 2011 became a turning point in migration to Turkey. The Turkish social welfare regime, which mostly covers immigrants from Europe, has been reshaped after the influx of Syrian refugees. This study deals with the impact of the change in the social welfare regime on the migration movements towards Turkey. On the other hand, the effect of opportunity areas in the labor market in Turkey on foreign migration, which has been in a constantly increasing trend after 2011, is evaluated. The welfare regime models to which the countries belong are shown among the main motivations of the migration mobility to that country. In this respect, the access of immigrants to a range of social rights is evaluated according to the welfare regime of immigrant country. In this context, the social protection regime for immigrants is analyzed based on Turkey's welfare regime model. The literature on migration in Turkey mostly tends to deal with Syrian migrants and the problem of mutual integration and exclusion of this group. However, increasing migration movements in recent years put forward labor migration in migration from different geographies to Turkey. In this respect, the reasons of why immigrants prefer Turkey are discussed based on both the scope of the social protection regime and the opportunities in the labor market. While the social protection regime tends to cover mostly Syrians under Temporary Protection, the increased mobility of other migrants to Turkey is largely due to opportunities in the labor market.