Arrival Of Immigrants Research Articles

Influxes and invaders: the intersections between the metaphoric construction of immigrant otherness and ethnonationalism

ABSTRACT Metaphors are a feature of public immigration discourse, with “undesirable” immigrants referred to as invasions, influxes, and floods both in the press and by politicians. Within Australia, such metaphors date back to the arrival of Chinese immigrants during the gold rushes (1850s), reoccurring with every large-scale arrival of non-white immigrants. Enacting racialized immigration restrictions was one of the foundational acts of the new Australian nation (1901), with whiteness enshrined as fundamental to national identity within the White Australia policy. Yet despite the abolition of the policy in the 1970s and the shift to multiculturalism, increasing non-white immigration has been accompanied by an intensification of negative immigration metaphors. I argue that this is because metaphors which construct racialized immigrant Otherness simultaneously flag ethnonationalist understandings about what it means to be Australian by implicitly centring (Anglo) whiteness as the defining feature of Australian national identity in a way no longer explicitly possible.

Wooden architectures: a cartography of Lages-SC

The primary interest in this article focuses on analyzing the wood architecture in the context of the city of Lages, in the State of Santa Catarina. A work that is produced as an unfolding of other actions and that seeks to build a cartography of wood architectures from the macro-region of the State of Santa Catarina, to a microterritoriality, analyzing the details of a wooden shed in the municipality of Lages-SC. The data used come from bibliographic references and clues about wood architectures derived from a fieldwork, with exploratory character and subject to discovery, surprise and unforeseen circumstances. In this historical process, the architecture in madeira catarinense, in general, accompanied the process of historical, cultural and economic transformation of its context. It begins with indigenous housing, methods brought by Portuguese settlers with the incorporation and adaptations to local resources, changing, later, with the arrival of European immigrants, especially during the nineteenth century, in view of the diversity of cultural traditions and the intensification and mechanization of logging. Thus, it seeks to draw, through data and clues, cartograms that map the wood architecture, in order to characterize its cultural traits, technological roots and vernacular ties. A process that intends, thus, to record the riches of knowledge widespread in most of the construction of popular dwellings in the State of Santa Catarina.

Young People and the Process of Secularisation in Contemporary Greek Society

During the last twenty years, a significant shift has taken place in Greek society. On the one hand, the religious context has been altered due to the arrival of immigrants and refugees with different religious backgrounds. On the other hand, young people seem to distance themselves from religion and the Orthodox Church in various ways. With the above in mind, this article will try to answer a number of questions: Are young people in contemporary Greek society religious? What do they think about the role of the Orthodox Church? How do they value the Church’s public discourse on issues such as immigration, gender equality, and homosexuality? Where do they stand on state–Church relations? How close are they to the Orthodox Church? Based on theoretical discussions about secularisation, secularism, and the post-secular, this article builds upon quantitative and qualitative research on young people from 17 to 35 years of age. The main argument is that young people seem to gradually move away from religion and the Orthodox Church, while in some cases, religion becomes a private matter; this indicates that there seems to be a process of secularisation underway, although further research is needed.

Women as Boundary Markers between Islam and Secularism in Julia Kristeva's Murder in Byzantium (2004) and Elif Şafak's The Bastard of Istanbul (2006)

ABSTRACT: The Bulgarian-French writer Julia Kristeva's Murder in Byzantium (2004) and Turkish novelist Elif Şafak's The Bastard of Istanbul (2006) show how both secular and veiled women become the ground upon which Turkey and France build their national identities. In Murder , the two narrators—the French journalist, Stephanie Delacour, and the unnamed narrator—associate secularism with modernization and progress, and Islam with backwardness and gender inequality. A financially independent world traveler, Stephanie constructs her identity as a foil to the allegedly subservient headscarved Turkish women and fears that French women's freedom might be endangered by the arrival of Muslim immigrants. Her elevation of her Slavic mother Christine and the Byzantine princess Anna Comnena as secular and rational Western women stands for her dream of a French national identity without Islamic influences. Şafak's novel, on the other hand, portrays Turkish female identity not as singular but complex, as the two sisters—the headscarved Banu and Zeliha wearing a miniskirt—live under the same roof. Şafak also portrays Turkish women's ambivalent position as the markers of modernity and tradition as the matriarch Gülsüm Kazancı criticizes Banu for defying secularism and Zeliha for her seductive clothes. Whereas Kristeva's narrators set French national identity in opposition to Islam and Turkish women, Şafak's novel challenges the flattened conception of Turkish femininity by depicting the hybridity of women's dress codes and religious practices. Both novels portray how secular Turkish and French nationalisms are imagined vis-à-vis female roles.

Evolution of plasticity prevents postinvasion extinction of a native forb

Exotic plant invaders pose a serious threat to native plants. However, despite showing inferior competitive ability and decreased performance, native species often subsist in invaded communities. The decline of native populations is hypothesized to be halted and eventually reversed if adaptive evolutionary changes can keep up with the environmental stress induced by invaders, that is, when population extinction is prevented by evolutionary rescue (ER). Nevertheless, evidence for the role of ER in postinvasion persistence of native flora remains scarce. Here, I explored the population density of a native forb, Veronica chamaedrys, and evaluated the changes in the shade-responsive traits of its populations distributed along the invasion chronosequence of an exotic transformer, Heracleum mantegazzianum, which was replicated in five areas. I found a U-shaped population trajectory that paralleled the evolution of plasticity to shade. Whereas V. chamaedrys genotypes from intact, more open sites exhibited a shade-tolerance strategy (pronounced leaf area/mass ratio), reduced light availability at the invaded sites selected for a shade-avoidance strategy (greater internode elongation). Field experiments subsequently confirmed that the shifts in shade-response strategies were adaptive and secured postinvasion population persistence, as indicated by further modeling. Alternative ecological mechanisms (habitat improvement or arrival of immigrants) were less likely explanations than ER for the observed population rebound, although the contribution of maternal effects cannot be dismissed. These results suggest that V. chamaedrys survived because of adaptive evolutionary changes operating on the same timescale as the invasion-induced stress, but the generality of ER for postinvasion persistence of native plants remains unknown.

New generations of respondents: assessing the representativity of the HILDA Survey's child sample.

An important aspect of an indefinite life household panel study is to provide a sample of children who become new generations of respondents over time. The representativity of children and young adults in the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey is assessed after 16 waves. Estimates from the HILDA Survey are compared to official data sources of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and include demographic, education, employment, income and residential mobility variables. Both cross-section and longitudinal estimates are assessed. Overall, the HILDA Survey estimates are relatively close to the ABS estimates with the exception of the year of arrival of recent immigrants, having foreign-born parents, having a certificate level qualification, type of relationship in household, having zero income, the main source of income, and residential mobility. Most of these exceptions can be explained by differences in questionnaire design, respondent recall error, linkage error, and differences in the amount of missing data. The estimate of particular concern is the proportion of immigrants arriving in the last five years, which is underestimated in the HILDA Survey due to undercoverage of recent immigrants. This could be addressed by regular refreshment samples of recent immigrants.

Migration Discourse and the New Socially Constructed Meanings of the English Lingua Franca

After the 1990s, the mass arrival of immigrants in Europe transformed the phenomenon of migration from a benefit into a problem and opened the debate to issues of first aid, security, expulsion and rejection. Even today, migrants are no longer seen as a socio-economic resource to be protected and regulated, but as a potential social problem affecting areas such as the economy, health and national security. The paper deals with the linguistically relevant literature about migration discourse (MD) and the role of English as lingua franca in public discourse related to the migration phenomenon. The latter part examines some traditional English key terms used to represent migrants since their mass arrival in Europe after the 1990s and concludes with the current international debate conducted by the mass media and nongovernmental organizations on the new, socially constructed meanings that some migration terms have acquired in the English lingua franca over the past decades.

Critical analysis of dehumanizing news photographs on immigrants: Examples of the portrayal of non-citizenship

This paper analyses the main visual characteristics of sub-Saharan immigrants represented as non-citizens in a sample from the Spanish press, and deepens on how this contributes to perpetuating the ‘we-they’ dichotomy. The data consist of all the news items published on sub-Saharan immigrants in the digital editions of the Spanish newspapers El País and ABC from 1 January 2016 to 1 January 2021. Kress and van Leeuwen’s visual grammar and van Leeuwen’s model for the visual representation of social actors will be the theoretical frameworks. The findings indicate that there are different visual ways to portray immigrants as non-citizens, which allows establishing this classification: representing immigrants’ arrival as illegal and clandestine, portraying them as invaders, representing immigrants as violent individuals or associating them with animalization. All these can be considered visual dysphemisms that problematize the arrival of immigrants and highlight the differences between Spanish population and immigrants.

Navigating Life and Work in Old Republic São Paulo by Molly C. Ball

Reviewed by: Navigating Life and Work in Old Republic São Paulo by Molly C. Ball Christian Brannstrom Molly C. Ball Navigating Life and Work in Old Republic São Paulo. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 2020. xvii + 271 pp. Table, maps, references, and index. $90 hardcover (ISBN 978-1-68340-166-7); $35 paper (ISBN 978-1-68340-171-1). São paulo, south america’s largest industrial mega-city, underwent rapid population, industrial, and financial growth between 1891 and 1930. The Old Republic period started with a new constitution and the abolition of slavery and was characterized by oligarchical rule alternating between political elites from São Paulo and Minas Gerais states, ending in Getúlio Vargas’s coup in 1930, with the First World War serving as an “inflection point for the working class” (p. 5). During the Old Republic, approximately 2.25 million immigrants arrived in the state of São Paulo, mainly from Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Nearly [End Page 217] 60% of arrivals were under state-subsidized programs. São Paulo’s population was 65,000 in 1890, and probably reached 580,000 in 1920, when two-thirds were foreign-born or first-generation Brazilians. Molly Ball’s Navigating Life and Work focuses on the “working lives of Paulistanos” (p. 2), the residents of São Paulo city, through economic and cultural history methods, using “mini biographies of Paulistanos” (p. 15), to deepen the statistical analysis of large datasets. Her major conclusion is that a “fractured Paulistano working class” emerged during the 1920s as a result of opportunity for “individuals with greater social connections, the right skin color, and willingness and opportunity to work in growing industries” (p. 20). By contrast, workers in textiles (mainly women), Afro-Brazilians, and the informal sector were left behind at the bottom of the emerging working class. Moreover, the state’s key organization—the Hospedaria de Imigrantes— helped perpetuate workforce discrimination and inequality. The Hospedaria, an immigrant hostel and key processing center supporting state efforts to encourage and subsidize international migration to the state, and current site of the state’s Museu da Imigração, “incentivized employers” to “search for cheap labor rather than long-term solutions” that undermined broader economic development (p. 173). The empirical richness and strengths of Ball’s work will interest historical geographers. She developed a representative sample of more than 2,000 immigrant arrivals (out of nearly 500,000 total) at the Hospedaria. She also developed a database on hiring, wage, and tenure patterns based on fichas de funcionários (employee records) of 5,000 workers at the Light (the electricity and urban transport company), the Paulista railway, the Jafet textile mill, and the Lojas Mappin department store. Ball supplemented these quantitative data by analyzing hundreds of letters sent by immigrants to families in Europe and Cartas de Chamada, which employers would use to directly call (chamar) a family member or potential employee to Brazil, bypassing the subsidized immigration system. Navigating starts with an excellent synopsis of immigration into São Paulo and describes the Hospedaria’s role in receiving immigrants by train from Santos and linking families to employers. Important supporting arguments to her overall claims include the finding that immigrants who signed work contracts in São Paulo city had double the likelihood to be literate as compared to workers to went into the state’s coffee fields (p. 33). One may question the use of literacy as a proxy for human capital, and Ball notes the fact that previous work experience was not captured in the Hospedaria’s records. Her analyses of the Hospedaria data also support her finding of highly variable literacy rates among immigrant groups (highest among German, Polish, and Japanese immigrants, and lowest for Portuguese immigrants), and how literacy rates increased 39% for adult male immigrants settling in the city in 1903–13 to 93% by the 1920s. Another example is her claim that between 1903–1927, an unskilled, single, male Portuguese worker was 40% more likely to be illiterate than his Brazilian counterpart, while the equivalent German worker was 17% more likely to be literate. Other important findings in Navigating include evidence for the role...

When winners win, and losers lose: are altruistic views on immigration always affordable?

AbstractThe existing literature postulates that individual-level attitudes toward immigration are partly determined via the effect of immigration on the labor market. In particular, the labor market competition hypothesis states that natives should oppose immigrants with similar qualifications because they threaten their jobs. Empirical findings, however, partly contradict this expectation. In this paper, we argue that one needs to evaluate immigration attitudes in a broader context since the impact of immigration should be mediated by actual job market competition. In industrialized countries, the arrival of high-skilled immigrants happens against a background in which economic globalization positively affects the demand for high-skilled labor. Thus, the influx of high-skilled immigrants should rarely increase job market competition. The opposite occurs for low-skilled workers, for which labor market insecurity is enhanced by both economic globalization and immigration. We find some support for our argument using micro-level data from 19 European countries.

Linguistically Responsive Leaders: Working With Multilingual Students and Their Families

The demographic composition of the United States (US) has transformed since the early 1990s with immigrant arrivals from Mexico and Central America. Education leaders frequently exit preparation programs without content focused on opportunities around working successfully with multilingual students. This qualitative case study explores the implementation of online learning modules focused on engaging multilingual students and their families that were embedded into advanced leadership preparation coursework. Utilizing data (e.g., classwork, fieldnotes, semi-structured interviews) collected from 10 participants, findings include recommendations for stronger preparation on multilingual learners and flexible learning experiences that encourage the application of knowledge in professional practice.

Catalyzing service providers’ potential to enhance immigrants’ social occupational possibilities

ABSTRACT With the ongoing arrival of immigrants and refugees to Canada, service providers play a pivotal role in offering occupational opportunities as a means of supporting integration within the host communities. However, few studies have adopted an occupational lens to explore service providers’ perspectives on their roles. In this study, we explored service provider perspectives on their role in providing social occupational opportunities for immigrants, and the barriers and promising practices that influence this role. A secondary analysis was conducted of 20 semi-structured interviews held with stakeholders from organizations that operated within the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Findings highlighted three main themes: 1) service providers are restricted in their capacity to provide social opportunities for immigrants; 2) barriers experienced by service providers emphasize a focus on economic integration; and 3) service providers utilize volunteering to provide social opportunities and build immigrants’ networks and skills. Resulting themes illustrate that institutional barriers emphasizing economic integration restrict the capacity of service providers to provide social occupations that are key for facilitating resettlement. This warrants critical questioning of current policies governing the Canadian settlement services sector.

Immigrants resettlement in developing countries: A data-driven decision tool applied to the case of Venezuelan immigrants in Colombia

Immigrants' choice of settlement in a new country can play a fundamental role in their socio-economic integration. This is especially relevant if there are important gaps among these locations in terms of significant factors such as job opportunities, quality of health service, among others. This research presents a methodology to perform a recommended geographic redistribution of immigrants to improve their chances of socio-economic integration. The proposed methodology adapts a data-driven algorithm developed by the Immigration Policy Lab at Stanford University to allocate immigrants based on a socio-economic integration outcome across available locations. We extend their approach to study the immigration process between two developing countries. Specifically, we focus on the case of the arrival of immigrants from Venezuela to Colombia. We consider the absorptive capacity of locations in Colombia and include the health and education needs of immigrants in our analysis. From the application in the Venezuelan-Colombian context, we find that the proposed redistribution increases the probability that immigrants access formal employment by more than 50%. Furthermore, we identify variables associated with immigrants' formal employment and discuss specific strategies to improve the probability of success of vulnerable immigrants.

Japanese Immigrants In Sarawak Before World War Two: Assimilation Through Inter-Ethnic Marriages

The arrival of Japanese immigrants, especially karayuki-san, traders, and farmers in Sarawak between the 1880s and1940s, has rarely been given sufficient attention by scholars. For the most part, not only did the Japanese immigrants successfully integrate into the economic eco-system, but they also assimilated with the locals through inter-marriages. Archival records, primarily obtained from the Sarawak State Archives, suggests that families of inter-ethnic marriages went through a life of hardship, especially when Japanese spouses or relatives were imprisoned in the internment camps soon after World War Two ended. For the most part, the research mainly focuses on Seiji Kuno or otherwise known as Mohamed Towpik Kuno, who married a local Malay woman and embraced Islam. The life of Kuno depicts the extent to which a Japanese immigrant became absorbed into the dominant culture of the mainstream Sarawak society. Kuno’s general attitude towards the local society, his service to the community in various capacities, his attitude towards political matters and finally, his religious inclination showcased the extent to which assimilation had taken place voluntarily. Apart from Kuno, the research also examines other personalities’ lives, like Sunao Miyaji, who was married to Lamah Binti Bakar, and Maria Osaichi and Oasa, who were Japanese immigrants married to Chinese Sarawakians. It is against this background that this research argues that marriages between Japanese immigrants and locals in Sarawak before World War Two was indeed a cause for further assimilation into the host culture between spouses, family members and the broader community. At the same time, the research posits that cemeteries involving Japanese immigrants should be promoted as tourist destinations as they reflect Sarawak’s rich multicultural heritage and history of assimilation with foreigners.

The Chinese Invasion: Settler Colonialism and the Metaphoric Construction of Race

ABSTRACT The arrival of Chinese immigrants during the Australian goldrushes of the 1850s precipitated a vehement backlash, culminating in legislation to restrict their immigration. Contemporary Australian press discourse focused on Chinese racial difference, with immigrants metaphorically constructed as invaders, influxes and hordes of barbarians. This article argues that Chinese immigrants were racialised through pre-existing metaphoric language of deviance and threat, while the metaphors became simultaneously codified as signifiers of racial difference. It further argues that this characterisation resulted from settler-colonial anxieties about legitimacy, which intensified due to Chinese immigration. The consequent racialisation of Chinese immigrants functioned as a means to displace both the violence of settler-colonial invasion and lower-class white deviance, facilitating the construction of the egalitarian white Australian subject.

Bolognina gym

Abstract This article describes the social organization of the ‘Tranvieri’ boxing gym in Bolognina, a working class Bologna neighbourhood that has seen rapid change over the last 20 years due to the closure of factories and arrival of immigrants, especially from the Maghreb. The population of the gym has changed accordingly: currently, about two-thirds of those attending the gym as a leisure centre are children of immigrants. I have studied the practices of everyday life, the ‘techniques of the body’ of these young boxers born in Italy but without citizenship, who frequent the gym daily after vocational school or work and attending to family responsibilities. For these young men, boxing is not a solution to the frustrations inflicted by a social world they perceive as indifferent, if not hostile, towards them; rather, it offers them a chance to be represented within that world as something other than merely excluded. As scholars have shown, boxing is a male world: women are perceived as extraneous to the gym and, although two or three women practise boxing at Tranvieri, female boxing is generally met with disapproval. The tension between the boxing world and the world of women is also exhibited in the conflict between trainers, who wish to strictly control the athletes in terms of diet, schedules and sexual practices, and the boxers’ mothers, wives and girlfriends.

Formation and Dynamics of Asian Community in Flushing, New York

This paper examines the formation and Dynamics of the Asian community in Flushing and the main activities of the community. Today, Flushing has grown into a representative city of religion and cultural diversity, as evidenced in the early days of urban formation. In the early 20th century, the main members of Flushing became Jews, Italians, and Greeks, turning white middle class residential area. In 1965, the immigration law of the United States changed, opening the door to immigration to Asian countries. Since the 1970s, Flushing has become a typical Asian American town with the arrival of Asian immigrants, including Koreans, Chinese, Taiwanese, and Indians. In recent years, as the Korean-Chinese people have flowed into Koreatown and Chinatown, they have formed a space and created a new landscape of the city. The Asian communities in Flushing regularly host traditional festivals and food culture festivals. In particular, the Korean and Chinese communities hold a memorial parade jointly with the traditional holiday, New Year s Day. Through this festival, Asian immigrants recognize cultural differences among them, and strengthen exchanges and communication. Recently, the Trump Administration has seriously undermined the historicity of Flushing, where all diversity is respected, by administrative orders and anti-immigration policies. Especially, psychological anxiety of Hispanics and Asian American immigrants is increasing. Minwkon Center, one of the Flushing Asian Communities, takes Actions for rights protection and political participation of Asian American immigrants including Korean Americans. Overall, the Asian American population in the United States is steadily increasing, but their political influence is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to increase their political power. The Asian community in Flushing should promote exchanges and solidarity among ethnic groups, and develop voter registration and active voting participation campaigns.

Prevalence of Latent TB and Effectiveness of BCG Vaccination Against Latent Tuberculosis: An Observational Study

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in immigrant children and adolescents (aged 0-17 years) living or recently arriving in Sweden. It also aimed to estimate the effectiveness of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against LTBI in immigrant children coming to Sweden from high-incidence countries, most of them being asylum seekers. LTBI was defined as a positive Quantiferon or a tuberculin skin test (TST) of ≥ 10 mm in small children from whom it was difficult to obtain 3 mL of blood. A typical BCG scar was used as a substitute for written documentation of BCG vaccination. The study comprised 1,404 immigrants aged 0-17 years. The arms and legs of all of them were inspected for a BCG scar, and Quantiferon or TST was performed. The study was a retrospective, observational, comparative cohort study. LTBI was found in 123 of 1,011 (12%) children with a BCG scar and in 116 of 393 (29.5%) without a BCG scar, giving an estimated vaccine effectiveness of 59%. LTBI was common among the immigrant children (17%). LTBI can progress to active TB and then spread in the immigrant population and to the general population if all immigrant arrivals are not tested and given prophylactic treatment if they have LTBI. The BCG vaccine was found to have a significant effect on LTBI (59%).

The Daily Life of Italian and Italian-Descendant Children in Tenements, Work and School (Sao Paulo, Late 19th And Early 20th Century)

From the late 19th century onwards, men, women and children from the Italian peninsula started playing an increasingly relevant role in the history of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The text herein aims to investigate the presence of Italian and Italian-descendant children in Sao Paulo, especially among the lower social classes, focusing on their daily survival conditions and also in their roles as workers and students. In order to carry out this investigation, our time frame spans the two last decades of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century – a period of significant arrivals of Italian immigrants to Sao Paulo. It was also a fruitful time in terms of the creation of Italian Schools and School Groups in neighborhoods where immigrants lived, as well as the creation of media content, written in both Italian and Portuguese, covering everyday life in factories and houses. Document analysis of references from Cultural History and the History of Childhood, as well as newspapers, official letters, consular dispatches and reports, public school yearbooks and publications about the city of Sao Paulo was performed. This revealed that Italian and Italian-descendant children learned, together with their parents, to live, coexist and survive living in unhealthy places, with little or no access to city benefits, usually with insufficient or inadequate food. Despite the many barriers to attending school, many parents faced strenuous sacrifices so that their children could go to an Italian School or to a Sao Paulo public school.

“Eskimo” Immigrants and Colonial Soldiers: Icelandic Immigrants and the North-West Resistance, 1885

How did marginalized and racialized ethnic immigrants transform themselves into active, armed colonial agents in nineteenth-century Western Canada? Approximately twenty Icelanders enlisted to fight Louis Riel’s forces during the North-West Resistance in 1885, just ten years following the arrival of Icelandic immigrants in present-day Manitoba. Forty more reportedly enlisted in an Icelandic-Canadian battalion to enforce the government’s victory in the fall. This public, armed stance of a group of Icelanders against Indigenous forces in 1885 is somewhat unexpected, since most Icelanders were relatively recent arrivals in the West and, in Winnipeg, members of the largely unskilled urban working class. Moreover, they were widely rumoured among Winnipeggers to be from a “blubber-eating race” and of “Eskimo” extraction; community accounts testify to the discrimination numerous early Icelanders faced in the city. These factors initially make Icelanders unexpected colonialists, particularly since nineteenth-century ethnic immigration and colonial suppression so often appear as separate processes in Canadian historiography. Indeed, this scholarship is characterized by an enduring belief that Western Canadian colonialism was a distinctly Anglo sin. Ethnic immigrants often appear in scholarly and popular histories as sharing a history of marginalization with Indigenous people that prevented migrants from taking part in colonial displacement. Proceeding from the neglected history of Icelandic enlistment in 1885 and new developments in Icelandic historiography, this article argues that rather than negating ethnic participation in Indigenous suppression, ethnic marginality and the class tensions it created could actually fuel participation in colonial campaigns, which promised immigrants upward mobility, access to state support, and land.