Immersion In Distilled Water Research Articles

Pengaruh Ekstrak Kayu Manis Cinnamomum Burmannii dan Larutan Alkalin Peroksida sebagai Pembersih Basis Gigi Tiruan Nilon Termoplastik terhadap Stabilitas Warna

The background of this study is to evaluate the effect of soaking the base of thermoplastic nylon dentures in cinnamon extract Cinnamomum burmannii and alkaline peroxide solution on color stability, considering the importance of maintaining denture hygiene with safe and effective cleaning agents. This study aimed to evaluate the colour stability of thermoplastic nylon denture bases after immersion in Cinnamomum burmannii 20% cinnamon extract, alkaline peroxide solution, and distilled water for 4 and 8 days. This research is a laboratory experimental research. This study was conducted with Post-Test Only Control Group Design, which is research with treatment on one or more groups whose final results are compared with the control group, that the colour stability of thermoplastic nylon denture bases after immersion in Cinnamomum burmannii 20% cinnamon extract and alkaline peroxide solution had similar mean ΔE unit values, namely 2.45 ΔE ± 0.27 and 2.24 ΔE ± 0.28 for 4 days, and 2.87 ΔE ± 0.19 and 2.58 ΔE ± 0.30 for 8 days. While immersion in distilled water showed lower mean values of ΔE units, namely 1.17 ΔE ± 0.10 and 1.35 ΔE ± 0.29. Statistical test results showed that there was a significant effect on colour stability (p = 0.0001), but there was no significant difference between cinnamon extract and alkaline peroxide solution, either for 4 days (p = 0.192) or 8 days (p = 0.113).

Effects of Time-Elapsed Bleaching on the Surface and Mechanical Properties of Dentin Substrate Using Hydrogen Peroxide-Free Nanohydroxyapatite Gel.

There is a critical need to address concerns surrounding the potential impact of bleaching gels specifically on the tooth substrate. Therefore, this laboratory investigation aimed to assess the impact of a hydrogen peroxide (HP)-free bleaching (HiSmileTM) in comparison to an HP-based bleaching (Opalescence RegularTM) on the surface and mechanical characteristics of tooth substrate. Sixty sound human premolar teeth were sectioned to produce dentin fragments and divided into two primary groups based on the bleaching agent used. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups (n = 10) per distinct bleaching regimens: (T1) fragments underwent a 7-day immersion in distilled water at 37°C without any bleaching treatment, (T2) fragments underwent a 7-day immersion in distilled water at 37°C, with the application of bleaching gel occurring on the seventh day for 10minutes, and (T3) fragments underwent a bleaching regimen for seven consecutive days, each session lasting for 10minutes. The initial and final evaluations of surface roughness, nano-hardness, and elastic modulus were performed. Following the bleaching regimens of T3, a composite stub was fabricated on the dentin fragments for the shear bond strength (SBS) test. Statistical testing was accomplished using the analysis of variance (P < 0.05). HP-based bleaching gel showed significant differences between measurement intervals in surface roughness, elastic modulus, and SBS parameters (P < 0.05). In contrast, HP-free bleaching gel showed insignificant differences within the group (P > 0.05). The SBS between dentin-composite was significantly affected with the use of HP-based bleaching gel, while HP-free bleaching gel showed insignificant difference between measurement intervals. The qualitative validation of the treatment's impact was further demonstrated using the scanning electron microscopy. The findings suggest that the bonding stability of composite restorations to dentin may be compromised after bleaching with an HP-based gel, whereas immediate bonding procedures can be safely conducted following the application of an HP-free bleaching gel.

Evaluation of the shear bond strength between CAD/CAM blocks and sonic/thermoviscous bulk-fill composites with different surface treatments

Background/purposeTo evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of nanoceramic hybrid CAD/CAM blocks with two bulk-fill composites in deep margin elevation following different surface pretreatments. Materials and methodsForty cylindrical-shaped samples (3 mm diameter × 4 mm height) were prepared from each group of bulk-fill resin composites (BRC) (SonicFill 3/SF, VisCalor bulk/VS), and 80 samples (14.5 mm × 7.2 mm × 2 mm) were sectioned from Grandio Block. Specimens of each BRC were assigned to two subgroups, and surfaces of one group were treated with a tribochemical silica-coating. The CAD/CAM block sample surfaces were treated with Al2O3 particles. CAD/CAM block and composite samples were luted using dual-cure universal resin-based cement (Bifix QM). Following immersion in distilled water for 24 h, the samples were divided as immediate and test groups. The test group was subjected to thermocycle (5–55 °C, 10,000 cycles). The SBS of the resin-based cement between the blocks and BRC was tested on a universal testing device until failure. Failure type was determined using a stereomicroscope. The roughening pattern was evaluated with SEM. Statistical analysis included Shapiro Wilk, Generalized Linear Models, and Fisher's Exact tests (P < 0.05). ResultsNo statistically significant difference was found between the mean SBS values according to deep margin elevation materials and surface pretreatment (P > 0.05). Aging procedure resulted in a statistically significant difference between the mean SBS values (P < 0.001). While the mean SBS value was 33.7 ± 7.9 MPa in immediate group, it was calculated as 22.6 ± 6.3 MPa in test group following thermocycle. ConclusionIn terms of SBS, both bulk-fill resin composites performed similarly. Although higher SBS values were obtained with tribochemical silica-coating, the adverse effects of thermocycling on bonding could not be prevented.

Ceramic conversion treated titanium implant abutments with gold for enhanced antimicrobial activity

IntroductionPeri-implantitis is an inflammatory process around dental implants that is characterised by bone loss that may jeopardize the long-term survival of osseo integrated dental implants. The aim of this study was to create a surface coating on titanium abutments that possesses cellular adhesion and anti-microbial properties as a post-implant placement strategy for patients at risk of peri-implantitis. Materials and MethodsmethodsTitanium alloy Grade V stubs were coated with gold particles and then subjected to ceramic conversion treatment (CCT) at 620 °C for 3, 8 and 80 h. The surface characteristics and chemistry were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The leaching profile was investigated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for all groups after 7, 14 and 28 days in contact with distilled water. A scratch test was conducted to assess the adhesion of the gold coating to the underlying titanium discs. Two bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus (SA) &Fusobacterium nucleatum (FN)) were used to assess the antibacterial behaviour of the coated discs using a direct attachment assay test. The potential changes in surface chemistry by the bacterial species were investigated by grazing angle XRD. ResultsThe gold pre-coated titanium discs exhibited good stability of the coating especially after immersion in distilled water and after bacterial colonisation as evident by XRD analysis. Good surface adhesion of the coating was demonstrated for gold treated discs after scratch test analysis, especially titanium, following a 3-hour (3 H) ceramic conversion treatment. All coated discs exhibited significantly improved antimicrobial properties against both tested bacterial species compared to untreated titanium discs. ConclusionsCeramic conversion treated titanium with a pre-deposited gold layer showed improved antimicrobial properties against both SA and FN species than untreated Ti-C discs. Scratch test analysis showed good adherence properties of the coated discs the oxide layer formed is firmly adherent to the underlying titanium substrate, suggesting that this approach may have clinical efficacy for coating implant abutments.

Influence of Nanodiamond Incorporation on The Impact Strength of Repaired Denture Base acrylic resin: An in Vitro Study

Aim. This research aims to evaluate the effects of integrating Nanodiamond on the impact strength of repaired denture base resin. Methodology. Sixty acrylic resin specimens, sized 50×6×4 mm³ with a v-notch, were created from heat-polymerized acrylic resin. Ten specimens were kept intact while the other 50 specimens were sectioned to half and prepared with 45º beveling and a 2.5mm-repair gap. Nanodiamond particles were added to autopolymerized repair resin and repaired specimens were placed in five categories (n=10) according to Nanodiamond concentrations, unmodified as a control, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%ND by weight. Each specimen half was repositioned in a metal jig, and the repair resin was applied to the repair area. Subsequently, all specimens underwent finishing, polishing, and immersion in distilled water before Charpy's impact testing. Data analysis employed Tukey's post hoc test (with significance α=0.05) and one-way ANOVA. Results. Results showed that in comparison with the control group, the impact strength of repaired denture base resin significantly increased with 0.25% and 0.5% Nanodiamond addition to repair resin (significance at P ˂0.001). While it insignificantly decreased with 0.75% and 1% Nanodiamond (P=0.108 and P=0.615) and 1% presented the lowest value of impact strength (3.48 ± 0.43 KJ/m2). Conclusion. Adding a small amount of Nanodiamond to autopolymerized repair resin demonstrated an increase in the impact strength of repaired acrylic denture base resin. The highest impact strength was recorded with 0.25%ND (6.24±0.55 KJ/m2), followed by 0.5%ND (5.93±0.21 KJ/m2), whereas 1%ND exhibited the lowest impact strength value (3.48±0.43 KJ/m2).

PRELIMINARY CONSERVATION TREATMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION OF POTTERY ARTIFACTS EXCAVATED FROM TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS, LEPTIS, LIBYA

This paper presents a preliminary conservation treatment of four pottery fragments excavated at Leptis, Libya manufactured in varied shapes, sizes, and colours. Studied objects were unearthed as sherds from two different conditions. Determination of the deterioration rates and caused factors of the pottery objects was significant to take the correct decision for conservation treatment. Results demonstrate that marine environment was more deteriorate than sandy soil. This work aims to characterize the chemical structure of pottery objects in the original environment using functional analyses. Mechanical cleaning was the first aid and safe step of conservation procedures. Desalination treatment was used for the long-term stabilization of the excavated pottery; then, internal stresses was decreased. Immersion in distilled water was efficient for decreasing water-soluble salts as halite. Insoluble water-salts were removed mechanically and chemically using dilute hydrochloric acid. Colour and thickness of the potsherds were the clues for the classification for assembling using a PVAc/CN mixture (1:1). Completely reconstruction of the excavated sherds was undertaken for understanding the occupation of the objects, then they were preserved in the storage. After desalination and assembling, painted iron stands were prepared for displaying the treated objects.

Effects of Aqueous Solution and Immersion Duration on Spontaneous Combustion Characteristics of Weakly Caking Coal

ABSTRACT Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) severely affects the development of the coal industry and threatens the safety of coal miners. This study investigated how immersing coal in aqueous solution affects the CSC risk and evaluated the effect of the immersion duration. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and thermogravimetric−differential scanning calorimetry analysis were performed. Coal samples were immersed in water from an underground coalmine or in distilled water for 30 or 60 days. Changes in microscopic functional groups and thermokinetic behaviors were determined. Immersion in distilled water for 60 days led to 4.41%, 2.26%, and 6.25% smaller masses of C=O, –CH3, and free hydroxyl groups, respectively, relative to their levels in raw coal. Additionally, the characteristic temperatures T 4 , T 5 , and T 6 were 8.8%, 9.0%, and 9.2% lower, respectively, and the average apparent activation energy was 15.67% lower. Immersion in water from an underground coalmine for 60 days led to 5.68%, 2.58%, and 6.54% higher masses of C=O, –CH3, and free hydroxyl groups, respectively, and 12.8%, 13.0%, and 13.5% higher characteristic temperature, respectively; the average apparent activation energy was 20.43% lower. These findings suggest that the coal immersed in water from an underground coalmine was the most susceptible to CSC.

Enhancing mouthguard longevity: Impact of surface treatment against aging from brushing and disinfectant exposure.

The study aimed to assess the surface characteristics of sports mouthguards under mechanical stresses during cleaning, either by brushing or immersion in disinfectant solutions. Ethylene-vinyl acetate samples, 4 mm thick, were randomly assigned to cleaning methods: control (C-no cleaning), brushing with water (B.W), brushing with neutral liquid soap (B.S), brushing with toothpaste (B.T), immersion in distilled water for 10 min (I.W), immersion in 2.25% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min (I.SH), and immersion in sodium bicarbonate solution for 5 min (I.SB). All cleaning methods were applied for 28 days. Surface roughness average (Ra) and wettability were measured at baseline for the control group (n = 9), and after cleaning for all the other groups. One-way ANOVA with Tukey tests (5% significance) indicated significant differences among groups (p < .05). The I.SB group had higher surface roughness than B.S and B.T (p < .05). B.W showed the lowest wettability, significantly lower than B.T, I.W, and I.SB (p < .05). I.SB exhibited the highest wettability, significantly different from sodium hypochlorite, neutral liquid soap, brushing with water, and control groups (p < .05). The sodium bicarbonate immersion group (I.SB) demonstrated greater statistical variation, displaying higher susceptibility to aging compared to brushing with neutral liquid soap. Cleaning mouthguards with a toothbrush, water, and neutral liquid soap emerged as the most promising method, causing minimal surface changes in the material.

Effect of aging and bleaching on the color stability and surface roughness of a recently introduced single-shade composite resin

ObjectivesTo assess the effects of aging and bleaching procedures on the color stability and surface roughness of a new single-shade composite versus multi-shade composite resins. MethodsA single-shade composite resin (Charisma Diamond One, CDO) and 3 multi-shade composite resins (Tetric NCeram, Filtek Z350 XT, Clearfil Majesty Posterior) were tested. Thirty specimens of each material were subjected to one of the aging procedures respectively: immersion in distilled water (12 days/37 °C), immersion in coffee (12 days/37 °C), or water thermocycling (10,000 cycles/5–55 °C). All specimens underwent in-office bleaching after aging. Kruskal-Wallis tests and analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis (α=0.05). ResultsAll materials exhibited a change of color (ΔE00), translucency (RTP), whiteness (WID) and surface roughness parameters (Sa,Sv) after aging and bleaching procedures. CDO showed the highest ΔE00 among all resins with the highest RTP value, regardless of the aging procedures. Immersion in coffee led to the significantly highest ∆E00 values and lowest RTP values for nearly all resins. Positive ΔWID1 (WID(bleaching)−WID(baseline)) values were found in distilled water immersion and thermocycling groups, while negative ΔWID1 values were found in the coffee immersion group for all materials. Besides, positive ΔWID2 (WID(bleaching)−WID(aging)) values were found in all aging groups for nearly all materials. All materials showed an increasing trend in Sa and Sv after bleaching. ConclusionsCDO showed more pronounced discoloration than multi-shade composite resins. Although the whiteness of all resins increased after bleaching, none was completely restored in the coffee immersion group. Bleaching significantly increased the surface roughness of all materials. Clinical significanceCharisma Diamond One is more susceptible to discoloration, which may affect its long-term success rate. Bleaching could partially reduce the color change of the composite resins but did not return them completely to their original state. The roughness of the resins increased after bleaching, prompting dentists to repolish them after bleaching.

The Effect of Different Ageing Protocols on the Shear Bond Strength of the Ceromer Indirect Composite on Two Different Substructure Materials.

The evolution of restorative materials in prosthodontics has led to the emergence of indirect composite resins, including ceromers, as alternatives to traditional metal-ceramic restorations. However, research gaps exist regarding the impact of ageing protocols on the bond strength of ceromer composites to different metal substructures, necessitating further investigation in this area. This study aimed to determine the effect of five different ageing protocols on the shear bond strength (SBS) of ceromer indirect composites on two different substructures. In this in vitro study, 120 metallic discs (10 × 2 mm) were cast from cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy (n = 60) and spark erosion treated from grade V titanium (n = 60). Each sample was sandblasted. The M.L. primer (Shofu, Germany) and layers of opaque were applied to the surface following the manufacturer's instructions. A special jig (6 × 2 mm) was placed on each disc. The ceromer was condensed in it and light-cured separately for 90 s. Following polishing, specimens were separated into five ageing groups: distilled water (as a control), thermal cycling, tea, coffee, and gastric acid immersion. All samples were placed in 37°C incubation for 28 days for distilled water, coffee, and tea, and 7 days for gastric acid immersion and thermal cycling for 5000 cycles (5-55°C). A universal test machine was used to measure the SBS. The samples were evaluated for failure modes using stereomicroscopy. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05). According to one-way ANOVA, the mean SBS (MPa) between the two groups was compared in each ageing protocol, and there were no significant differences between the Co-Cr-C and Ti-C groups (P > 0.05). The most frequent mode of failure in all groups was mixed. Applying the ageing protocols, the type of substructure material had no significant effect on the SBS of the ceromer indirect composite except for tea immersion.

Effect of Food-Simulating Liquids on the Leachability of Plasticizers from Dental Tissue Conditioners.

Tissue conditioners are composed of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) powder and plasticizer/ethanol mix liquid. Butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate (BPBG) plasticizer is commonly used in tissue conditioners, but the main concern with phthalate plasticizer is its leachability and biocompatibility, especially the estrogenic activity and cytotoxicity of phthalate. Therefore, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizer has been introduced and formulated as plasticizer in tissue conditioner; however its leachability characteristics are still unknown. Furthermore, the effect of foodsimulating liquids toward leachability of BPBG and ATBC plasticizers has not been documented. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of food-simulating liquids on the leachability of plasticizers and hardness of two experimental tissue conditioners containing BPBG and ATBC plasticizers. Ten experimental materials were prepared using PEMA polymer powder with 95% plasticizer (BPBG and ATBC) and 5% ethanol by volume, using powder to liquid ratio of 1.67:1, and the thickness was controlled at 3 mm. Shore A hardness value was measured after immersion in distilled water, artificial saliva, 25% ethanol/water mix, 3% citric acid, and coconut oil at 37°C. Measurements were taken at 2 hours and 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 84 days. Six readings were taken for each sample and hardness change was calculated and statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Increase in hardness value was noted for both plasticizers over time with the highest increase was when immersed in coconut oil. Shore A hardness value was significantly higher in ATBC after 84 days of immersion in all food-simulating liquids. The increase in hardness is due to plasticizer/ethanol leaching; however, as ethanol content was the same (5%), the hardness change is attributed to the leaching of plasticizers. Leaching of both plasticizers was highest in coconut oil indicating that tissue conditioners may have a shorter intraoral lifetime in patients eating high-fat diet.

Analysis of water absorption on the efficiency of bonded composite repair of aluminum alloy panels

Abstract Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) exhibits aging effects over time that can degrade its mechanical properties. In this study, a systematic investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of distilled water aging on the mechanical properties of CFRP composite patch bonded on Al 2024-T3 plates. We built a finite element model to analyze the effect of water absorption by the composite and the adhesive on the effectiveness of the composite patch repair. Using the experimentally evaluated mechanical properties of CFRP and Araldite adhesive subjected to distilled water immersion, finite element simulations were validated. The experimental observations deduce that there was a negligible effect of moisture absorption on the bulk mechanical properties of CFRP and adhesive over time. However, a significant effect of moisture absorption was observed on the elasto-plastic behavior of both CFRP and adhesive. Consequently, the numerical simulations suggest that the moisture absorption reduces the bonded composite patch repair efficiency attributed to an increase in the plasticity around the crack front and accordingly increases the damage in the adhesive layer. This study attempts to provide guidelines on the severity of damage caused by water absorption on the performance of structures repaired with composite patches.

Pengaruh perendaman dengan jus umbi bit merah (beta vulgaris l.) terhadap perubahan warna restorasi resin komposit nanofiller

Background: To achieve an aesthetic restoration, it is necessary to choose the right technique and material. Nanofiller composite resin is an option in aesthetic restoration because it has high aesthetic qualities, mechanical properties, and wear resistance. The presence of discoloration in composite resin restorations is undesirable because it interferes with the aesthetic value and appearance. Changes in the color of the restoration caused by extrinsic factors are influenced by color pigments and acidic pH contained in the food and beverages consumed, for example, red beetroot. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of consumption of red beetroot on the color change of nanofiller composite resin, by immersing it in red beetroot juice. Methods: The object of this research is a cylindrical nanofiller composite resin with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. The research was conducted by immersing the nanofiller composite resin in red beetroot juice and aquadest. The study was divided into 2 groups, the control group and the test group, which were placed in an incubator with a temperature of 37oC for 24 hours. In the treatment group, samples were immersed in red beetroot juice for 4 hours for 7 days, followed by immersion in distilled water. In the control group, samples were immersed in distilled water for 24 hours. The color parameters of the research subjects were measured using Vita Easyshade V, before and after treatment for 7 days. After the normality test, the acquired data was statistically tested using Mann-Whitney test and T-test (Independent). Results: The results of this study showed a significant color change (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: There is an effect of soaking with red beetroot juice on the color change of the nanofiller composite resin.

Evaluation of Bisphenol-A Release from Vacuum formed Retainers after Immersion in Distilled Water using High Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Randomised Clinical Trial

Introduction: With the increasing demand for aesthetics, the popularity of Vacuum-formed Retainers (VFRs) has been on the rise. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is added to the polymers to make them clear and tough. BPA is identified as an endocrine disruptor linked to developmental defects, infertility, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The release of BPA from various orthodontic materials, including VFRs, has been reported infrequently and with variable results. Aim: To assess the effect of immersing VFRs in distilled water on BPA release in the saliva of patients wearing VFRs. Materials and Methods: This was a single-centre prospective randomised clinical trial. A total of 28 patients aged between 15 and 25 years, who had completed their fixed orthodontic treatment in 2021 at Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University (BVDU), Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India, were selected for this in-vivo study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group I patients received VFRs without immersion in water before delivery, while Group II patients received VFRs that were immersed in distilled water at 37˚C for 24 hours before delivery. Four samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collected across four different time intervals: T0 (before VFR delivery), T1 (after one hour of wearing retainers), T2 (after one week of wearing retainers) and T3 (after three weeks of wearing retainers). These samples were tested for BPA release using HPLC analysis. For numerical continuous data following a normal distribution, intergroup comparison was conducted using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and intragroup comparisons were performed using a paired t-test. An alpha error of 5% and a power of 80% were maintained, with p&lt;0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of patients selected for the study was 20±5 years. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean release of BPA (0.33 ppm) in saliva was highest in patients from Group I at T1, decreasing to 0.177 ppm at T2 and further reducing to 0.013 ppm at T3. In comparison, the mean values of BPA release in the saliva of patients in Group II were significantly lower at all time intervals: T1 (0.07 ppm), T2 (0.009 ppm) and T3 (0.001 ppm). Intergroup comparison using a one-way ANOVA test showed that the difference in BPA release between the two groups was statistically significant (p-value=0.05). Tukey’s posthoc test revealed statistically significant differences in BPA release between T1-T2, T2-T3 and T1-T3. Conclusion: Prior immersion of VFRs in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C before delivery to patients can be a simple solution to reduce BPA release in saliva.

Resposta germinativa de sementes de jacarandá-caroba e aroeira-vermelha ao estresse salino e aplicação de ácido salicílico

Abstract Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, interfere with the growth and development of plants and can reduce, delay, or even inhibit the germination of the seeds. The knowledge about ornamental plants tolerance to those factors and the search for alternatives that reduce those effects, as is the use of salicylic acid, indicate paths to better development of the plants in environments affected by those stresses. This work aimed to evaluate the germination of Caroba-tree seeds and Brazilian peppertree seeds in different saline concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), using salicylic acid, as a possible saline stress attenuator. The experimental design utilized was completely randomized, with treatments arranged in factorial scheme 4 x 2 being four saline concentrations (0, 30, 60, and 90 mM of NaCl) combined with the absence (immersion in distilled water) or presence of salicylic acid (immersion in a solution containing salicylic acid at 1.0 mM). It was concluded that Caroba-tree showed moderate tolerance to salinity promoted by NaCl during seed germination. The average germination percentage was 83.91%. However, the seeds germinated at slower paces with the increasing saline solutions. The application of salicylic acid at the concentration of 1.0 mM did not influence the germination percentage of seeds subjected to saline solutions, regardless of the concentration. However, the seeds germinated faster in the absence of salicylic acid. Brazilian peppertree was not tolerant to salinity promoted by NaCl, with an average germination percentage of 47% and 40%, respectively, for the absence and presence of salicylic acid.

Physicochemical properties and antibiofilm activity of mineral trioxide aggregate associated with farnesol.

This study assessed the physicochemical and antibiofilm properties of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) associated with 1 or 2% of farnesol. Setting time was evaluated based on ISO 6876/2012. Radiopacity was evaluated by radiographic analysis. pH was assessed after time intervals of 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Solubility (% mass loss) and volumetric change (by micro-CT) of the cements were evaluated after immersion in distilled water. The presence of voids inside the materials was assessed by using micro-CT. Antibiofilm activity against Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by crystal violet assay and the modified direct contact test performed with biofilm previously formed on bovine root dentin for 14 days. Data were submitted to ANOVA/Tukey tests with 5% significance level. The incorporation of farnesol into MTA increased its setting time, but decreased its solubility at 30 days and its volumetric loss in all periods (p < 0.05). Radiopacity and solubility after 7 days were similar among the materials (p > 0.05). The association of farnesol showed the highest pH value after 1 and 3 days (p < 0.05). The association of farnesol with MTA promoted a decrease in the presence of voids, and increased the antimicrobial activity on biofilm biomass of E. faecalis (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of farnesol can be suggested to improve the antimicrobial properties and the consistency of MTA.

Evaluating the Translucency, Surface Roughness, and Cytotoxicity of a PMMA Acrylic Denture Base Reinforced with Bioactive Glasses.

The colonisation of the surface of removable acrylic dentures by various types of microorganisms can lead to the development of various diseases. Therefore, the creation of a bioactive material is highly desirable. This study aimed to develop a denture base material designed to release bioactive ions into the oral environment during use. Four types of bioactive glasses (BAG)-S53P4, Biomin F, 45S5, and Biomin C-were incorporated into the PMMA acrylic resin, with each type constituting 20 wt.% (10 wt.% non-silanised and 10% silanised) of the mixture, while PMMA acrylic resin served as the control group. The specimens were subsequently immersed in distilled water, and pH measurements of the aqueous solutions were taken every seven days for a total of 38 days. Additionally, surface roughness and translucency measurements were recorded both after preparation and following seven days of immersion in distilled water. The cytotoxicity of these materials on human fibroblast cells was evaluated after 24 and 48 h using Direct Contact and MTT assays. Ultimately, the elemental composition of the specimens was determined through energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. In general, the pH levels of water solutions containing BAG-containing acrylics gradually increased over the storage period, reaching peak values after 10 days. Notably, S53P4 glass exhibited the most significant increase, with pH levels rising from 5.5 to 7.54. Surface roughness exhibited minimal changes upon immersion in distilled water, while a slight decrease in material translucency was observed, except for Biomin C. However, significant differences in surface roughness and translucency were observed among some of the BAG-embedded specimens under both dry and wet conditions. The composition of elements declared by the glass manufacturer was confirmed by EDX analysis. Importantly, cytotoxicity analysis revealed that specimens containing BAGs, when released into the environment, did not adversely affect the growth of human gingival fibroblast cells after 48 h of exposure. This suggests that PMMA acrylics fabricated with BAGs have the potential to release ions into the environment and can be considered biocompatible materials. Further clinical trials are warranted to explore the practical applications of these materials as denture base materials.

Biodentine Achieves Better Vickers Microhardness and Diametral Tensile Strength When Compared to Glass Ionomer Cement - An Experimental Study

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; Replacing lost dentin with an appropriate substitute has been challenging in recent years. Biodentine and conventional glass ionomers are used as dentin replacement materials. This study aimed to compare the Vickers microhardness (VHN), diametral tensile strength (DTS), and setting time of Biodentine and glass ionomer cement (GIC).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Science of Dental Materials at Fatima Memorial College of Dentistry, Lahore, in collaboration with the Interdisciplinary Research Centre of Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Lahore from December 2022 to March 2023. A total of fifty disc-shaped samples (4 &amp;times; 2 mm) of Biodentine and GIC Gold Label 2 were fabricated to assess the VHN, DTS, and setting time after immersion in distilled water for 1 hour and after 3 days. Data were analyzed by applying the paired and independent t-tests using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 26.0.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The mean VHN value of Biodentine and GIC Gold Label 2 cement was 23.4 &amp;plusmn; 1.5 and 17.5 &amp;plusmn; 1.27 after 1 hour and 31.9 &amp;plusmn; 1.66 and 29.6 &amp;plusmn; 1.58 after 3 days, respectively. DTS of Biodentine [7.0 &amp;plusmn; 0.91 mega pascal (MPa)] was significantly greater than GIC Gold label 2 (5.5 &amp;plusmn; 0.68 MPa) after 1 hour (p &amp;lt; 0.05). However, after 3 days, there was a slight increase in the DTS of Biodentine (9.3 &amp;plusmn; 1.53 MPa) while compared to GIC Gold label 2 (8.2 &amp;plusmn; 1.0 MPa) and this difference was not statistically significant (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Biodentine had a higher setting time than GIC Gold label 2, with an initial setting time of 6.7 minutes compared to 2.9 minutes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; GIC Gold label 2 has a shorter setting time than the but Biodentine which, however, showed higher Vicker&amp;rsquo;s microhardness and DTS. Therefore, Biodentine may be a more suitable substitute for dentine replacement than the GIC Gold label 2.&lt;/p&gt;

МETHODS OF POST-POLYMERIZATION PROCESSING OF BASES IN REMOVABLE DENTURES IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF RESIDUAL MONOMER

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of post-polymerization treatment on the quantity of methyl methacrylate released into water from polymethyl methacrylate base samples of materials subjected to different procedures.&#x0D; Materials and methods. For each technique, 10 samples in the form of a square with a side of 50 mm and a thickness of 5.0 mm were made for the base materials VBPLP, ABPHT, BPHT in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. Five different procedures for reducing the amount of residual monomer of polished base plastics samples were studied, namely: controlled vacuuming in water at 60-80°C for 10 minutes (A), immersion in an ethanol solution at a temperature of 55°C for 10 minutes (B), ultrasonic treatment at 40 kHz for 5 minutes in distilled water (C), immersion in distilled water for 24 hours (D), boiling in water for 3 hours (E), control samples without post-polymerization treatment (F).&#x0D; Following the implementation of procedures for minimizing residual monomer levels in the studied samples, they were placed in individual containers containing 10 ml of distilled water for 12 hours at a temperature of 37°C. The quantification of water-eluted MMA was conducted through liquid chromatography.&#x0D; Results. Of the 180 measurements performed, 42 showed values below the limit of detection (MW: 2.0 ppm), 58 below the lower limit of quantification (LMQ: 6.0 ppm), and 80 had average values between 6.4 and 13.2 ppm MMA. The NLQ is the lowest concentration of the analyte that differs from the blank, usually with a confidence level of 99%, while the MV is the lowest concentration of the analyte that can be reliably determined with repeatability and precision. The lower limit of quantification is 6.00 ppm, the detection limit is 2.00 ppm.&#x0D; Conclusions. The risk of residual monomer as a primary stimulus for a sensitizing reaction can be minimized by using these regimens. The results of measuring the amount of elution of the MMA monomer in water for two of the three materials tested were below the detection limit in both of these modes.

Evaluation of one versus two glaze firings on the color stability and mechanical properties of an extrinsically characterized monolithic CAD-CAM lithium disilicate glass ceramic.

To evaluate the effects of 1versus 2 glaze firings on the color and mechanical properties of an extrinsically characterized lithium disilicate ceramic after thermal cycling, brushing, or both. Eighty specimens were divided into 2 groups: 1 glaze firing (GL1) and 2 glaze firings (GL2). Each group was subdivided into 4 groups (n = 10), according to the experimental conditions: thermal-cycling, brushing, thermal-cycling + brushing, and immersion in distilled water (control). Color variation, surface roughness, and Vickers microhardness were analyzed before each designated experiment and after the simulated periods of 2.5, 5, and 10 years. Three-way mixed ANOVA was used for all outcomes, followed by 1-way ANOVA, repeated measures 1-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, and t-test to check for statistical differences (α = 0.05). Thermal cycling generated greater color changes in the GL1 group at 2.5 and 5 years (p < 0.001; p = 0.013). Brushing generated color changes in GL1 at 5 years (p = 0.003) and in GL2 at 10 years (p = 0.017). Regarding surface roughness, the GL1 group suffered alterations in thermal cycling + brushing at 5 years. In the control group, the GL1 group exhibited higher roughness values than GL2 (p < 0.05). Most of the groups experienced an increase in microhardness at 2.5 years (p < 0.05). In the GL1 group, thermal-cycling increased the microhardness at 5 years (p = 0.006); at 5 and 10 years, the GL1 group had a higher microhardness than the GL2 in thermal-cycling + brushing (p < 0.05). Ceramics with 1 glaze firing showed greater color, roughness, and microhardness changes compared to those submitted to 2 firings.