Immersed Boundary-lattice Boltzmann Method Research Articles

A GPU-Version Lattice Boltzmann Method for Solving Fluid-Particle Interaction Problems

An immersed-boundary lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) is developed on a graphical processing unit (GPU) to simulate fluid-particle interaction problems. This method uses the lattice Boltzmann method to solve the incompressible flow field and the immersed boundary method to handle the fluid-particle interaction. A direct forcing method is introduced in the IB method to capture the particle motion. To demonstrate of the efficiency and capabilities of the numerical method, a flow in a square pipe and sedimentations of one and many spherical particles in an enclosure are simulated. The numerical results indicate that a speedup of over 60 times when compared to the time required by a single CPU on the flow in a square pipe, a speedup of over 30~45 times on the sedimentation of one spherical particle, and a speedup of about 40~60 times on the sedimentation of large numbers of spherical particles are achieved.

An immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann model for simulation of malaria-infected red blood cell in micro-channel

The mechanical properties of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) are influenced by invasion and occupation of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). The corresponding variation results from the stiffening of RBCs and their ability to adhere to endothelial cells. In this study, the transient deformation of Plasmodiumfalciparum-parasitized red blood cell (Pf-RBC) has been studied numerically. The cell is modeled as deformable liquid capsule enclosed by neo-Hookean elastic membrane. The effect of shear elasticity is included, but bending stiffness is neglected. The numerical model is based on the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). The LBM is used to simulate fixed grid while the IBM is utilized to incorporate the fluid-membrane interaction in a Lagrangian manner by a set of moving grids for membrane. The results investigate the significance of elastic shear modulus and initial shape on hematocrit ratio and deformation of Pf-RBC at different stages. The Pf-RBC at trophozoite and schizont stages obtain the lower hematocrit ratio, as they become near-circular. The results are in good agreement with experiments and previous studies. It appears, therefore, that the IB-LBM can be used to predict in vitro and in vivo studies of malaria.

Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method Using Two Relaxation Times

An immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) using a two-relaxation time model (TRT) is proposed. The collision operator in the lattice Boltzmann equation is modeled using two relaxation times. One of them is used to set the fluid viscosity and the other is for numerical stability and accuracy. A direct-forcing method is utilized for treatment of immersed boundary. A multi-direct forcing method is also implemented to precisely satisfy the boundary conditions at the immersed boundary. Circular Couette flows between a stationary cylinder and a rotating cylinder are simulated for validation of the proposed method. The method is also validated through simulations of circular and spherical falling particles. Effects of the functional forms of the direct-forcing term and the smoothed-delta function, which interpolates the fluid velocity to the immersed boundary and distributes the forcing term to fixed Eulerian grid points, are also examined. As a result, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) the proposed method does not cause non-physical velocity distribution in circular Couette flows even at high relaxation times, whereas the single-relaxation time (SRT) model causes a large non-physical velocity distortion at a high relaxation time, (2) the multi-direct forcing reduces the errors in the velocity profile of a circular Couette flow at a high relaxation time, (3) the two-point delta function is better than the four-point delta function at low relaxation times, but worse at high relaxation times, (4) the functional form of the direct-forcing term does not affect predictions, and (5) circular and spherical particles falling in liquids are well predicted by using the proposed method both for two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases.

Lift generation by a two-dimensional symmetric flapping wing: immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann simulations

Two-dimensional (2D) symmetric flapping flight is investigated by an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). In this method, we can treat the moving boundary problem efficiently on the Cartesian grid. We consider a model consisting of 2D symmetric flapping wings without mass connected by a hinge with mass. Firstly, we investigate the effect of the Reynolds number in the range of 40–200 on flows around symmetric flapping wings under no gravity field and find that for high Reynolds numbers (Re ⩾ 55), asymmetric vortices with respect to the horizontal line appear and the time-averaged lift force is induced on the wings, whereas for low Reynolds numbers (Re ⩽ 50), only symmetric vortices appear around the wings and no lift force is induced. Secondly, the effect of the initial position of the wings is investigated, and the range of the initial phases where the upward flight is possible is found. The effects of the mass and flapping amplitude are also studied. Finally, we carry out free flight simulations under gravity field for various Reynolds numbers in the range 60 ⩽ Re ⩽ 300 and Froude numbers in the range 3 ⩽ Fr ⩽ 60 and identify the region where upward flight is possible.

Immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann model based on multiple relaxation times

As an alterative version of the lattice Boltzmann models, the multiple relaxation time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann model introduces much less numerical boundary slip than the single relaxation time (SRT) lattice Boltzmann model if some special relationship between the relaxation time parameters is chosen. On the other hand, most current versions of the immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method, which was first introduced by Feng and improved by many other authors, suffer from numerical boundary slip as has been investigated by Le and Zhang. To reduce such a numerical boundary slip, an immerse boundary lattice Boltzmann model based on multiple relaxation times is proposed in this paper. A special formula is given between two relaxation time parameters in the model. A rigorous analysis and the numerical experiments carried out show that the numerical boundary slip reduces dramatically by using the present model compared to the single-relaxation-time-based model.

Simulation of Thermal Flow Problems via a Hybrid Immersed Boundary‐Lattice Boltzmann Method

A hybrid immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann method (IB‐LBM) is presented in this work to simulate the thermal flow problems. In current approach, the flow field is resolved by using our recently developed boundary condition‐enforced IB‐LBM (Wu and Shu, (2009)). The nonslip boundary condition on the solid boundary is enforced in simulation. At the same time, to capture the temperature development, the conventional energy equation is resolved. To model the effect of immersed boundary on temperature field, the heat source term is introduced. Different from previous studies, the heat source term is set as unknown rather than predetermined. Inspired by the idea in (Wu and Shu, (2009)), the unknown is calculated in such a way that the temperature at the boundary interpolated from the corrected temperature field accurately satisfies the thermal boundary condition. In addition, based on the resolved temperature correction, an efficient way to compute the local and average Nusselt numbers is also proposed in this work. As compared with traditional implementation, no approximation for temperature gradients is required. To validate the present method, the numerical simulations of forced convection are carried out. The obtained results show good agreement with data in the literature.

Numerical simulation of red blood cell behavior in a stenosed arteriole using the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method.

Because of their deformability and tendency to form aggregates, red blood cells (RBCs) immensely affect the hydrodynamic properties of blood flow in microcirculation. In this paper, RBCs' two-dimensional deformation and motion in Poiseuille flow and in a stenosed arteriole is numerically investigated by the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. The RBCs are modeled as suspended capsules of fluid in plasma flow. A neo-Hookean elastic model with bending resistance is utilized for the RBC membrane. Also, the suspending plasma is modeled as an incompressible Newtonian fluid. To take the effects of aggregation and dissociation of RBCs into account, intercellular interaction is modeled by the Morse potential. The effects of essential parameters namely, mechanical resistance of the RBC membrane, plasma viscous forces, and cell membrane adhesion strength on RBC behavior are presented. Motions and deformations of RBCs in a stenosis and the effects of the stenosed zone on the behavior of cell aggregates were also simulated and analyzed in this study.

Two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann study of red blood cell motion through microvascular bifurcation: cell deformability and suspending viscosity effects

Red blood cell (RBC) motion and trajectories in bifurcated microvessels are simulated using a two-dimensional immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). A RBC is modeled as a capsule with viscous interior fluid enclosed by a flexible membrane. For the symmetric bifurcation model employed, the critical offset position in the mother branch, which separates the RBC flux toward the two branches, has been calculated. The RBC flux and the hematocrit partitioning between the two daughter branches have also been studied. Effects of the flow-rate ratio, cell deformability and suspending viscosity have been examined. Simulation results indicate that increased cell rigidity and suspending viscosity have counter effects on cell trajectory through a bifurcation: the cell trajectory shifts toward the low flow-rate branch for less deformable cells, and toward the high flow-rate branch for more viscous plasma. These results imply that a higher cell rigidity would reduce the regular phase separation of hematocrit and plasma skimming processes in microcirculation, while an increased viscosity has the opposite effect. This has implications for relevant studies in fundamental biology and biomedical applications.

가상경계볼쯔만법을 이용한 자력추진 물고기 운동 익의 유영해석

Immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method has been applied to analyze the characteristics of the self-propelled fish motion swimming robot. The airfoil NACA0012 with caudal fin stroke model was considered to examine the characteristics. The foil in steady forward motion and a combination of steady-state harmonic deformation produces thrust through the formation of a flow downstream from the trailing edge. The harmonic motion of the foil causes unsteady shedding of vorticity from the trailing edge, while forming the vortices at the leading edge as well. The resultant thrust is developed by the pressure difference formed on the upper and lower surface of the airfoil. and the time averaged thrust coefficient increases as Re increase in the region of <TEX>$Re{\leqq}700$</TEX>. The suggested numerical method is suitable to develop the fish-motion model to control the swimming robot, however It would need to extend in 3D analysis to examine the higher Re and to determine the more detail mechanism of thrust production.

A comparative study of direct‐forcing immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann methods for stationary complex boundaries

AbstractIn this study, we assess several interface schemes for stationary complex boundary flows under the direct‐forcing immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann methods (IB‐LBM) based on a split‐forcing lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). Our strategy is to couple various interface schemes, which were adopted in the previous direct‐forcing immersed boundary methods (IBM), with the split‐forcing LBE, which enables us to directly use the direct‐forcing concept in the lattice Boltzmann calculation algorithm with a second‐order accuracy without involving the Navier–Stokes equation. In this study, we investigate not only common diffuse interface schemes but also a sharp interface scheme. For the diffuse interface scheme, we consider explicit and implicit interface schemes. In the calculation of velocity interpolation and force distribution, we use the 2‐ and 4‐point discrete delta functions, which give the second‐order approximation. For the sharp interface scheme, we deal with the exterior sharp interface scheme, where we impose the force density on exterior (solid) nodes nearest to the boundary. All tested schemes show a second‐order overall accuracy when the simulation results of the Taylor–Green decaying vortex are compared with the analytical solutions. It is also confirmed that for stationary complex boundary flows, the sharper the interface scheme, the more accurate the results are. In the simulation of flows past a circular cylinder, the results from each interface scheme are comparable to those from other corresponding numerical schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Effect of internal mass in the simulation of a moving body by the immersed boundary method

We investigate the effect of internal mass in the simulation of a moving body by the immersed boundary method. In general, the force and the torque acting on the body are influenced by the internal mass, if they are obtained by the negative of the sum of body forces which are applied near the boundary in order to enforce the no-slip condition on the boundary. In this study, the following schemes for approximating the internal mass effect are introduced; no internal mass effect, rigid body approximation, and Lagrangian points approximation. By comparing these schemes through the simulations of a moving body, we examine the internal mass effect. The simulations of the flow around an oscillating circular cylinder and of the sedimentations of an elliptical cylinder and a sphere are performed by using an immersed boundary–lattice Boltzmann method, and it is found that the internal mass effect is significant to unsteady body motions for the Reynolds numbers over 10 and grows as the Reynolds number increases. We also find that for the angular motions of the body, the rigid body approximation causes errors for the rotational Reynolds numbers over 10.

Analysis of mechanisms for platelet near-wall excess under arterial blood flow conditions

The concentration of platelets near the blood vessel wall is important because platelets survey the condition of the vessel wall and respond to injuries to it. Under arterial flow conditions, platelets are non-uniformly distributed across the vessel lumen and have a high concentration within a few microns of the vessel wall. This is believed to be a consequence of the complex motion of red blood cells which constitute a large fraction of the blood's volume. We use a novel lattice Boltzmann-immersed boundary method to simulate, in two dimensions, the motion of dense red blood cell suspensions and their effect on platelet-sized particles. We track the development of a red blood cell-free layer near the wall and the later development of the platelet near-wall excess. We find that the latter develops more quickly at high wall shear rates and that the magnitude of the excess and its proximity to the wall are dependent on haematocrit. Treating the simulation data as if it were generated by a drift–diffusion process, we find that the effective lateral platelet diffusivity depends strongly on lateral position; it has a magnitude of order of 10−6 cm2 s−1 over much of the lumen but drops to almost zero close to the wall. This large effective diffusivity over the core of the lumen combined with reduced space for platelets in this region because of the inward migration of red blood cells largely but not completely accounts for the observed platelet-concentration profiles. We present evidence for a highly localized red blood cell-induced platelet drift at the edge of the red cell-free layer and suggest a physical mechanism that may generate it.

Particulate Flow Simulation Via a Boundary Condition-enforced Immersed Boundary-lattice Boltzmann Scheme

A boundary condition-enforced immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) for the simulation of particulate flows is presented in this paper. In general, the immersed boundary method (IBM) utilizes a discrete set of force density to represent the effect of boundary. In the conventional IB-LBM, such force density is pre-determined, which cannot guarantee exact satisfaction of non-slip boundary condition. In this study, the force density is transferred to the unknown velocity correction which is determined by enforcing the non-slip boundary condition. For the particulate flows, accurate calculation of hydrodynamic force exerted on the boundary of particles is of great importance as it controls the motion of particles. The capability of present method for particulate flows is depicted by simulating migration of one particle in a simple shear flow and sedimentation of one particle in a box and two particles in a channel. The expected phenomena and numerical results are achieved. In addition, particle suspension in a 2D symmetric stenotic artery is also simulated. PACS: 45.50.-j, 47.11.-j

An improved immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method for simulating three-dimensional incompressible flows

The recently proposed boundary condition-enforced immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) [14] is improved in this work to simulate three-dimensional incompressible viscous flows. In the conventional IB-LBM, the restoring force is pre-calculated, and the non-slip boundary condition is not enforced as compared to body-fitted solvers. As a result, there is a flow penetration to the solid boundary. This drawback was removed by the new version of IB-LBM [14], in which the restoring force is considered as unknown and is determined in such a way that the non-slip boundary condition is enforced. Since Eulerian points are also defined inside the solid boundary, the computational domain is usually regular and the Cartesian mesh is used. On the other hand, to well capture the boundary layer and in the meantime, to save the computational effort, we often use non-uniform mesh in IB-LBM applications. In our previous two-dimensional simulations [14], the Taylor series expansion and least squares-based lattice Boltzmann method (TLLBM) was used on the non-uniform Cartesian mesh to get the flow field. The final expression of TLLBM is an algebraic formulation with some weighting coefficients. These coefficients could be computed in advance and stored for the following computations. However, this way may become impractical for 3D cases as the memory requirement often exceeds the machine capacity. The other way is to calculate the coefficients at every time step. As a result, extra time is consumed significantly. To overcome this drawback, in this study, we propose a more efficient approach to solve lattice Boltzmann equation on the non-uniform Cartesian mesh. As compared to TLLBM, the proposed approach needs much less computational time and virtual storage. Its good accuracy and efficiency are well demonstrated by its application to simulate the 3D lid-driven cubic cavity flow. To valid the combination of proposed approach with the new version of IBM [14] for 3D flows with curved boundaries, the flows over a sphere and torus are simulated. The obtained numerical results compare very well with available data in the literature.

Progress in Lattice Boltzmann Method

We review the recent progress and successful applications of lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to computational fluid dynamics. To clarify the important issue in the LBM simulation, this report shows the recent progress in the LBM, and summarizes both the advantages and disadvantages of the LBM. We also discuss the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) that has received much attention in recent years. Due to the common feature of using the Cartesian mesh, the IB-LBM successfully calculates the rigid particle motions in a viscous fluid. We present one of key issues in the IB-LBM, and examine the applicability of the Immersed Boundary Method to the lattice kinetic scheme (LKS) for particulate flow.

채널 내 자유 낙하하는 2차원 원형 실린더의 운동 특성에 관한 수치적 연구

A two-dimensional circular cylinder freely falling in a channel has been simulated by using immersed boundary ? lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) in order to analyze the characteristics of motion originated by the interaction between the fluid flow and the cylinder. The wide range of the solid/fluid density ratio has been considered to identify the effect of the solid/fluid density ratio on the motion characteristics such as the falling time, the transverse force and the trajectory in the streamwise and transverse directions. In addition, the effect of the gap between the cylinder and the wall on the motion of a two-dimensional freely falling circular cylinder has been revealed by taking into account a various range of the gap size. As the cylinder is close to the wall at the initial dropping position, vortex shedding in the wake occurs early since the shear flow formed in the spacing between the cylinder and the wall drives flow instabilities from the initial stage of freely falling. In order to consider the characteristics of transverse motion of the cylinder in the initial stage of freely falling, quantitative information about the cylinder motion variables such as the transverse force, trajectory and settling time has been investigate.

Simulation of incompressible viscous flows around moving objects by a variant of immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann method

AbstractA variant of immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann method (IB‐LBM) is presented in this paper to simulate incompressible viscous flows around moving objects. As compared with the conventional IB‐LBM where the force density is computed explicitly by Hook's law or the direct forcing method and the non‐slip condition is only approximately satisfied, in the present work, the force density term is considered as the velocity correction which is determined by enforcing the non‐slip condition at the boundary. The lift and drag forces on the moving object can be easily calculated via the velocity correction on the boundary points. The capability of the present method for moving objects is well demonstrated through its application to simulate flows around a moving circular cylinder, a rotationally oscillating cylinder, and an elliptic flapping wing. Furthermore, the simulation of flows around a flapping flexible airfoil is carried out to exhibit the ability of the present method for implementing the elastic boundary condition. It was found that under certain conditions, the flapping flexible airfoil can generate larger propulsive force than the flapping rigid airfoil. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Boundary slip from the immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann models

We report an interesting and important observation of the velocity fields from immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann methods (IB-LBM). The computed velocity profiles can deviate from theoretical predictions greatly even for very simple flow situations, both in the immersed boundary layer and the bulk region. A rigorous analysis of the IB-LBM simulated velocity for a symmetric shear flow is carried out, and the analytical solutions indicate a strong dependence of velocity on the relaxation parameter (kinetic viscosity). Also our simulations demonstrate that simply increasing the immersed boundary layer thickness is not an efficient approach to reduce such velocity discrepancy. We hope this work will bring the awareness of this essential issue to people using IB-LBM for various flow situations.

A NEW IMMERSED BOUNDARY-LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

A new immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) is presented in this work. In the conventional IB-LBM, the restoring force is pre-calculated, which makes the non-slip boundary condition to be only approximately satisfied. As a result, the streamline penetration to the solid body occurs. In the present study, the velocity correction (restoring force) is considered as unknown. It is determined in such a way that the non-slip boundary condition is enforced. As compared with conventional IB-LBM, the solution procedure of current IB-LBM is almost the same except that the non-slip boundary condition is guaranteed in the present scheme while it is only approximately satisfied in the conventional scheme. Numerical results for simulation of flows over fixed circular cylinders showed that the present method can provide accurate solutions without any streamline penetration phenomenon.

Implicit velocity correction-based immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method and its applications

A version of immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) is proposed in this work. It is based on the lattice Boltzmann equation with external forcing term proposed by Guo et al. [Z. Guo, C. Zheng, B. Shi, Discrete lattice effects on the forcing term in the lattice Boltzmann method, Phys. Rev. E 65 (2002) 046308], which can well consider the effect of external force to the momentum and momentum flux as well as the discrete lattice effect. In this model, the velocity is contributed by two parts. One is from the density distribution function and can be termed as intermediate velocity, and the other is from the external force and can be considered as velocity correction. In the conventional IB-LBM, the force density (external force) is explicitly computed in advance. As a result, we cannot manipulate the velocity correction to enforce the non-slip boundary condition at the boundary point. In the present work, the velocity corrections (force density) at all boundary points are considered as unknowns which are computed in such a way that the non-slip boundary condition at the boundary points is enforced. The solution procedure of present IB-LBM is exactly the same as the conventional IB-LBM except that the non-slip boundary condition can be satisfied in the present model while it is only approximately satisfied in the conventional model. Numerical experiments for the flows around a circular cylinder and an airfoil show that there is no any penetration of streamlines to the solid body in the present results. This is not the case for the results obtained by the conventional IB-LBM. Another advantage of the present method is its simple calculation of force on the boundary. The force can be directly calculated from the relationship between the velocity correction and the force density.