Immature Oil Research Articles

The effects of sample preparation on the interpretation of pyrolysis-based organic matter analysis in immature oil shale

Oil shale as well as shale oil and shale gas are significant energy resources with huge reserves present in different parts of the world. Various geochemical proxies have been applied to assess the petroleum potential of oil shales with samples pre-treated in various ways, e.g. as whole rock or demineralized sample or as solvent extracted rock/kerogen. In this respect, it is important to understand and quantify, how achieved geochemical parameters are influenced by pre-treatment. In this study, a systematic comparison is presented based on a study on i) whole rock, ii) extracted whole rock, iii) kerogen concentrate, and iv) extracted kerogen concentrate obtained after solvent extraction of demineralized shales. In total, seven immature, organic matter-rich samples from the Miocene lacustrine sediments of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater, Germany, were pretreated in this way leading to overall 28 samples. A set of elemental analysis (C, H, N), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and Curie Point-pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurements were performed on these pretreated samples. Mineral matter removal leads to significant increase of total organic carbon, but also thermally evaporable and pyrolytically cracked organic matter (Rock-Eval S1 and S2 peaks). To some extent, labile organic matter represented in the original S2 peak can be destructed by mineral removal with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid, as shown by elevated values of PI [S1/(S1 + S2)] after demineralization. The organic matter type tends to be more petroleum-prone with raised hydrogen index (HI) and aliphaticity values after demineralization, while Rock-Eval Tmax values commonly applied as parameters for thermal maturity tend to decrease, though not for all samples.Reduced TOC, S1, S2 and PI values of extracted samples suggest that both thermally evaporable and additionally some non-evaporable but soluble organic matter hidden in the original S2 peak can be lost after solvent extraction. Increased values of HI, H/C and N/C of extracted samples indicate more oil-prone organic matter types than unextracted samples. Typical maturity-related parameters such as aliphaticity and Rock-Eval Tmax decrease. Smectite and zeolites, which are abundant in the samples, are suggested to protect organic matter to some extent against solvent extraction, influencing a variety of geochemical proxies and the occurrence of metal cation-containing minerals. Zeolite invigorates the protection effect.

Growth and initiation of third stage of immature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) by giving oil palm frond compost and paclobutrazol

The third stage of immature oil palm is the phase where the plants enter preparation for flowering, so efforts are needed to initiate flowering, one of which is by using plant growth regulators (PGR) such as paclobutrazol. It is expected that the use of oil palm fronds as compost and application to oil palm plants can support sustainable oil palm management activities. Paclobutrazol, as a growth regulator, plays a role in stimulating the flowering of immature oil palm plants. This research aims to determine the response to the growth and development of immature oil palm plants in the third stage by administering palm frond compost and paclobutrazol at certain doses and concentrations. The experiment was carried out from June to December 2020 at the Ciparanje Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 12 treatments and three replications. The experimental results showed that the application of compost to oil palm fronds and paclobutrazol had a significant effect on plant height and stem girth, but there were no significant differences in the number of fronds, leaf area, chlorophyll index, and flowers. All treatments did not produce flower shoots but showed inhibition of vegetative growth in immature oil palm plants in the third stage. The application of 12.8 kg of oil palm frond compost and 150 ppm paclobutrazol had the best effect on the height and girth of the oil palm stem and had an effect that was not significantly different from other treatments on the parameters of a number of fronds, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll, and flower growth.

COMPARISON OF ABUNDANCE OF RODENTS IN IMMATURE AND MATURE OIL PALM PLANTATIONS IN LAHAD DATU, SABAH

Regardless of palm age, rodents have been the main concern for oil palm planters. The present study examined the abundance of rodents in immature (1-3-year-old) and mature (18-20-year-old) oil palm plantations (FGVAS Sahabat 17) in Lahad Datu, Sabah. Over a period of 30 months, 150 cage traps were set in a 300-palm area for four consecutive nights each month for immature and mature palms, respectively. During the study, four rodent species, Callosciurus notatus, Rattus exulans, Rattus rattus diardii, and Maxomys whiteheadi were captured. In immature oil palm, R. exulans (53.59%) was the highest number recorded, and R. r. diardii (88.56%) was the highest number in mature oil palm. The total number of rats varied between immature and mature oil palms [t (54) = 7.392, p = 0.0001]. The ratio of the number of rodents captured in immature and mature oil palms was 4:1. There was a significant difference in the abundance of rats in immature and mature oil palms between the wet (U = 25.50, p = < 0.0003) and dry seasons (U = 12.50, p = < 0.001). This study identified the abundance of rodent species in immature and mature oil palm plantations as a baseline for rodent pest management. Keywords: Oil palm, rodent species, wet season, dry season, Lahad Datu.

Oil and mucilage idioblasts co-occur in the vegetative organs of Ocotea pulchella (Lauraceae): comparative development, ultrastructure and secretions.

This study compares oil and mucilage idioblasts occurring together in the vegetative organs of Ocotea pulchella, a Lauraceae species. Our focus is specifically on the ontogeny and developmental cytology of these secretory cells. Both types of idioblasts originate from solitary cells located in the fundamental meristem, underlying the protodermis. The growth of both types of idioblasts is asynchronous, with the oil idioblasts developing first, but their initiation is restricted to the early stages of organ development. Mucilaginous idioblasts occur exclusively in the palisade parenchyma, while oil idioblasts are scattered throughout the mesophyll, midrib, and petiole of the leaves. The lamellar secretion of mucilage idioblasts is mostly made up of polysaccharides, while the secretion of oil idioblasts is made up of terpenes and lipids. Cupule occurred only in the oil idioblasts, while suberized layers occurred in both types of cells. We found that immature oil idioblasts that are close to each other fuse; mature mucilage idioblasts have labyrinthine walls arranged in a reticulate pattern; the cells close to the oil idioblasts have a pectin protective layer; and the oil idioblasts have a sheath of phenolic cells. In contrast to previous reports, the two types of secretory idioblasts were recognized during the early stages of their development. The results emphasize the importance of combining optical and electron microscopy methods to observe the ontogenetic, histochemical and ultrastructural changes that occur during the development of the secretory idioblasts. This can help us understand how secreting cells store their secretions and how their walls become specialized.

Growth and production of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) as an intercrop in immature oil palm plantations (TBM 2) on dystrudepts soil given MB green manure (Mucuna bracteata) and NPK fertilizer

This research aims to examine the interaction, the main effects of Mucuna bracteata green fertilizer, NPK and obtain a combination that produces the highest production of sweet corn. The research was carried out in Kembang Damai Village, Pagaran Tapah Darussalam District, Rokan Hulu Regency from April to July 2023. The research was carried out experimentally using a factorial randomized block design, where factor I was the provision of Mucuna bracteata green fertilizer consisting of 3 levels, namely 4.18 . t.ha -1 , 8.36 t.ha -1 and 12.54 t.ha -1 . Factor II is the provision of NPK which consists of 3 levels, namely 0.1 t.ha -1 , 0, 2 t.ha -1 and 0.3 t.ha -1 , so there are 9 treatment combinations and they are repeated 3 times, so there are 27 experimental units. The parameters observed were the amount of chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductivity, and CO2 concentration in cells, plant height, time when female flowers appeared, harvest age, weight of cobs with husks, and weight of cobs without husks. The variance data was further tested using Duncan's multiple distance test at the 5% level. The results of the research showed that there was an interaction between Mucuna bracteata and NPK green manure treatment on the parameters of female flower emergence time, harvest age and husk ear weight, but not on other parameters . The application of Mucuna bracteata green fertilizer had a significant effect on the time the female flowers appeared, the age of harvest, and the weight of the husk cobs. NPK fertilizer has a significant effect on harvest age and husk cob weight. Providing Mucuna bracteata green fertilizer 12.5 t.ha -1 and NPK 0.2 t.ha -1 is a combination that provides higher production results in the weight parameter of husk cobs, namely 527,833 g per plant.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicle for controlling Oryctes rhinoceros beetle on Immature Oil Palm

Current constraints on labor supply and human error have triggered interest in using automated technology as an alternative to conventional operations. Hence, Minamas Plantation has embarked on an exploratory trial using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in one of the labor-intensive works in the oil palm industry, which is the prophylactic fortnightly spraying of beetles on immature palms. The trial was conducted between October 2021 and January 2022 at PT Aneka Inti Persada. Three treatments, namely UAV, conventional, and no control, were investigated under two different environments (straight-line and terrace plantings). A randomized complete block design was adopted, with three replicates of immature oil palms planted in 2020. Prior to treatment implementation, all treated palms were georeferenced. The insecticide used was Cypermethrin (5.5% EC) at 20 ml/L of water. Insecticide application by point-to-point spraying was conducted for 4 seconds on each palm (250 ml solution/palm) at 0.5 – 1.5 m above the canopy. Knapsack spraying was performed as per estate practice. No significant difference in fresh damage was recorded between the UAV and knapsack spraying as compared to the control plots. Palms in control plots continued to be inflicted by beetles with more than 5% fresh damage throughout the trial period. The trial concluded that UAV technology has great potential for adoption in daily estate operations. The next step of the trial was to compare the cost-effectiveness between treatments. This study did not carry out the economic analysis due to the scale of the trial.

Population and attack of bagworm pests in smallholder oil palm plantations in Tenggulun Sub District, Aceh Tamiang District, Aceh

Bagworms are leaf-eating insects that are quite greedy and difficult to control because these pests hide in their bags. This pest control needs to be done especially on immature plants. This research aims to determine the dynamics of bagworm populations in immature oil palm plants and the percentage of bagworm attacks in smallholder oil palm plantations with different management. This research was carried out by direct observation of bagworms on Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations in Selamat Village and Tenggulun Village. In each village, 2 observation locations were determined and 25 plant samples were selected from each observation location. Dead bagworms are collected to determine the cause of death. The results of the research found 3 species of bagworms at the research location (Mahasena corbetti, Metisa plana and Cremastopsyche pendula). The most commonly found bagworm species is Mahesa plana. Mahasena corbetti is a priority to control because its attack level is in the medium category. Furthermore, the percentage of bagworm attacks ranges from 38-76%. The bagworm population in Selamat Village is lower than in Tenggulun Village, this is because oil palm farmers in Selamat Village have implemented integrated pest control methods in managing their oil palm plants, (utilizing natural enemies/predators, manual eradication of bagworm pests and trunk injection.

Study of Some Physical Properties of Soil in Immature Oil Palm Plant at Different Slopes

The physical properties of the soil will influence plant growth and development. This research aims to examine the physical properties of soil in various slope classes of oil palm plantations inPTPN III KebunAekNabara Utara, BilahHulu District, Labuhanbatu Regency. This research uses survey and descriptive methods by analyzing the parameters of the physical properties of the soil, namely:Bulk Density (g/cm3) Total Pore Space (%) Soil Structure, Soil Water Content (%), Soil Texture (%). The tools used are a Global Positioning System (GPS), sample ring, hoe, soil drill, penetrometer, oven, permeameter, dry sieve, wet sieve, and pressure plate apparatus. The materials used are soil samples and work maps. The research results show that several soil physical properties showBulk Density value 1.30 – 1.51 g/cm3, Total Pore Space 0.17-0.58%, water content 0.20-0.27%, while the texture is dominantly clayey, and the structure is dominantly angular blocky. The physical properties of soil require a long time to change, because the physical properties of soil are difficult to change.

The Image Extraction Using the HSV Method to Determine the Maturity Level of Palm Oil Fruit with the k-nearest Neighbor Algorithm

The oil palm is one of the monocot oil-producing plants in Indonesia. Sorting errors in oil palm fruit are caused by a sorter error when distinguishing the color of ripe and immature oil palm fruit. In addition to inefficient time, the area of oil palm plantations is also a factor that causes the sorter to make mistakes in sorting. This study aims to produce a system that can classify the maturity of oil palms based on feature extraction of characteristics of the hue, saturation and value (HSV) color features. The HSV method is used to produce color characteristics from the image of the oil palm fruit. Classification of oil palm fruit maturity is classified using the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm with a dataset of 400 oil palm fruit image data with a data sharing ratio of 70% training data and 30% test data. 280 image data were used as training data, divided into 140 image data of ripe oil palm fruit, 140 image data of immature oil palm fruit and 120 image data of oil palm used as test data which is divided into 60 image data of ripe oil palm and 45 unripe palm oil. Based on the result of tests that have been carried out using a confusion matrix with varied k values, namely, 5 and 7, the average precision is 94.16%.

Extractable and kerogen-bound hopanoids from typical Eocene oil shales in China

This study conducted a comparative analysis of extractable hopanoid hydrocarbons and those released via stepwise pyrolysis of typical Eocene immature oil shales in China, namely the Huadian, Maoming, and Fushun shales. Both the Huadian and Maoming shales exhibit immature indicators in extractable and kerogen-bound hopanoids (notably, high abundance of C29 to C32 17β,21β-hopanes and unsaturated hopenes). In contrast, the Fushun oil shale's hopanoids from extracts and pyrolyzates suggest a higher maturity level. The absence of neohopenes in the pyrolyzates of the shales underpins that the kerogen-bound hopanoid skeletons resist rearrangement. However, the Huadian oil shale's asymmetric distribution of C29 and C30 hopenes and neohopenes hints at the presence of an additional source. Novel unsaturated hopenes, such as hop-20 (21)-enes, identified in pyrolyzates of the three kerogens at various pyrolysis temperatures, reveal the occurrence of double bonds in kerogen-bound hopanoid skeletons without methyl rearrangements. The absence of hop-20-(21)-ene in extracts suggests that it might act as an intermediate of these novel hopenes during the epimerization of hopanoid skeletons within kerogen. The extractable and pyrolytic hopanoids' stereochemical alignment indicates that epimerization may occur in both ring systems and alkyl side chains of kerogen-bound hopanoid skeletons. Sequential stepwise pyrolysis proves to be a quick screening method for geological hopanoids without causing any significant alteration to the original skeletons even when cracking multiple covalent bonds is necessary.

Comparative Relationships of Leaflet Essential Elements of Immature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) between A Novel Biochemical Fertilizer and Standard Practice Application

Comparative Relationships of Leaflet Essential Elements of Immature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) between A Novel Biochemical Fertilizer and Standard Practice Application

PENGGUNAAN HERBISIDA TRIKLOPIR UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN GULMA PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT FASE BELUM MENGHASILKAN DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA

Weed is one of the major problems in immature oil palm plantations. Weed control is carried out to optimize the growth of oil palm plants, and the method commonly used in the field is chemical control with herbicides. The active ingredient of the herbicide used in the field is triclopyr, however herbicide application is thought to affect the diversity of insects, especially those found in lower vegetation, at the same time it is necessary to observe the effect of herbicide application on insect diversity. This study aims to obtain an effective dose of herbicide to control weeds in immature oil palm plants and to determine the effect of herbicide application on insect diversity. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) which consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replications. Triclopyr herbicide treatment doses were 864 g.ha-1, 768 g/ha, 672 g.ha-1, 576 g.ha-1, mechanical weeding and control. Insect sampling method uses insect nets and pitfall traps. The data obtained were analyzed using variance or F test at 5% level and further test was carried out by DMRT at 5% level. The results showed that the best dose of herbicide triclopir was 768 g/ha because it was effective in controlling the weeds of Borreria latifolia, Calopogonium mucunoides and Asystasia gangetica. Triclopyr herbicide application affects the diversity of insects and the even distribution of insects.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF UTILIZING SOYBEAN AS AN INTERCROP PLANT IN IMMATURE OIL PALM AS AN EFFORT TO INCREASE THE INCOME OF OIL PALM FARMERS

Land utilization in immature palm oil is very helpful for oil palm farmers to get a source of income when their palm oil crops is still immature. In addition, these intercrops can also be used as ground cover plants, which can prevent erosion and evaporation of the soil. The research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia (ITSI). The research time was 3 months. The purpose of this research is to determine the feasibility study of soybean business as an intercrop in immature crop land whether or not this soybean crop is profitable. If it is profitable then farmers can receive income from this soybean intercrop before the palm oil plants can be harvested. The results of the research conducted are the production of soybean crops on immature palm oil land with a distance of 20 cm x 20 cm on 2 beds with a bed size of 4 m x 1 m is 10 kg. The total production cost of soybean intercrops in immature palm oil is Rp.86,861. Income on soybean crops in immature palm oil is Rp.130,000. The profit on soybean intercrops in immature oil palm is Rp.43,139. Soybean crops (Grobogan variety) in immature palm oil are financially and economically feasible, with an R/C value > 1, so the farming business is profitable. Break Event Point of soybean intercrops at immature oil palm, BEP production 6.68 kg BEP price Rp.8,686.

The Influence of Dose Herbicide Fermented Coconut Water Raw Material Against Weeds in Immature Oil Palm Plantations

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis herbisida berbahan baku air kelapa fermentasi terhadap gulma di lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum menghasilkan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret 2022, di Desa Sukarami, Kecamatan Kedurang Ilir, Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan, Provinsi Bengkulu. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok satu faktor yaitu dosis herbisida (D) terdiri dari 9 perlakuan: D1 = 10 L/ha, D2 = 15 L/ha, D3 = 20 L/ha , D4 = 25 L/ha, D5 = 30 L/ha, D6 = 35 L/ha, D7 = 40 L/ha, D8 = 45 L/ha, D9 = 50 L/ha. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa lahan perkebunan sawit rakyat didominasi oleh gulma Axonopus compresus (47,78%) dan Ageratum conyzoides (30,98%). Gulma yang tahan terhadap herbisida ini adalah Erigeron bonariensis L. Perlakuan dosis berpengaruh nyata terhadap gulma di perkebunan sawit rakyat yang belum menghasilkan. Perlakuan dosis 25 L/ha efektif mengendalikan gulma di perkebunan sawit yang belum menghasilkan.

Population Dynamics of The Bagworm, Clania tertia Templeton (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) on Immature Oil Palm at Pelalawan Regency, Riau

Plant pests and diseases are considered as one of the problems in agricultural production, including oil palm. Oil palm leaf-eating caterpillars are a class of pests often found in oil palm plantations throughout Indonesia. The bagworm is one of the leaf eaters classified as voracious insect pest and difficult to control because these pests hide in their bags. Pest control needs to be done from young (immature) plants so that yield loss during production can be prevented and cause no economic losses. This study aims to know the attack of bagworm C. tertia on immature oil palm on different locations and different treatments and determine the factors causing the death of bagworm in the Plantation of PT Inti Indosawit Subur, Pangkalan Kerinci, Pelalawan Regency, Riau. This study was conducted by direct observation of the bagworm in Block A and Block K. From each block, two observation sites were determined, and 25 sample plants were selected from each observation site. The dead bagworms were collected to determine the cause of death. The research results showed that the bagworm dead in Block A was higher than in Block K due to pest control such as trunk injection (TI) were implemented in Block A. In Block A, the highest percentage of deaths due to insecticides occurred in the second observation, and decreased at each observation time. The death of the bagworm in Block K was mostly caused by the role of predators.

Level attack of caterpillar on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations in Dharmasraya District, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia

Caterpillars are insects that eat oil palm leaves. As a herbivore, its presence and feeding activity will be affected by the growth phase of the host plant. This study aims to determine the percentage and intensity of caterpillar attacks on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) which have not yet produced fruit in Dharmasraya Regency. The research was carried out in July-September 2022 and the location was determined using a purposive sampling method. The research was conducted in two immature oil palm plantations (Nagari Silago and Timpeh) and two mature areas (Nagari Sitiung and Muaro polite). Determination of sample plants was carried out diagonally and taken ± 10% of the total population of palms. The caterpillars found during the research in the oil palm plantations of Dharmasraya Regency consisted of 2 species, namely Setora nitens and Setothosea asigna. At the four study locations, the average percentage of infected plants, infected midribs, and attack intensity were 43.47; 40.71; and 19.86 %. Immature oil palm plants have a higher rate of fireworm attacks than mature ones.

Effects of intercropping of immature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) with banana, ginger, and turmeric in the Galle District, Sri Lanka

AbstractOil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is considered as the world's leading edible oil producing plant and in tropical countries well established as a perennial plantation crop. Oil palm has spread over 10,000 hectares in the wet zone of the Island. Immature phase of oil palm plantation up to 5 years, there is sufficient space available inside the cultivation. Land productivity in immature plantations could be sustainably increased with some selected intercrops. A field experiment is being conducted at Thalgaswella Estate (6° 24′ 60″ °N, 80° 27′ 44″ °E. 48 m above sea level, WL2a) in Galle district to investigate the suitability of different intercrops during the immature phase. Banana, ginger, and turmeric were selected as intercrops. The experiment was designed with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments, including three replicates. Growth parameters of intercrops and maincrop were taken at 2 months intervals. Yield of intercrops were taken accordingly. In addition to this, the chlorophyll content of leaves was also measured in both intercrops and main crop. Soil chemical parameters were measured annually. There was a significant difference in the height of banana plants and the leaf width of Turmeric grown under oil palm during the first year of this experiment. Intercropped turmeric, ginger, and banana have given yields 4875, 4500, and 7550 kg/ha, respectively. During immature phase of the oil palm hardly any income to the grower, hence intercropping will give a very good chance to gain an income before the first harvest of oil palm being done. Percentage yields of intercrops were shown in banana, turmeric, and ginger as 60.64%, 32.8%, and 61.22% respectively against the monocrop and findings will help to make sustainable use of lands in oil palm plantations.

Fine characterization of pore evolution of oil shale during thermal simulation

Oil shale is a kind of organic‐rich fine‐grained sedimentary, whose pore evolution is affected not only by the evolution of inorganic minerals, but also by the thermal evolution of organic matter (OM). Meanwhile, the interaction between inorganic minerals and OM makes the pore evolution of oil shale more complex. Therefore, it is more important to fine the evolution characteristic of pores in different maturity stages and explore the pore size range affected by each influencing factor. This study selects immature oil shale (Tmax = 430°C, TOC = 8.2%) of Nenjiang Formation in Songliao Basin as a research object, and samples with different maturity are obtained through a series of thermal simulation experiments. Combined with petromineralogy, organic geochemistry and reservoir physical property analysis, the evolution process of pores is determined. The volume and specific surface area evolution of mesopores is different from that of macropores in the immature to mature stage, the volume and specific surface area evolution of which is same in the mature to over‐mature stage. There is a strong positive correlation between volumes of macropores and porosity (R2 = 0.94), between volumes of mesopores and specific surface area (R2 = 0.96). The influencing factors mainly affect the pore size less than 400 nm. Hydrocarbon generation of OM affects the whole pore sizes. Residual oil is stored in pores with pore size of 5–25 nm. The effect of carbonate dissolution and pyrite pyrolysis on mesopores is stronger than that of macropores. The transformation of illite/smectite to illite mainly affects the pore size greater than 100 nm. In the whole process of thermal simulation, the OM thermal evolution, the inorganic minerals dissolution and pyrolysis and the clay minerals transformation are the main influencing factors of pore evolution.

Efektivitas Herbisida Berbahan Aktif Metil Metsulfuron Terhadap Gulma Pakis Kawat (Dicranopteris linearis) Pada TBM Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Di Desa Sukoharjo Lahat Sumatera Selatan

One of the causes of low oil palm production is the presence of weeds, so weed control efforts are needed. One of the weed control methods is chemical weed control using herbicides. Methyl metsulfuron herbicide is one of the active ingredients of herbicides. The aim of this study was to obtain the optimal dose of methyl metsulfuron to control wire fern weed (Dicranopteris linearis) in immature oil palm plantations. The method used was a randomized block design (RAK) with
 8 levels of treatment, namely A (methyl metsulfuron 15 g.b.a/ha), B (methyl metsulfuron 50 g.b.a/ha), C (methyl metsulfuron 85 g.b.a/ha), D (methyl metsulfuron 15). g.b.a/ha + adhesive), E (methyl metsulfuron 50 g.b.a/ha+ adhesive), F (methyl metsulfuron 85 g.b.a/ha+ adhesive), G (manual weeding), H (without control and herbicide). All treatments were replicated 3 times. Parameters observed were weed mortality, weed dry weight and phytotoxicity. Data analysis used linear model variance with a significance of 5%, if there was a significant difference, it was continued with the Ducan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) further test. The results showed that the mortality of Dicranopteris linearis weeds with the herbicide methyl metsulfuron 85 g.b.a/ha was significantly different from the treatment with methyl metsulfuron 15-50 g.b.a/ha. Weed dry weight with the herbicide methyl metsulfuron 15-85 g.b.a/ha and manual control was significantly different from that without control. Weed control with methyl metsulfuron herbicide does not cause phytotoxicity.

KEEFEKTIFAN HERBISIDA IPA-GLIFOSAT (480 g/l) DALAM MENGENDALIKAN GULMA PADA BUDIDAYA KELAPA SAWIT TBM

The objective of this study was to evaluate the herbicide effectiveness of IPA-Glyphosate (480 g/l) in control the common weeds on immature oil palm plantation. This study was performed in oil palm plantation at Rasau Jaya, Kubu Raya Regency, Kalimantan Barat Province. Vegetation analysis was conducted by using the square methods. Herbicide application carried out by a spraying method. Experiment arranged by randomized block design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed at 12 weeks after application the average density of weeds covering is 2,4-40%. The IPA- Glyphosate herbicide (480 g/l) with dose 5 l/ha effective suppressed the growth kinds of weeds up to 12 weeks after application and didn’t cause phytotoxicity in oil palm plantation.Keywords : common weeds, immature oil palm, IPA-Glyphosate 480 g/l