Imitation Process Research Articles

The Cultural Evolution of Games of Chance

Chance-based gambling has been a recurrent cultural activity throughout history and across many diverse human societies. In this paper, I combine quantitative and qualitative data and present a cultural evolutionary framework to explain why the odds in games of chance in premodern China appeared “designed” to ensure a moderate yet favorable house advantage. This is especially intriguing since extensive research in the history of probability has shown that, prior to the development of probability theory, people had very limited understanding of the nature of random events and were generally disinclined to think mathematically about the frequency of their occurrence. I argue that games of chance in the context of gambling may have culturally evolved into their documented forms via a process of selective imitation and retention, and neither the customers nor the gambling houses understood the probability calculus involved in these games.

Linking Spontaneous Behavioral Changes to Disease Transmission Dynamics: Behavior Change Includes Periodic Oscillation.

Behavior change significantly influences the transmission of diseases during outbreaks. To incorporate spontaneous preventive measures, we propose a model that integrates behavior change with disease transmission. The model represents behavior change through an imitation process, wherein players exclusively adopt the behavior associated with higher payoff. We find that relying solely on spontaneous behavior change is insufficient for eradicating the disease. The dynamics of behavior change are contingent on the basic reproduction number corresponding to the scenario where all players adopt non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). When , partial adherence to NPIs remains consistently feasible. We can ensure that the disease stays at a low level or maintains minor fluctuations around a lower value by increasing sensitivity to perceived infection. In cases where oscillations occur, a further reduction in the maximum prevalence of infection over a cycle can be achieved by increasing the rate of behavior change. When , almost all players consistently adopt NPIs if they are highly sensitive to perceived infection. Further consideration of saturated recovery leads to saddle-node homoclinic and Bogdanov-Takens bifurcations, emphasizing the adverse impact of limited medical resources on controlling the scale of infection. Finally, we parameterize our model with COVID-19 data and Tokyo subway ridership, enabling us to illustrate the disease spread co-evolving with behavior change dynamics. We further demonstrate that an increase in sensitivity to perceived infection can accelerate the peak time and reduce the peak size of infection prevalence in the initial wave.

A Brief History of Memetic Advertising from Trade Cards to the Internet

Abstract: Internet memes have become such a prevalent aspect of contemporary social media communication that brands have begun to use them as vehicles for advertising. However, the concept of a meme predates its colloquial understanding as an internet-based artifact. Advertisers have been creating memes—and conversely, incorporated memes into advertisements—for longer than these modern technologies and platforms have existed. This original historical account applies memetic theory to a selection of advertising forms, campaigns, and influential individuals throughout modern history in an effort to trace the relationship between memes and advertising from the early seventeenth century to the dawn of the internet era. Of specific interest in this history is how advertisers and creators have relied upon memetic processes of imitation and transformation to maximize advertising effectiveness, memorability, and longevity through consumers' existing knowledge of content and form. Though necessarily limited in scope, this account provides a first step toward documenting how advertisers have implemented memetic approaches over time and how they inform current internet-based memetic advertising practice.

Edukasi Perilaku Hidup Sehat, Bersih, Dan Gizi Seimbang Sejak Dini

Human behaviour is formed from habits carried out in everyday life. Habits come from knowledge or the process of imitation. Healthy, clean, and balanced nutrition habits are essential to be educated early, considering the many negative impacts that arise, such as infectious and non-communicable diseases. This negative impact reduces human competence and creativity. Aware of this, this service activity is carried out to know the behaviour, increase knowledge, and identify the nutritional status of service participants from an early age. Mitra Pengabdi is the Yayasan Prayoga, precisely SMP Yos Sudarso Padang. Participants in the activity are new learners. The service method is carried out in 3 stages, namely exploration, education, and testing. The results of this dedication are known that, in general, the daily behaviour of participants towards living healthy, clean, and balanced nutrition has followed the rules, but there are still those who need to. The knowledge of participants after education was 60% in the excellent category, 30% in the sufficient category, and 10% in the less category. Generally, the nutritional status of service participants is in the normal category, but they are still fat and thin. After participating in this service activity, participants are expected to be able to apply healthy, clean, and balanced nutrition behaviours adequately and appropriately so that they become models for individuals in the surrounding environment.

Two-Time Scale Tracking Control of Flexible Robots With Primal-Dual Inverse Reinforcement Learning.

Flexible robots (FRs) are generally designed to be lightweight to achieve rapid motion. However, accompanying vibrations and modeling errors influence tracking control, especially in situations involving reference signal loss. This article develops a two-time scale primal-dual inverse reinforcement learning (PD-IRL) framework for FRs to perform tracking tasks with incomplete reference signals. First, consider the admissible policy as a nonconvex input constraint to guarantee the stable operation of the equipment. Then, FRs imitate the demonstration behaviors of an expert, including both rigid and flexible motions, to achieve a balance in tracking speed and vibration suppression. During the imitation process, nonconvex optimization problems of FRs are transformed into corresponding dual problems to obtain the global optimal policy. Moreover, employing multiple linearly independent paths to explore the state space simultaneously can improve convergence speed. Convergence and stability are studied rigorously. Finally, simulations and comparisons show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

WORD-FORMATION OF NEW VOCABULARY IN THAI DICTIONARY

The increase or decrease in the vocabulary of a language is a natural aspect of language evolution. Word formation refers to the process through which a language incorporates new words and meanings into social usage. Thai is a language known for its diverse methods of forming new words. This article aims to illustrate how new words are formed in Thai. The research data were extracted from the New Words Dictionary, published by the Royal Institute. This study adopts a documentary and qualitative linguistic approach. Rahti and Gusdian’s (2018) word-formation classification framework, based on the Oxford dictionary, serves as a guide for analyzing new words in Thai. The findings reveal 10 distinct methods of forming new words in the Thai language, with compounding being the most prevalent. While this research aligns with Rahti and Gusdian’s framework in 8 processes, it diverges in 2 processes. Specifically, this study did not identify affixation and blending processes but identified sound imitation and sound assimilation processes, which may be unique to Thai word formation. Subsequent research should explore English loanwords in the new words dictionary, categorizing them to uncover their relationships with new meanings in Thai society.

Industrial dynamics in the ICT technological paradigm: The case of Portugal, 1986–2018

Following Schumpeter, several scholars have shown that development follows long-term waves. These waves are prompted by radical innovations, which, until their full potential is exhausted, spread through incremental innovations and continuous learning and imitation processes. However, the discontinuity of technological progress often goes unnoticed in current debates on productivity slowdown, declining business dynamism and increasing market concentration. Our study, based on extensive microeconomic data from 1986 to 2018, examines how the ICT revolution has influenced business dynamism in Portugal. The Bai–Perron estimates show two structural breaks in industrial dynamics: an upswing in 1993 and a downturn in 2003. Our research also shows that during the late 20th century creative destruction was mainly driven by the expanding ICT sector. After 2003, however, firm dynamics became less turbulent, with less entry and job reallocation. Moreover, despite the increasing performance of a typical high-growth young firm, the incidence of startups has declined in the new century. Our results, therefore, suggest that reduced entry and increased exit risk have likely undermined the long-term disruptive potential of transformative entrepreneurship.

This is a Course in Translation Not Imitation

ABSTRACT In this student reading, I use examples from dance technique classes to bring attention to the choices that students make when learning new movement via observation and repetition. Based on these examples, I frame learning in technique class not as a process of imitation but a process of translation. In doing so I hope to advocate for the intellectual practices and opportunities for student agency embedded in dance technique learning.

Dynamics of Cournot and Bertrand Firms: Exploring Imitation and Replicator Processes

Dynamics of Cournot and Bertrand Firms: Exploring Imitation and Replicator Processes

Gender Neutrality Made Easy and Constitutional: Why We Call Members of the House “Congressman” and “Congresswoman,” and Why We Should Not

Abstract How did we come to use and accept “congressman” and, later, “congresswoman” instead of “representative” as the nearly default designation for members of the House, while at the same time referring to senators exclusively by that title? And despite it being inherently inaccurate and unnecessarily binary, this convention for members of the House has gone unchallenged, even as gender-neutral language advances and even as the House of Representatives has considered such things as adding more gender-neutral bathrooms. This article traces, for the first time, the history of “congressman” (and “congresswoman”) conceptualized as a linguistic meme subject to a process of replication and imitation. It explores the first uses of “congressman” prior to the Constitution, how the reporting of elections in the early decades of the republic embedded the use of “congressman” for House members in the national vocabulary, and how the arrival of congresswomen ironically reinforced this convention. This study also uses comparisons to the titles for legislators in American states and other nations to show how exceptional these terms are in being both gendered and institutionally inaccurate. Finally, it draws on that history to argue that the House, press, and public should drop these gendered, civically confusing, and politically inappropriate honorifics in favor of the one specified in the Constitution.

Paolo Marzolo and Cesare Lombroso: a semiotic-medical inheritance between word, sounds, and face

Abstract Within the interdisciplinary context of the nineteenth century, the paper scrutinizes the relation between Paolo Marzolo’s theory of signs and Cesare Lombroso’s anthropological-criminal approach. Best known for his unfinished work Monumenti storici (1847–1866), Marzolo (of whom Lombroso calls himself a disciple) investigates, in his last Saggio sui segni (1866), the origin and development of languages by combining the positivist approach with an eighteenth-century encyclopedic Enlightenment perspective, as well as the earlier anatomist tradition. In his view, the human production, learning, and use of signs, resting upon sensory experiences and mnemonic activity, involves the process of imitation with a pivotal role of the speakers’ phonic, gestural, and facial expressions (i.e., physiognomy), related to geographical, linguistic, and anthropological differences among human individuals, as well as the cultural element of civilization. Conceived as case(s) of semiotic ideology rooted between linguistics and medicine, the Marzolo–Lombroso filiation shows an increasing correlation between race, language, and climate in the wake of social Darwinism and akin to other coeval physiognomic theories. In Lombroso’s perspective, a radical translation from a linguistic and phonic-semiotic field to an anthropological and somatic-semiotic plane seems inevitable, emphasizing the (para) scientific flavor and widening the gap between anthropometric and ethnoanthropological approaches.

Resounding Relations

Habit has primarily been considered along seemingly divergent trajectories, either as a mechanism that limits creativity or as a transition of imagination into embodied activity (Elizabeth Grosz (2013) ‘Habit today: Ravaisson, Bergson, Deleuze and us’, Body & Society 19(2&3): 217–39). An interplay of these two aspects is clearly seen in music improvisation, in which performances unfold through well-honed patterns of technique and processes of listening and learning. Yet while the development of good habits is considered essential to performance within distinct cultural traditions or stylistic genres, little attention has been devoted to identifying the types of habits needed for engagement in cross-cultural performance settings. This paper broadens the scope of habits typically explored within jazz studies and music pedagogy, conceptualizing habit in a way that resonates across contemporary Australian jazz and Yolŋu manikay (public ceremonial song) from Australia’s Northern Territory. We emphasize the relational dimensions of habit as they form a foundation for community formation through performance, involving processes of imitation and evocation, and learning through participation. Through this heuristic braiding of habits in jazz and manikay, we argue that habits of musical performance both locate performers within distinct traditions while allowing freedom to innovate. This dynamic allows for the elevation of these traditions within new contexts and relationships.

Model Pembelajaran pada Pelatihan Servis Mesin Katinting

The katinting machine servicing training was held in Rea Village (Bajoe hamlet), Binuang District, Polewali Regency with the aim of providing participants with the skills and knowledge needed in repairing katinting engines in an effective and practical way so that fishing communities can carry out maintenance and repair symptoms of damage to their katinting engines, especially damage that occurs suddenly such as damage to the fuel system and ignition system. The target audience for this training program are fishing communities, including owners and tenants of katinting engines and have the potential to disseminate knowledge or skills to other fishermen who do not have time to participate in the training. The learning model uses the Observe, Imitate, and Do method approach or the ATM method (Observe, Imitate, Do). The benefits of observing are that participants will understand the problem in depth before moving on to the improvement process, through imitation of corrective steps, participants will have concrete examples of how improvements should be made, which facilitate their understanding and reduce errors in implementation, and by carrying out “Direct Experience” participants can apply their knowledge and skills in real situations. This will increase their confidence in facing technical challenges. Overall, training using the ATM method provides significant benefits for participants, because they have the skills needed to repair the katinting engine more efficiently and effectively. The observation and imitation process will help accelerate learning, while the "Doing" stage provides practical opportunities to test and hone the participants' repair abilities, this is what makes the trainees enthusiastic in participating in the training series until the end of the implementation.

Peer effects of internationalization for engineering news-record contractors: evidence from Chinese contractors

PurposeThis study explores whether the peer effects of internationalization exist within the subdivision industry of enterprises in the engineering field and assesses the imitation paths for the peer engineering enterprises within the industry when implementing internationalization strategies under the peer effects.Design/methodology/approachThis study collected secondary and objective data on 38 Chinese engineering enterprises from the Engineering News-Record's list of the top 250 international contractors between 2013 and 2021. It employed a regression analysis to test the research hypotheses.FindingsThe findings reveal that in the process of internationalization: (1) peer effects exist within the subdivision industry of internationalization of engineering enterprises; (2) engineering enterprises within the same industry and region imitate each other; (3) non-state-owned engineering enterprises imitate state-owned engineering enterprises within the same industry; and (4) in the industry follower–leader imitation process, industry followers imitate leaders according to enterprise size and return on assets.Originality/valueThe results contribute to a better understanding of how peer effects influence engineering enterprises' internationalization process. This study also proposes imitation paths based on the law of imitation to provide recommendations for engineering enterprises' better development in the international market.

Inertia in spatial public goods games under weak selection

Due to limited cognitive skills for perceptual error or other emotional reasons, players may keep their current strategies even if there is a more promising choice. Such behavior inertia has already been studied, but its consequences remained unexplored in the weak selection limit. To fill this gap, we consider a spatial public goods game model where inertia is considered during the imitation process. By using the identity-by-descent method, we present analytical forms of the critical synergy factor $r^\star$, which determines when cooperation is favored. We find that inertia hinders cooperation, which can be explained by the decelerated coarsening process under weak selection. Interestingly, the critical synergy conditions for different updating protocols, including death-birth and birth-death rules, can be formally linked by the extreme limits of the inertia factor. To explore the robustness of our observations, calculations are made for different lattices and group sizes. Monte Carlo simulations also confirm the results.

Catching Up of Latecomer Economies in ICT for Sustainable Development: An Analysis Based on Technology Life Cycle Using Patent Data

In the digital economy era, ICT plays a vital role in supporting the sustainable and high-quality development of latecomer economies. Using technology life cycle analysis and patent data from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (1960–2014), this study analyzed the catching-up characteristics of latecomer economies (with the US as the first mover), including take-off time, growth time, growth rate, and ceiling values in nine sub-fields of information and communication technology (ICT). We applied the logistic and bi-logistic model to reveal the sequence of technological development and growth speed of different economies in different ICT sub-fields. The results show that European economies (Great Britain, France, and Germany) and the US developed first, followed by Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, with China (Mainland) coming later; Asian economies (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China (Mainland)) displayed synchronous development strategies, while European economies displayed non-synchronous development strategies. Asian economies are catching up with the US, whereas European economies are standing still both in imitation and indigenous processes. Korea and Taiwan prioritized catching up with a few sub-fields in the indigenous process. Finally, we analyzed the technological convergence among economies in their catching-up processes and proposed policy implications for the sustainable development of ICT latecomers.

${N}$-Player Trust Game With Second-Order Reputation Evaluation in the Networked Population

Trust has played a significant role in the maintenance of social links, which has attracted a great deal of concern from a diverse range of fields including economics, finance, and social science. In this article, we investigate the effect of second-order reputation evaluation on trust game dilemma and explore how individuals establish an indirect reciprocal relationship by adjusting their reputation. First, a novel <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${N}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -player trust game is proposed by combining the payoff-driven and reputation-driven update processes. Second, four classical “second-order” norms are introduced to evaluate individual reputation, which will be judged by both their own strategies and the reputation status of their counterparts. Finally, through extensive simulations on different network topologies, we find that untrustworthy trustees would change their strategies with the help of a reputation signal. Meanwhile, the structured population presents a nonmonotonic cooperation trend with the increase of reputation strength in the mixed imitation process. Besides, there is an optimal interval that can promote the continuous emergence of trust between investors and trustworthy trustees. The current results are of high importance to understand the emergence of mutually beneficial symbiosis of biological groups inside an unknown environment.

Process of Learning from Demonstration with Paraconsistent Artificial Neural Cells for Application in Linear Cartesian Robots

Paraconsistent Annotated Logic (PAL) is a type of non-classical logic based on concepts that allow, under certain conditions, for one to accept contradictions without invalidating conclusions. The Paraconsistent Artificial Neural Cell of Learning (lPANCell) algorithm was created from PAL-based equations. With its procedures for learning discrete patterns being represented by values contained in the closed interval between 0 and 1, the lPANCell algorithm presents responses similar to those of nonlinear dynamical systems. In this work, several tests were carried out to validate the operation of the lPANCell algorithm in a learning from demonstration (LfD) framework applied to a linear Cartesian robot (gantry robot), which was moving rectangular metallic workpieces. For the LfD process used in the teaching of trajectories in the x and y axes of the linear Cartesian robot, a Paraconsistent Artificial Neural Network (lPANnet) was built, which was composed of eight lPANCells. The results showed that lPANnet has dynamic properties with a robustness to disturbances, both in the learning process by demonstration, as well as in the imitation process. Based on this work, paraconsistent artificial neural networks of a greater complexity, which are composed of lPANCells, can be formed. This study will provide a strong contribution to research regarding learning from demonstration frameworks being applied in robotics.

Analisis Literatur Review: Penggunaan Teknik Modelling Menggunakan Pendekatan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Untuk Konsentrasi Siswa Dalam Belajar

Student learning concentration is a very important thing to pay attention to in the learning process to achieve effective and efficient learning so as to get good learning results. To increase the concentration of post-pandemic students, of course, they find things that are different from the ideal, namely in the phenomenon that students often pay less attention to the teacher when explaining during the learning process, disturb friends and often ask when to go home before the school's set time to go home. This must be overcome so that the concentration of student learning increases and returns to normal conditions in participating in learning. Modeling techniques with the CBT approach are used to increase student learning concentration which is low after the covi-19 pandemic. Learning takes place through a process of imitation, not only by imitation but by adding or eliminating behavior, such as not concentrating while studying.

Far-right digital memory activism: Transnational circulation of memes and memory of Yugoslav wars

The terrorist attacks in Norway in 2011 and New Zealand in 2019 have revealed that the far-right worldwide uses the memory of the Yugoslav wars for online mobilization. Scholars working on memory activism usually deal with the liberal, self-critical memory emerging from the bottom-up activism of human rights groups while neglecting the activism of the far-right. This article fills the gap by addressing the global circulation of two memes, Remove Kebab and Pepe the Frog, as examples of far-right memory activism. In order to address the transnational circulation of memes as memory activism, this article employs the concept of ‘traveling memory’ while relying on multimodal discourse analysis to unveil the processes of memetic transformation, imitation, iconization and narrativization. The analysis reveals an alternative memory of Yugoslav wars that depicts Serbia as the first case of ‘white genocide’ in Europe, reversing the roles of war criminals and victims while propagating violence and celebrating genocide. The article argues that memory studies can no longer ignore memory production of far-right communities and, at the same time, outlines the method for examining far-right digital memory activism, revealing a whole set of mnemonic practices developed among the anonymous fringe communities of the far-right.