Product Imitation Research Articles

Analysis Of Symbolic Value In Purchasing Imitation Louis Vuitton Bags: Economic Sociology Perspective

This research aims to explain the symbolic value in influencing the business of buying imitation Louis Vuitton bags which is seen using Beckert's (2009) four market valuation criteria. Based on a survey conducted by the Indonesian Anti-Counterfeiting Society (MIAP), economic losses due to imitation goods in Indonesia continue to increase every year until reaching a peak in 2014 of 65.1 billion rupiah, in 2020 it was recorded at 291 trillion, with a tax loss of 967 billion rupiah and employment of more than 2 million. Control over counterfeit goods is getting stricter. As explained by Cicilia King, Communications Manager for Louis Vuitton (Indonesia), especially in Europe, the company provides education, including to officers at airports, so that they are able to identify whether an item is genuine or fake. Louis Vuitton, according to various records, is the most counterfeited famous brand ( Kompas.com ). Young consumers are increasingly buying imitation products from luxury brands. Because late childhood is a time of searching for identity and a time of change (Asyia et al., 2022; Sofianita, 2015). This research uses Beckert's theory in the article The social order of markets (2009). Researchers used a qualitative approach with a case study type of research. The findings in this research explain that market valuation criteria consisting of standardization, cognitive anchoring, normative legitimacy, and social positioning are explained in this case study. KEYWORDS : Symbolic Value, Imitation, Louis Vuitton, Qualitative, Case Study

The challenge of cellulose nitrate-coated fabrics: molecular characterization of celluloid detachable collars and Fabrikoid

In the 19th century, significant linen and leather imitation products were invented using cellulose nitrate-coated fabrics, including celluloid detachable collars and Fabrikoid artificial leather, now preserved in the Hagley Museum and Library, USA. Using optical microscopy, µRaman, and µFourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopies, this study highlights the need for characterizing the heterogeneity of these materials at the microscale. While the detachable collars have well-preserved fabric coatings composed of cellulose nitrate, camphor, anatase (TiO2), and carbon-based particles, Fabrikoid’s pigmented cellulose nitrate-castor oil systems show problems. Our molecular data align with a 1922 report on Fabrikoid degradation, revealing free fatty acids and carboxylates formed due to oil oxidation. This is concerning as these materials were used until the 1960s, demonstrated by the analysis of objects from the National Museum of Costumes in Portugal. Future studies should address the compatibility of cellulose nitrate with fatty acids and the reactivity of additives in these systems.

Fried Chicken's Small Micro-Venture Revenue Increase Strategy Through Digital Media

This study aims to explore the implementation of digital media and sales strategies that contribute to increasing the income of fried chicken MSMEs players in Sedong Village, Sedong District, Cirebon Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The respondents of the study consisted of fried chicken MSMEs players in Sedong Village. The results showed that the application of digital media, especially through WhatsApp and Facebook applications, had a positive effect on increasing the income of fried chicken MSMEs players. Sales activities that were originally word-of-mouth developed by utilizing digital media. The use of WhatsApp and Facebook not only expanded the range of product information, but also increased sales volume from 30-50 chickens per day to 70-100 chickens per day. Daily net profit also increased significantly, increasing from Rp. 150,000 - Rp. 200,000 to Rp. 300,000 - Rp. 400,000. Although the application of digital media has a positive impact, MSMEs players have also experienced some negative impacts. Additional expenses to buy data packages or internet quotas are one of the obstacles. In addition, concerns about product imitation by competitors and the presence of fictitious purchases are also felt. The conclusion of this study is that the application of digital media, especially through WhatsApp and Facebook, can be an effective strategy in increasing the income of fried chicken fried chicken MSMEs. However, MSMEs players need to consider negative impacts, such as additional costs and more intensive competition, in utilizing digital media as a sales tool.

Analysis of Candy Tobacco Imitation Products Available Online in the United States.

Youth tobacco use remains a critical public health concern, and childhood use of candy tobacco imitation products (CTIP) is associated with cigarette use among youth. However, no research has examined the full extent of CTIP available for purchase in the United States. We conducted a content analysis of CTIP available on English-language, US-based websites. We identified sites that marketed CTIP utilizing Google and candy retail websites, examining each product for product names, the tobacco product being replicated (eg, cigar and cigarette), manufacturer, candy flavor, images, product rating, pack color, and if the product had packaging that may appeal to youth. We found 66 CTIP available. The most popular CTIP were cigars, with 39 separate products (59%), followed by candy cigarettes-14 products (21%), candy pipes-8 products (12%), and chewing tobacco-5 products (8%). In the 52 products where packaging design was available, 39 (75%) had packaging that may appeal to youth. CTIP, many of which contain packaging appealing to youth, are widely available for purchase online across the United States. These findings could stimulate policy actions, such as removal of CTIP from popular retail websites, labeling of CTIP as potentially dangerous to youth, or age verification requirements for purchasing CTIP. CTIP continues to be sold on the internet despite research indicating candy cigarette product use by youth increases their likelihood of smoking. We conducted research to understand the extent to which CTIP are sold on the internet and whether these products are being marketed to youth. The results provide evidence that some of the largest retail companies in the world continue to sell CTIP, and the majority are sold in packaging that likelyappeals to youth. The results suggest that further research into the market for these products is needed, and regulatory measures should be considered to prevent CTIP from leading to youth tobacco use.

Complementarities between product and process innovation and their effects on employment: a firm-level analysis of manufacturing firms in Colombia

ABSTRACT The introduction or adoption of innovations at the firm level has consequences for job creation that may differ across low-middle and high-income countries. Also, the type of innovation that firms introduce, such as process or product innovations, can affect employment through different channels. This paper aims to study the effects of innovation on employment growth at the firm level using a framework that considers the nature of innovation and the relative efficiency of the firms. The study uses a rich panel dataset that combines information from two different surveys in Colombia: the Annual Manufacturing Survey and the Survey on Development and Technological Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector. The article provides empirical evidence supporting the idea that the nature of innovation in the country involves complementarities between process and product innovations. The paper discusses how this result is related to the patterns of innovation in middle income countries, which need not only new technologies but also imitation of processes and products. Another novelty of this analysis is the study of displacement effects of process innovation through improvements in the relative efficiency of the firms. Findings show that some firms reduce employment from process innovations, reflecting high heterogeneity in efficiency among firms.

Proposed Business Strategy to Increase Competitiveness of Deenay

In Indonesia’s highly competitive Muslim fashion market, Deenay, a significant player since 2017, confronts challenges such as declining sales, imitation product proliferation, and human resource issues, despite its robust capital and brand reputation. The purpose of this study is to develop and implement specific business strategies for Deenay in order to strengthen its competitiveness in the face of increasing market competition. Acknowledging the importance of capital optimization, boosting social media marketing, and resolving human resource challenges, Deenay is in a position to execute strategies that correspond with its unique market positioning and foster sustainable growth.

Имитация османских орнаментов в керамике Италии XIV–XX веков

This article is devoted to the Italian tradition of imitation of Ottoman ceramics from the 14th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The first period covers the pottery industry of the 14th and 15th centuries; the second period lasts from the end of the 15th century to the 18th century, and the last one is the industrial age, the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century. The first period represents only regional touches and the use of similar artistic techniques and colors. The second period is illustrated with more specific examples, such as the use of the Turkish ornament «tugrech». And finally, the third period fully reveals the imitation and copying of Ottoman products, which occurs due to industrialization, the emergence of museums of decorative arts and world exhibitions. In search of inspiration, ceramics such as Cantagalli, the artist Pio Fabri and his daughter Emma Fabri are at the forefront of the renaissance of the «Ottoman style» in ceramics.

A simulation-based approach for assessing the innovation barriers in the manufacturing firms

One of the most important challenges organisations’ faces to innovate is dealing with different types of barriers. Particularly, the case of manufacturing firms confronts several barriers, such as demand uncertainty, product imitation, lack of employees, scarcity of government funding, absence of internal and external financing. This paper aims to provide new insights regarding to the innovation barriers faced by the manufacturing firms. To do this, we implemented a computational model for analysing the barriers to innovation in the Colombian case. In this model, product and processes innovation are studied. It was concluded that for the innovation of process, the highly important barrier is the shortcoming of internal financing, while for the innovation of product is the lack of employees. Results show that the government expenditure is scarce compared to private and external investment.

LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES OF ISLAMIC FINANCE IN TURKEY: A QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION

This study aims to explore issues related to Islamic financial regulations in Turkey through the use of semi-structured interviews. A total of 12 respondents were involved, including regulators, members of the Central Advisory Board (CAB), the Advisory Board of Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs), and managers from IFIs in Turkey. The results highlight consistent calls for the establishment of an act for the Participation finance industry. This act is seen as a means to ensure tax neutrality, reinforce norm hierarchy, prevent the imitation of conventional financial products, and mitigate Shari’ah non-compliance risk. Additionally, our empiricalfindings emphasise the importance of enhancing stakeholder engagement, clarifying roles, establishing a robust organizational structure, and enhancing transparency and independence for regulatory authorities. Improved regulatory governance is crucial for enhancing regulatory outcomes. Lastly, the study underscores the need for standardised guidelines for PFIs and emphasises the significance of their voluntary implementation.

Imitation of Products: Registered Design, Unfair Competition and Copyright Protection

Thun

Plant-based Meat Products and Their Research and Development Progress

With the aggravation of environmental problems in livestock and poultry raising and the improvement of consumers' health awareness level, people keep looking for food products that can partially or completely replace animal-based meat products. Plant-based meat products are meat imitation products with similar texture, taste and flavor as traditional animal meat products, which are obtained by spinning, extruding and other key processing technologies using suitable plant proteins as raw materials. In this paper, we introduce the characteristics of common processing materials and types of plant-based meat products, elaborate on the nutritional and safety aspects of today's plant-based meat products, and discuss the challenges and opportunities facing the domestic plant-based meat products market. It aims to provide theoretical reference for the research and development of plant-based meat products in China.

Platform acquisitions, product imitation and openness

Public authorities have shown concern about the possible harmful effects of platforms acquiring or imitating complementary services sold on their platforms. The effect of these practices on the restrictions on participation, development, or use of platform services (platform openness) has started to attract the attention of policymakers and researchers alike, but the evidence is still limited. We build a model that considers the trade-off that a monopoly platform faces when deciding whether to acquire or imitate a complementor and how such a decision influences openness and welfare. We show that a platform always has an incentive to acquire or imitate complementors. Which one is preferred depends on whether the increase in platform value (acquisition) offsets the market expansion effect (imitation). We find that acquisitions reduce openness and welfare but may generate more valuable complements while imitation increases openness and welfare but may harm third-party developers.

Impact of a Switch to Plant-Based Foods That Visually and Functionally Mimic Animal-Source Meat and Dairy Milk for the Australian Population-A Dietary Modelling Study.

Sales of plant-based 'meat' and 'milk'-products that mimic the visual and functional characteristics of animal-source foods-have increased rapidly during the past decade and are predicted to continue to increase. As plant-based 'meat' and 'milk' are nutritionally dissimilar to the animal-source originals, this study aimed to estimate the nutritional implications for the Australian population of substituting 'Easily Swappable' animal-source meat and dairy milk with plant-based imitation products. Computer simulation modelling was undertaken using dietary intake data collected in 2011-12 from a nationally representative survey sample. Conservative and Accelerated dietary transition scenarios were modelled in which various amounts of dairy milk and animal-source meat were replaced with plant-based 'milk' and plant-based 'meat', for the entire population and for various sub-populations. The scenarios were based on sales reports and economic projections. Modelling revealed that the intake of nutrients already at risk of inadequate intake, such as iodine and vitamin B12 (particularly for females), zinc (particularly for males) and n-3 long-chain fatty acids (for adults), would likely be adversely impacted in an Accelerated scenario. In conclusion, widespread replacement of dairy milk and animal-source meat with plant-based 'milk' and 'meat' may increase the risk of nutritional inadequacies in the Australian population. Messages and policy actions promoting the transition to more environmentally sustainable diets should be designed to avoid such adverse nutritional impacts.

Femtosecond laser marking depth of field 3D code

In order to reduce the market in a large number of counterfeit imitation products, product traceability anti-counterfeiting by more and more attention. Therefore, it is imperative to study product traceability and anti-counterfeiting marking technology. However, for products within a limited size, the data capacity of traditional Data Matrix (DM) code is insufficient to meet the storage requirements, and it is easy to clone and copy, which limits the development of laser marking technology. In order to improve the replication difficulty and information storage capacity of the Data Matrix code, the depth-of-field (DOF) 3D code is devised by adding Z-axis depth information to the original Data Matrix code, which can accommodate a larger information storage capacity and improve the reproduction difficulty of DM code, thus meeting the current commercial demand. In this paper, cemented carbide is taken as the research object, and DOF 3D code is marked on its surface by femtosecond laser, and the optimal process parameters are determined. At the same time, the recognition and information reading of DOF 3D code is studied, and the correctness and reliability of its information acquisition are tested.

The impact of e-commerce and R&D on firm-level production in China: Evidence from manufacturing sector

E-commerce provides opportunities to extend the market and plays a vital role in modern economy. However, its implementation often requires high-level technical infrastructure. This study regards both e-commerce and R&D as input factors and analyses their impact on firm output in the manufacturing sector of China. We find that e-commerce capital stocks and R&D capital stocks have a significant positive effect on the output growth, with R&D being more influential than e-commerce. Meanwhile, the inter-industry network externalities of e-commerce capital stocks have a significant positive impact on production growth. Still, the intra-industry network externalities of e-commerce capital stocks are significantly negative, which means online purchase and sales through e-commerce may induce product imitation (i.e., business stealing) and, thus, reduce output for certain companies in the industry. These findings suggest that R&D and favourable external innovation environment are the key factors for enhancing enterprise production levels.

Nutritional Quality of Plant-Based Meat and Dairy Imitation Products and Comparison with Animal-Based Counterparts

While consumers are increasingly adopting plant-based meat and dairy imitation products, the nutritional quality and adequacy of those foods to act as a substitute is still under discussion. The Greek Branded Food Composition Database (HelTH) was expanded to map currently available meat and dairy imitations in Greece. Their main ingredient used, nutritional composition, and promotion as a healthy, nutritious food were described, and their overall nutritional quality using the Nutri-Score algorithm was evaluated. A total of n = 421 plant-based imitations were analyzed, made primarily of wheat or wheat mixes (83.5%) for meat imitations and grain (19.8%) or vegetable oil (17.1%) for dairy imitations. All meat imitations were high in protein and fiber, while, for dairy, only yogurts carried a protein content claim (80.9%). Imitation sausages, milk, and yogurt products had lower total fat and saturated fat content compared to their animal-based counterparts. All dairy imitations had lower protein content than animal-based dairy. The nutritional quality of imitation cheeses was graded as D-E, under the Nutri-Score system, compared to A-C for the animal-based cheese. Plant-based imitations have variable composition based on their main ingredient, and the substitution of specific food groups with plant-based alternatives may not support an equivalent or improved diet.

Cheese quality assessment by use of near-infrared spectroscopy

Dairy products are worldwide spread and have great commercial importance. Rapid and reliable analysis of cheese would be highly desirable both for the manufacturers and consumers. The results of experiments, related to the application of near-infrared spectroscopy for cheese quality estimation will be presented. Several kinds of Bulgarian white brine cheese - natural from cow milk, imitation products with vegetable oil, and cheese with different water content were investigated. Fatty acids composition of samples was determined by using gas chromatography and moisture content by the oven-dry method. Spectra of all tested samples were obtained with a scanning NIRQuest 512 (Ocean Optics, Inc.) instrument in the range of 900-1700 nm using a reflection fiber-optics probe. PLS models were developed for quantitative determination and SIMCA for classification. The misclassification rate of the SIMCA model for discrimination of natural cheese and imitation products with vegetable oil was 2.9%. Quantitative determination of water content based on NIR spectra showed high accuracy, Models for classification of cheese samples into 3 groups according to water content achieved 5.64% misclassification rate for the independent test set. Results showed the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive and rapid screening tool for assessing cheese quality and detecting adulteration.

Study on consumer awareness of dairy analogues in Gujarat State

Milk is considered almost a complete food that provides macro and micronutrients in balanced proportions. To capture the market of milk and milk products, their imitation product manufacturers use the word ‘milk’. A detailed survey on the consumer awareness of dairy analogues of 852 respondents from8 districts of Gujarat was done. This study analyzed the consumer awareness towards dairy analogues, to determine whether price, taste, texture and push selling have a direct effect on marketdemand of dairy products and whether consumers pay attentionto the labels of the products. It was concluded that the consumers are less aware of the dairy analogues (milk, ice cream, butter and cheese). They pay attention to the price primarily followed by taste, appearance and brand. The consumers do not pay much attention to the parameters such as nutritional benefits, labels, ingredients, and best before or use by date.

Peningkatan Kualitas Produk Kripik Pare di Desa Poncosari Kepanewon Srandakan, Bantul Melalui Program Re-branding

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a broad impact on the economic sector, including the people of Koripan, Poncosari, Srandakan. Facing these conditions, the community took the initiative to try to produce and sell snack products made from bitter melon vegetables. The high yield of bitter gourd and the low selling price of bitter gourd have the potential to generate sufficient income for the community. This potential can be further increased by improving product quality, packaging, and marketing. In addition, the opportunity for these products needs to be maintained by registering the product with the authorities and minimizing the chances of product imitation. To fulfill these potentials, the service team collaborates with the community producing the bitter gourd snack products as partners to carry out several activities. Servants and partners improve the quality of snack products by adding product variants that can also increase the nutritional levels or benefits of these snacks for consumer nutrition. Servants together with partners improve the quality of product packaging designs so that they are more adequate to be sold at favorable prices. The servant registers the innovations carried out, namely the improvement of the product design to the authorized institution to prevent product imitations in the future. Based on interviews with partners, it is known that partners feel the benefits of the program, namely adding product flavor variants, improving packaging quality, and protecting their products. In addition, there was an increase in orders for partner products after the implementation of the service program. Before the service, an average of 15 packs were sold per month. But after the service there was an increase to 113 packs.

Does imitation increase or decrease demand for an original product? Understanding the opposing effects of discovery and substitution

AbstractResearch SummaryThis article studies how the entry of an imitative product influences the demand for the original, in markets with a large number of products where consumers are not aware of most products. We suggest that the release of an imitative product triggers two countervailing forces: a discovery effect that increases awareness and demand for the original, and a substitution effect decreasing that demand. When the imitation is horizontally differentiated, the substitution effect is weaker, and the discovery effect leads to increased demand for the original, particularly so when the original is less well‐known. However, when the imitation is vertically differentiated, the discovery effect does not benefit the original, and the demand decreases given the substitution effect. We test our theory in the context of 3D‐printable products.Managerial SummaryImitative products typically harm the performance of the original product. This is in part the rationale for deterring imitation by acquiring intellectual property (IP) rights. However, as we demonstrate, the release of an imitative product may increase discovery of the original product, and therefore demand for it. In markets with a large number of products, products typically compete for attention, and an imitative product may serve as a channel through which attention spills over from the imitation to the original. This effect is more pronounced when the original product is less well‐known. This suggests that, under certain conditions, firms may benefit from pursuing a more open IP strategy that encourages imitation. Examples of marketplaces where imitation may increase demand for the original include those for music, e‐books, software, and mobile apps.