Imaging Method For Diagnosis Research Articles

Application of multimodal imaging in the diagnosis of intrahepatic splenosis: Two case reports and a literature review

Intrahepatic splenosis is quite rare and is often misdiagnosed as other lesions. We present two cases of intrahepatic splenosis examined with hepatobiliary contrast agents, intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging and magnetic resonance elastography. We discuss various imaging modalities and the roles of various magnetic resonance imaging methods in diagnosis. We also discuss the differentiating features that allow the correct diagnosis to be made and provide a brief review of the literature.

The Comparative Study on Common Breast Imaging Diagnosis Methods

The Comparative Study on Common Breast Imaging Diagnosis Methods

ESTROGEN AND IDIOPATHIC CONDYLAR RESORPTION IN ORTHODONTICS-A REVIEW ARTICLE

Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) is a condition with no specific cause. Condylar resorption occurs more frequently in women because of the pathogenesis of sex hormones. Cone-beam computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are vital imaging methods for diagnosis of Idiopathic condylar resorption.The symptoms of ICR overlap with osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, physiologic resorption/remodeling, congenital disorders affecting the mandible.Thus a thorugh medical and physical history is essential in understanding the pathogenesis of idiopathic condylar resorption.Idiopathic condylar resorption can be active or passive.. This review provides an early glimpse of low estrogen and idiopathic condylar resorption.

Automatic detection of oral cancer in smartphone-based images using deep learning for early diagnosis.

.Significance: Oral cancer is a quite common global health issue. Early diagnosis of cancerous and potentially malignant disorders in the oral cavity would significantly increase the survival rate of oral cancer. Previously reported smartphone-based images detection methods for oral cancer mainly focus on demonstrating the effectiveness of their methodology, yet it still lacks systematic study on how to improve the diagnosis accuracy on oral disease using hand-held smartphone photographic images.Aim: We present an effective smartphone-based imaging diagnosis method, powered by a deep learning algorithm, to address the challenges of automatic detection of oral diseases.Approach: We conducted a retrospective study. First, a simple yet effective centered rule image-capturing approach was proposed for collecting oral cavity images. Then, based on this method, a medium-sized oral dataset with five categories of diseases was created, and a resampling method was presented to alleviate the effect of image variability from hand-held smartphone cameras. Finally, a recent deep learning network (HRNet) was introduced to evaluate the performance of our method for oral cancer detection.Results: The performance of the proposed method achieved a sensitivity of 83.0%, specificity of 96.6%, precision of 84.3%, and of 83.6% on 455 test images. The proposed “center positioning” method was about 8% higher than that of a simulated “random positioning” method in terms of score, the resampling method had additional 6% of performance improvement, and the introduced HRNet achieved slightly better performance than VGG16, ResNet50, and DenseNet169, with respect to the metrics of sensitivity, specificity, precision, and .Conclusions: Capturing oral images centered on the lesion, resampling the cases in training set, and using the HRNet can effectively improve the performance of deep learning algorithm on oral cancer detection. The smartphone-based imaging with deep learning method has good potential for primary oral cancer diagnosis.

Comparison of different diagnostic imaging techniques for the detection of bone invasion in oral cancers

ObjectivesTo evaluate the ability of different imaging modalities to accurately detect bone invasion in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Patients and MethodsPatients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, who were scheduled for mandibulectomy or maxillectomy, underwent clinical evaluation using five preoperative imaging diagnosis methods—contrast-enhanced MRI, CT, 99mTc scintigraphy (Tc scan), FDG-PET CT (PET/CT), and panoramic radiography. The sensitivity and specificity of each modality in detecting bone invasion were calculated by comparing the findings on the images with postoperative histopathological findings. In a subgroup of patients, we further assessed the ability of MRI and CT to detect the accurate extent of bone invasion, including the height, width, and depth in patients with pathological mandibular invasion. ResultsOverall, 50 patients were enrolled in this study, and nine patients with pathological mandibular invasion were included in our subgroup analysis. MRI was found to be the most useful method in detecting bone invasion, showing the highest sensitivity (88.9%) and negative predictive values (92.3%). CT (87.5% specificity and 77.8% sensitivity) was more specific than MRI, though less sensitive. Combined PET/CT was more sensitive (83.3%) and less specific (71.9%) than CT. Tc scan had high sensitivity (88.9%); however, the specificity was relatively low (71.9%). ConclusionMRI was the most useful method in detecting bone invasion. A negative MRI result definitively excludes bone marrow invasion. In patients with positive MRI findings, a negative CT may be useful in ruling out bone marrow invasion.

Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis of an Enteric Duplication Cyst of the Esophagus: A Case Report

Aims: Show the importance of imaging in the diagnosis of enteric cysts of the esophagus and the main differences with other mediastinal cystic lesions. Presentation of case: We report a case of an enteric cyst of the esophagus, in a 25 year old patient, with dyspnea on exertion. X-ray shows an oval opacity in the posterior mediastinum and the CT scan and MRI show a cystic mass of the posterior mediastinum, presenting intimate contact with the esophagus, with discreet wall contrast enhancement. Discussion and Conclusion: Enteric duplication cysts are rare congenital malformations formed during the embryonic development of the digestive tract. They are usually detected prenatally or in the first years of life. Their size, location, type and presence of complications produce a varied clinical presentation and different imaging findings. They most frequently occur in the small intestine, particularly the ileum, but can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. In the case of an enteric cyst of the esophagus, the first imaging method for diagnosis is the chest x-ray because of the breathing difficulty patients can experience due to compression of the airway. Magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) can help the radiologist in the diagnosis and the surgeon by evaluating more precisely the mass measurements and describing its anatomical relationship with the vessels and surrounding organs. Confirmation remains histological.

Sonoelastography in differential diagnosis of pathological processes of the myometrium (literature review)

Background. Intrauterine pathological processes, the most common medical conditions of which are leiomyoma, adenomyosis and infiltrative adenocarci- noma, currently represent a quite prevailing group of gynecological pathology, dangerous due to the potential of malignancy and recurrence. The development of an integrated non-invasive diagnostic approach that takes into account risk factors, symptoms, clinical examination and imaging, makes it possible to make an accurate diagnosis, which is essential to determine therapeutic strategy. Рurpose – to carry out a systematic analysis of the uptodate scientific literature regarding the use of imaging methods in diagnosis of pathological processes of the myometrium and determine the main directions of their development in these pathologies. Materials and methods. The material for the study were publications and results of clinical trials found in Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed databases for the period from 2013 to 2020 based on the keywords like “adeno- myosis”, “leiomyoma”, “adenocarcinoma”, “sonography”, “sonoelastography”. Results and discussion. The complexity of diagnosing myometrial neoplasms, especially in case of combinations, initiates the search for new algorithms for diagnosing pathological processes of the myometrium, the purpose of which, ultimately, is to determine personalized strategy of treatment of female patients. According to the literature, recently sonoelastography potential has been increasingly used in diagnosis of the reproductive system diseases and assessment of the functional state of uterine tissues, contributing to differential diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of these diseases. Conclusions. Thus, there is a limited number of studies on the diagnosis of myometrium pathology along with insufficient general standards of technique for conducting and interpreting the findings of sonoelastography in the reproductive system pathology. Adding sonoelastography data to sonographic images in B-mode is useful for differentiating leiomyoma, adenomyosis, and normal uterus, which is reflected in increased accuracy and diagnostic consistency. Sonoelastography potential consists in increasing the accuracy of diagnosis, safety and availability of the method, its low cost. This contributes to the possibility of wider implementation of the technique in clinical practice in order to obtain additional diagnostic information.

DLBCL pelvic lymphoma - non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Application of the US / MR imaging method in diagnosis and treatment monitoring

DLBCL pelvic lymphoma - non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Application of the US / MR imaging method in diagnosis and treatment monitoring

The meta-analysis of the effect of 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT diagnosis of prostatic cancer compared with bone scan.

Background:68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) is a promising method for prostate cancer (PC) detection. However, the ability of 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT to detect malignant bone lesions, and whether this method is superior to the existing bone imaging methods are still lack of systematic analysis.Purpose:To evaluate the value of 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT and bone scan in clinical diagnosis of prostatic cancer from the perspective of evidence-based medicine.Methods:PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Springer Link, Sinomed, CNKI, Wanfang database, and CQVIP database were searched to find the satisfactory studies that needed systematic review of trials and compared the value of 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT and bone scan. All studies published from inception to March 31, 2020. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 reviewers independently evaluated and extracted the literature. Review Manager 5.3 was applied to evaluate the included literature quality. The heterogeneity of the included literature was tested by Meta Disc 1.4, and the effect model was selected according to the heterogeneity test results, and the sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), PLR, NLR and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were analyzed. After testing the heterogeneity results of literature by using the 95% confidence interval and the forest map.Results:A total of 4 studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis, which included 318 patients, 120 cases with bone metastasis and 198 cases without bone metastasis. The results of summary evaluation for 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT and bone scan in diagnosis of prostatic cancer as follow respectively: The SEN were 0.97 and 0.86; the SPE were 1.00 and 0.87; the DOR were 1468.33 and 36.23; PLR were 88.45 and 6.67; NLR were 0.05 and 0.19; and the area under curve (AUC) and 95% CI were 0.9973 (1.0000–0.9927) and 0.8838 (0.9584–0.8092).Conclusion:By comparing the diagnostic results of 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT and bone scan imaging diagnosis methods, the 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT has a higher SEN and SPE than bone scan, and it has a higher diagnostic efficiency for prostate cancer bone metastasis, which is worthy of clinical application.

Application of Visual Radiographic Analysis of Quality Grade of Table Eggs

Digital radiography is currently the main method of medical imaging diagnosis. It also has a wide range of applications across different fields. This study used radiation to conduct non-destructive visual imaging, and further established a quantitative analysis for visual gray-scale images to determine changes in the quality of eggs. Eggs of the same weight with three quality classes were chosen according to the egg labels available on the market. Furthermore, a general medical X-ray digital imaging system was used to apply two-dimensional digital radiography. A photometric interpretation of monochrome gray-scale imaging established by the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard was used to conduct a quantitative stratification analysis of the matrix data visualization, along with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quantitative statistics of the gray-scale values for the three structures, i.e., shell, air cell, and yolk. The statistical results showed that X-ray digital gray-scale images and a quantitative stratification analysis of the matrix data visualization results are less easily identified based on visual differences. In the quantitative statistical results of the one-way ANOVA gray-scale values, the whole-egg and in-egg quantitative matrix analysis both show p < 0.05. In the analysis of egg freshness, the quantitative statistics of the percentage of space occupied by the air cell in the eggs also showed p < 0.05. In addition, the results of the freshness of each egg were graded. The quality and freshness of the eggs can be quantitatively analyzed through radiographic imaging. The results of this study will provide a more scientific and quantitative reference for the quality and freshness of agricultural products in the future.

Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Combined with Arteriovenous Fistula.

In order to explore the imaging diagnosis methods and interventional treatment effects of hepatocellular carcinoma combined with hepatic arteriovenous fistula (HAVF), a total of 120 patients, who were diagnosed as hepatic carcinoma with arteriovenous shunting and underwent medical imaging diagnosis and interventional surgery therapy at a designated hospital by this study from December 2014 to December 2018, were chosen as study subjects. Digital subtraction angiography was performed to analyze the imaging features of hepatocellular carcinoma combined with HAVF in each patient; then, according to these imaging diagnosis results, gelatin sponge or coil was used to block the fistula; mitomycin, carboplatin powder, and lipiodol mixed emulsion was combined or separately utilized for hepatic tumor embolization, in which iodized oil embolization chemotherapy was used for patients with mild paralysis; gelatin sponge granule embolization chemotherapy was used for moderate paralysis patients at their first intervention, and, after about 1 month, if the sputum disappeared, iodized oil embolization was used again; and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy was used only for patients with severe paralysis. The results show that the central type of HAVF is characterized by early angiography of portal vein and large branches and tumor staining after portal vein's angiography; the peripheral type of HAVF is characterized by portal vein branching in hepatic tumor and double rail sign accompanied by the arterial branch; 112 cases of patients completed embolization chemotherapy; 8 cases of patients only received chemotherapy perfusion; in 109 cases of patients sputum disappeared or shunt decreased at first treatment; and in 113 cases of patients iodine oil was well deposited or the tumor was stably reduced; most of the symptoms of refractory ascites, diarrhea, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding were controlled or improved, and there were no complications such as pulmonary embolism and hepatic failure. Therefore, HAVF increases the difficulty of interventional therapy, but, as long as the positive and appropriate treatment measures are taken, it can still achieve better curative effect without serious complications, which can effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of patients and improve the quality of life of patients. The results of this study provide a reference for the further researches on imaging diagnosis and interventional treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma combined with arteriovenous fistula.

Application and prospect of radiomics in spinal cord and spine system diseases: A narrative review

Spinal cord and spine system diseases are complex and diverse, and prognosis is often poor. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential, especially for spinal system tumors, which are malignant nervous system tumors that have the highest mortality and disability rates. Accurate diagnosis avoids unnecessary operations. Traditional medical imaging diagnosis remains at the level of anatomical morphology, and there is a considerable amount of useful information that can be extracted and utilized. Radiomics is a new method of medical imaging diagnosis that is committed to improving image analysis and is capable of extracting a large number (more than 200 types) of quantitative features from medical images. Numerous studies on the application of radiomics in various systems of the body have been conducted. We reviewed current research on radiomics in spinal cord and spine system diseases and discussed the progress and challenges to provide a basis for improving the diagnosis and identification of spinal cord and spine system diseases and offer evidence-based support for precision medicine.

An efficient mixture of deep and machine learning models for COVID-19 diagnosis in chest X-ray images.

A newly emerged coronavirus (COVID-19) seriously threatens human life and health worldwide. In coping and fighting against COVID-19, the most critical step is to effectively screen and diagnose infected patients. Among them, chest X-ray imaging technology is a valuable imaging diagnosis method. The use of computer-aided diagnosis to screen X-ray images of COVID-19 cases can provide experts with auxiliary diagnosis suggestions, which can reduce the burden of experts to a certain extent. In this study, we first used conventional transfer learning methods, using five pre-trained deep learning models, which the Xception model showed a relatively ideal effect, and the diagnostic accuracy reached 96.75%. In order to further improve the diagnostic accuracy, we propose an efficient diagnostic method that uses a combination of deep features and machine learning classification. It implements an end-to-end diagnostic model. The proposed method was tested on two datasets and performed exceptionally well on both of them. We first evaluated the model on 1102 chest X-ray images. The experimental results show that the diagnostic accuracy of Xception + SVM is as high as 99.33%. Compared with the baseline Xception model, the diagnostic accuracy is improved by 2.58%. The sensitivity, specificity and AUC of this model reached 99.27%, 99.38% and 99.32%, respectively. To further illustrate the robustness of our method, we also tested our proposed model on another dataset. Finally also achieved good results. Compared with related research, our proposed method has higher classification accuracy and efficient diagnostic performance. Overall, the proposed method substantially advances the current radiology based methodology, it can be very helpful tool for clinical practitioners and radiologists to aid them in diagnosis and follow-up of COVID-19 cases.

Management of gallbladder polyps

SummaryA gallbladder polyp (GP) is defined as an elevation of the gallbladder mucosa that protrudes into the gallbladder lumen. Gallbladder polyps (GPs) have an estimated prevalence in adults of 0.3–12.3%. However, only 5% of polyps are considered “true” GPs that have malignant potential or are even already cancerous. The most important imaging method for diagnosis and follow-up of GPs is transabdominal ultrasound, but it fails to discriminate between true and pseudo polyps at a clinically relevant level. Although gallbladder cancer (GBC) arising from polyps is a rare event, malignancy is significantly more common among polyps from a size of 10 mm. In light of this, the consensus, which is reflected in current guidelines, is that surgery should be considered for polyps of 10 mm or greater. However, 10 mm is an arbitrary cutoff, and high-quality evidence to support this is lacking. Lowering the threshold for cholecystectomy when patients have additional risk factors for gallbladder malignancy may improve the cancer detection rate in polyps smaller than 10 mm. Nevertheless, the evidence behind this is also weak. This review shows the shortcomings in the available evidence and underlines the decision-making process regarding the surgical indication, surveillance, or both.

Role of elastography strain ratio and TIRADS score in predicting malignant thyroid nodule.

Ultrasonography (US) is the most accurate and cost-effective imaging method in diagnosis of thyroid nodules. A practical thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) for thyroid nodules has been proposed to classify nodules of the thyroid gland to solve the problem of nodule selection for fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Real-time elastography and strain ratio (SR) is a method used to assess the stiffness and predict the malignancy of thyroid nodules. The objective of this study was to assess the role of elastography and SR and the TIRADS scoring system in discriminating malignant from benign thyroid nodules. From 2015 to 2018 at Cairo University Hospital, a series of 409 patients with thyroid nodules was referred to undergo thyroid ultrasound. Categorization of each nodule according to the TIRADS ranged from 1 to 5. The qualitative elastography score and semiquantitative SR of the nodules were evaluated. Final diagnosis was done by either post-thyroidectomy histopathological examination or US-guided FNAC. Our study included 409 patients with thyroid nodules. Their mean age was 39 ± 10 SD; 36 were males and 373 were females. There were 22 malignant nodules and 387 benign nodules. There were statistical differences between benign and malignant nodules regarding TIRADS classification, SR, anteroposterior/transverse ratio, degree of echogenicity, border, presence of calcification, and absence of halo sign (P < 0.001). The elastic properties of thyroid nodules proved to be a good discriminator between malignant and benign nodules (P- < 0.001) at a cut off value of > 2.32 with 95.2% sensitivity and 86.5% specificity. For every unit increase in SR, the risk of malignancy increased by nearly 2 times. Patients with irregular borders had nearly 17 times increased risk of malignancy than those with regular borders. Elastography and SR proved to be of high significant value in discriminating benign from malignant nodules, so we recommend adding it to the TIRADS classification.

The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of talocalcaneal coalitions.

Patients with talocalcaneal coalitions (TCC) often undergo computed tomography (CT). However, ultrasonography diagnosis of TCC has been seldom done according to the literature. To investigate the accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosing TCC compared to CT. Ninety-seven consecutive patients with a clinical suspicion of TCC were included. Ultrasonography was used to assess the classification and complication of TCC. The main sonographic criteria for a positive diagnosis in cases of osseous coalition were the joint space between the medial surface of talar head and the underlying sustentaculum tali of calcaneus disappearing and being replaced by a continuous hyperechoic bony structure. In cases of fibrous coalition, ultrasonography revealed a reduced space of the joint associated with an irregular, angular appearance of its outline and hypoechoic fibrous tissue inside. These data were compared with CT findings. κ statistic was applied to determine the level of agreement. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, and Youden index of ultrasonography as a diagnostic method were assessed. Ultrasonography findings were positive in 20 of 97 patients with a clinical suspicion of TCC. The diagnosis was confirmed by CT in 21 patients. There were one false-positive result and two false-negative results by ultrasonography. The κ value was 0.907. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, and Youden index of ultrasonography were 90.5%, 98.7%, 95.0%, 97.4%, 96.9%, and 0.892, respectively. Ultrasonography could be a reliable, accurate, and non-radioactive diagnostic imaging method in diagnosis of patients with suspected TCC.

Type VI Choledochal Cyst; A Case Report and Review of the Literature

BackgroundCholedochal or common bile duct (CBD) cysts are congenital cystic dilatation of any part of the bile ducts. It has been classified into five main types by Todani et al. Isolated cystic duct cysts are not included in this classification. It is extremely rare, and there are a limited number of cases in the literature.Case presentationA 34-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain experienced intermittently for the past year. His medical history and laboratory findings were normal. Physical examination revealed tenderness in the RUQ. Abdominal ultrasonography shows that a thin, tubular, cystic lesion was associated with the CBD. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), a saccular dilatation was observed in the middle part of the cystic duct. Isolated cystic duct dilatation was considered with current imaging findings. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and cyst excision were performed. Surgery findings and histopathological examination of the excised cyst confirmed the diagnosis.ConclusionIsolated dilatations of the cystic duct are extremely rare, and familiarity with this anatomic variation and its early diagnosis can prevent complications such as inflammation and malignancy and guide the surgery. The most effective noninvasive imaging method in diagnosis is MRCP. Also, we recommend that it be classified as a new type with the name type VI biliary cyst, in addition to Todani classification.

Genome‑wide copy number analysis of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients with liver metastasis.

The genome-wide copy number analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) provides a promising prognostic biomarker for survival in breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM) patients. The present study aimed to confirm the prognostic value of the presence of CTCs in BCLM patients. We previously developed an assay for the genome-wide pattern differences in copy number variations (CNVs) as an adjunct test for the routine imaging and histopathologic diagnosis methods to distinguish newly diagnosed liver metastases and recurrent liver metastases. Forty-three breast cancer patients were selected for this study in which 23 newly diagnosed and 20 recurrent liver metastases were diagnosed by histopathology and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. CTCs were counted from all patients using the CellSearch system and were confirmed by cytomorphology and three-color immunocytochemistry. Genomic DNA of single CTCs was amplified using multiple annealing and looping based amplification cycles (MALBAC). Then, we compared the CTC numbers of newly diagnosed and recurrent BCLM patients using Illumina platforms. A high CTC frequency (>15 CTCs/7.5 ml blood) was found to be correlated with disease severity and metastatic progression, which suggests the value for CTCs in the diagnosis of BCLM in comparison with pathohistology and PET/CT imaging (P>0.05). Moreover, CTCs isolated from BCLM patients remained an independent prognostic detection factor associated with overall survival (P=0.0041). Comparison between newly diagnosed and recurrent liver metastases revealed different frequencies of CNVs (P>0.05). Notably, the CNV pattern of isolated CTCs of recurrent BCLM patients was similar to recurrent liver metastases (nearly 82% of the gain/loss regions). Functional enrichment analysis identified 25 genes as a CNV signature of BCLM. Among them, were defensin and β-defensin genes, which are significantly associated with anti-angiogenesis and immunomodulation signaling pathways. High CTC frequencies are effective in the evaluation and differentiation between newly diagnosed liver metastases from recurrent liver metastases. Future clinical studies will be necessary to fully determine the prognostic potential of CTC cluster signatures in patients with BCLM.

PCN155 COMPARISON OF CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF GADOXETIC-ACID AND EXTRACELLULAR CONTRAST AGENT MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND CONTRAST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LIVER METASTASIS

Liver metastasis is a common condition in cases of colon cancer. When liver metastasis occurs, patients have a high mortality risk. Patients need to get an early and accurate diagnosis for avoiding this risk. MRI with Gadoxetic-acid(GAX) or extracellular contrast agent(ECCM), or contrast CT(CCT) are used for the diagnosis of liver metastasis in Turkey. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical and economic outcomes of alternative imaging methods in diagnosis of liver metastasis.

18F-NaF PET/CT and Extraordinary Involvement: Non-calcific Brain Involvement in a Prostate Cancer Case

With the increase in the diagnosis of the cancer, the frequency of using imaging methods for diagnosis and for staging is also increased. Because of the complex structure of cancer and tumor behavior, the assessment methods have been updated and metabolic imaging has gained weight. The most popular of these techniques is hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) systems. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in the world, is the fifth common type in cancer-related male deaths. Estimation of prognosis and treatment planning of the patients are based on the TNM classification. Bone metastasis is a prognostic factor of morbidity and mortality in prostate cancer. Sodium fluoride (NaF) PET/CT is a promising imaging modality in evaluation of skeletal system. This article will review the involvement of 18F-NaF in extra-osseous tissues in the prostate cancer and reveal the fundamental differences between 18F-NaF imaging and 18F-FDG imaging in these areas.