Imaginary Boundaries Research Articles

A three-dimensional modeling of multidirectional random wave diffraction by rectangular submarine pits

A three-dimensional modeling of multidirectional random-wave diffraction by a group of rectangular submarine pits is presented in this paper. The fluid domain is divided into N interior regions representing the pit area and an overall exterior region separated by the imaginary pit boundaries. In the interior region, the analytical expressions of the Fourier series expansion for velocity potentials in the pit regions have been derived with the unknown coefficients determined from a series of Green's function based boundary integral equations. The boundary integral approach has also been applied to obtain the velocity potential and free-surface elevation in the exterior region. The Pierson–Moskowitz (P–M) frequency spectrum was selected for the random wave simulation using the superposition of solutions of a finite number of decomposed wave components. Numerical results for the cases of regular waves and random waves are presented to examine the influences of the pit geometry and incident wave condition on the overall wave field. The general diffraction pattern of alternate bands of increase and decrease of relative wave height in front of the pit system can be observed. It is found that, in the shadow region, the relative wave height is reduced. As the number of pit increases, the effectiveness of reducing the relative wave height behind the multiple-pit system increases. However, the relative wave height within the pit area and in front of the leading pit shows increasing trend. It is noticed that under the random-wave condition, the level of increase and decrease of the relative wave height due to the existence of submarine pits is less pronounced than that observed from results in regular-wave condition.

"Each nation only cares for its own": Empire, Nation, and Child Welfare Activism in the Bohemian Lands, 1900-1918

IN THE FALL OF 1917, Franziszka Pollabrek, a Czech-speaking factory worker, was at her wits’ end. In a scathing letter to the Austrian Ministry of Education in Vienna, she demanded that the state do something about her incorrigible teenage sons. Pollabrek expressed her frustration with the state’s inaction in the face of what she perceived to be a disturbing wartime social crisis: “My boys will become nothing but thieves, liars, and murderers if you, dear Sirs, don’t intervene soon,” she warned. “The fathers are in the military, the male teachers are mobilized, and I work in the factory. You want to do nothing, so where should I begin? Since you have taken away their father, why don’t you take the children as well, let the boys be locked up or shot, so that I don’t have to see them anymore.”1 Pollabrek was not alone. Across Europe, citizens depicted the upheaval of World War I through stories of broken families, absent fathers, negligent mothers, and delinquent children, and they demanded action from the state.2 In the Bohemian lands (the Austrian crownlands of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia), German and Czech nationalist child welfare activists took the initiative in responding to these demands. As a nationally segregated child welfare system developed and expanded in this region between 1900 and 1945, nationalist social welfare activists created and transformed imagined boundaries between public and private, as well as relationships between state and nation in the context of a multinational empire.3

Experience design and artefacts after the fact

In this paper the authors discuss a new interdisciplinary project which integrates product design innovations from IDEO, in particular experience prototyping, and touches upon aspects of Eddie Obeng's design paradigms such as fog and quest. The project, ‘Artefact after the Fact’ weaves experience design directly into a New York study trip, which is then further developed by interdisciplinary student teams within a neutral studio space. The authors describe this process, involving 120 students from 5 design disciplines with a staff team with expertise ranging from Product to Interiors, and with contextual input from the School of Architecture, Design History Theory & Practice. Mediating artefacts (convenient shorthand for ‘product’ objects, as experiential metaphors for process and product) are explored, which may be relevant to engineering students, or other ‘non’ product disciplines. As educators, there is much we can learn from industry, but much we need to be wary of within design education; modular inflexibility, reduced teaching time, and a growing obsession with grades collectively threaten the kind of ‘connected’, ‘holistic’ and experimental ‘experiential learning’ which institutions exist to foster, industry demands, and learners need. Interdisciplinary learning echoes those types of product innovations and collaborative and critical team working valued in the creative industries, and in this context, is a means of exploring the changing nature of product design (the experience economy rather than just the object economy). Interdisciplinarity lets us tentatively cross, and challenge, imaginary disciplinary boundaries, and in sharing our imaginations we transform our horizons.

Imaginary Boundaries of Justice: Social and Legal Justice Across Disciplines

Imaginary Boundaries of Justice: Social and Legal Justice Across Disciplines

Scott MacKenzie (review)

MLR, 100.3, 2005 835 (p. 45). Examples include Catherine Rodgers's searching discussion of the conflicting feminist interpretations invited by the many evocations of extreme states of being contained in early texts by Marie Darrieussecq. Shirley Jordan's exploration of the transgressive and often violent fictions of Virginie Despentes is marked by a similar interest in the feminist implications of female-authored textual productions. Despite the absence of an index, the collection is presented with a good deal of clarity.A short chapter summary?provided both in French and in English?appears at the head of each of the fifteenarticles and, forthose wishing to investigate the work of the featured authors further,a list of primary texts by each author is included at the close of each chapter. University of Birmingham Sarah Fishwick Screening Quebec: Quebecois Moving Images, National Identity,and thePublic Sphere. By Scott MacKenzie. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. 2004. viii + 224pp. ?45. ISBN 0-7190-6396-5. Scott Mackenzie's Screening Quebec addresses the paradoxical nature of Quebecois cinema. On the one hand it appears to exist on the margins ofother national and world filmcultures, seemingly concerned only with localized problems of French-Canadian identity. On the other hand it has demonstrably influenced these other film cultures, in particular the cinema direct movement. In his introduction, MacKenzie maps four main sets of relations central to a full understanding of the nature of Quebecois cinema. These are: the ideas and ideolo? gies that the filmmakers themselves believe they are articulating in their cinematic texts, the cultural discursive practices surrounding the texts, the institutional dis? courses of government, Church, and legislature, and the actual content and context of the films. Mackenzie argues persuasively that new discursive spaces have emerged momentarily, allowing viewers to reimagine themselves. He situates his argument in relation to standard theorists, in particular Habermas, identifying his notion of the 'public sphere' as the space enabling self-understandingand, more importantly, poli? tical and other intervention through the creation of new kinds of public. Mackenzie then extends the debate, linking three major discourses of modernity?community, collectivity, and individuality?to contrasting models of Quebecois national identity. Mackenzie thus uses many of the themes to be found in Bill Marshall's Quebec National Cinema (Montreal, London, and Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001; see MLR, 98 (2003), 470-71), but he explores his material in a differentway. Marshall sees the concept of Quebec national cinema as problematic, provisional, and shifting,and constantly undermining itself.MacKenzie focuses on the multiplicity of public spaces, the sets of national or cultural identities within each one, and the real or imagined boundaries that surround each of them. It is interesting to see how the two authors treat one film that acts as a paradigm of the debate on discourses about nationality?Le Confessionnal by Robert Lepage. Marshall focuses on flux in his analysis of the final image of the film, the steel girder bridge across the Saint Lawrence at Quebec City, taking Deleuze's concepts of 'movement-image' and 'time-image' and the way in which a single object becomes multiple, passing through different planes depending on the mode of perception. MacKenzie, however, concludes that the film is a rumination on the nature of the relationship between local and international publics, the cultural images relating to each of these publics and the foregrounding of the way in which these cultural images work within and across the boundaries between cultures and publics. Where Marshall problematizes perception of the image, MacKenzie problematizes the actual image 836 Reviews and its function. The two approaches are equally valid, serving to show the complexity of the debate. For the undergraduate studying Quebecois cinema for the firsttime, MacKenzie is likely to be more fruitfulthan Marshall, since his work enables analysis of the filmic image in and for itself. There are occasional typographical mistakes. MacKenzie incorrectly spells Le Confessionnal as Le Confessional and Montreal sometimes loses its accent in references to Denys Arcand's Jesus de Montreal. It would be nice to argue that this was part of the debate, proof of the blurring of an image as it crosses over a boundary from one public...

Organizational identity and network identification: relating within and beyond imaginary boundaries

This paper focuses on identity and identification on a network level of analysis. Perceptions of competition and cooperation in relationships arising from such an approach are explored, and the concept of network identification is introduced, with an explicit focus on boundaries that are activated, questioned and moved. At a network level of analysis it is less obvious who are competitors and who are not. In general the approach encourages an enhanced awareness of interdependence and embeddedness, which in turn promotes a more comprehensive sense of belonging and a new perception of goal compatibility. It is suggested that the focus on competition in the terminology of the contemporary business discourse need to be paired with a perception of relations as involving a sense of shared destiny.

Policing as Forestry? Re-Imagining Policing in Belgium

This article has two aims. First, it argues that social and political change, to a large extent, occurs and develops within the boundaries of the imaginary - the realm of ‘visibilities’, of affect, of the senses and of emotion. ‘Visibilities’, images and imageries often offer the bounding backdrop on, or within, which discursive or symbolic formations of social and political change occur and develop. This article also situates the ongoing debates on police reform in Belgium within social and political changes that are taking place in that country. Reading recent legislation on police reform as an expression, as well as a becoming of ‘policing as forestry’, we try to unearth the imaginary boundaries - the visibilities, the images and imageries - that structure at least part of the affective and emotional space within which discursive or symbolic expressions and becomings materialize in policies and legislation. As such, this article hopes to contribute to the study of (the emotionalities of) police reform, while it also hopes to show how policing - the symbolic and material practice of ordering and of organization - takes place against the backdrop of an often diffuse, though bounded, space of the imaginary. This article presents itself, simultaneously, as (1) an analysis of recent Belgian police reform and police reform legislation; (2) an archaeological evocation of Belgium’s recent social and political imaginary; (3) an elaboration of a new image of policing - policing as forestry - which may be able to subsume previous (allegedly incommensurable) models of policing.

Between the sacred and the worldly: the institutional and cultural practice of recogimiento in colonial Lima

This groundbreaking work argues that the seminal concept of recogimiento functioned as a metaphor for the colonial relationship between Spain and Lima. Ubiquitous and flexible, recogimiento had three related meanings-two cultural and one institutional-that developed over a 200-year period in Renaissance Spain and the viceregal capital, Lima. Female and male religious conceptualized recogimiento as a mystical praxis that aspired toward union with God, and it was also articulated as a fundamental virtue of enclosure and quiescent conduct for women. As an institutional practice, recogimiento involved substantial numbers of women and girls living in convents, lay pious houses, schools, and institutions (called recogimientos) that admitted schoolgirls, prostitutes, women petitioning for divorce, and the spiritually devout. In a broader sense, practices of recogimiento both conformed to and transgressed imagined boundaries of the sacred and the worldly in colonial Lima. Recogimiento also reflected the process of transculturation, or the adaptation of particular cultural values to local contingencies. Through an analysis of more than 600 ecclesiastical litigation suits, and drawing on an impressive array of primary and secondary sources, the author shows how recogimiento was experienced by a range of individuals: from viceroys and archbishops to female foodsellers, shop owners, and secluded mystics. She argues that by 1650 women representing different races and classes in Lima claimed recogimiento as integral to their public, familial, and internal identities. The social and cultural history of Lima between 1550 and 1713 illustrates the complexities of conjugal relations, sexuality, and social norms in the viceregal capital, demonstrates the inextricable link between sacred and secular realms in colonial society, and delineates the process of transculturation between Spain and Lima.

The solar envelope: its meaning for energy and buildings

The solar envelope, first conceived and tested by the author working with architecture faculty and students at the University of Southern California (USC), regulates development within imaginary boundaries derived from the sun’s relative motion. Buildings within this container will not overshadow their surroundings during critical periods of solar access for passive and low-energy architecture. If generally applied as an instrument of zoning, the solar envelope will not only provide for sustainable growth but will open new aesthetic possibilities for architecture and urban design.

MODEL REDUCTION AND FREQUENCY WINDOWING FOR ACOUSTIC FEM ANALYSIS

Model degrees-of-freedom reduction and frequency windowing via interpolation are combined for application to acoustic finite element analysis problems. Projection operators are employed for the model reduction or condensation process. Interpolation is then introduced over a user defined frequency window, which can have real and imaginary boundaries and be quite large. Hermitian interpolation functions (which require derivative information) as well as standard Lagrangian functions, which can be linear, quadratic or cubic, have been used to construct the windows. For one-dimensional windows, the location of interior evaluation points can be varied to increase accuracy. Results are excellent for example problems, even for large d.o.f. reduction and large frequency windows containing numerous resonances (eigenvalues). The reduced models within the windows appear to indicate accurately the location of the resonances.

Baroclinic Eady Wave and Fronts. Part II: Geostrophic Potential Vorticity Dynamics in Semigeostrophic Space

Abstract The geostrophic coordinate transformation is applied to the viscous semigeostrophic (SG) Eady wave. In the transformed space, called the SG space, the potential temperature anomaly can be treated as a delta-function anomaly of geostrophic potential vorticity (GPV) at the physical boundary or imaginary boundary (along the top of the boundary layer). Since the delta-function anomaly is analogous to the surface charge of a problem in electrostatics with the induced geopotential playing the role of the electric potential, the development of the Eady wave and fronts can be interpreted in terms of the interaction between the “surface charges” at two imaginary boundaries. It is shown that this interpretation and related GPV thinking for the viscous SG Eady wave can be made nearly as concise as its inviscid paradigm during the boundary stage (until the inviscid surface front collapses in physical space). When the viscous SG Eady wave develops into the interior stage, strong interior GPV anomalies, analog...

Field theoretical treatment of H-plane waveguide junctions with anisotropic medium

A method based on the equivalence principle and cavity field expansions is used to analyze an H-plane waveguide junction containing an anisotropic (ferrite or composite ferrite) post. Using the equivalence principle, magnetic surface currents are introduced at the imaginary boundaries chosen between the central region of the junction and the waveguides. The electric displacement in the junction can be completely expressed in terms of a solenoidal set. On the other hand, the magnetic induction in the junction must be expressed in terms of a solenoidal set and an irrotational set. Continuing the tangential magnetic field at the imaginary boundaries leads to a matrix equation, the unknowns of which are the amplitudes of the scattered waveguide modes. Using this method, H-plane waveguide junctions with ferrite and composite ferrite posts are considered. The numerical results show excellent agreement with previously published experimental and theoretical results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Field theoretical treatment of E-plane waveguide junctions with anisotropic medium

E-plane waveguide junctions containing an anisotropic medium are analyzed. The analysis is based on the equivalence principle and on cavity field expansions. Using the equivalence principle, magnetic surface currents are introduced at the imaginary boundaries chosen between the central region of the junction and the waveguides. The electric displacement D in the junction is expressed in terms of a solenoidal set and an irrotational set. Matching the tangential magnetic field at the imaginary boundaries leads to a matrix equation, the unknown of which are the amplitudes of the scattered waveguide modes. Using this method, the performance of E-plane waveguide junctions with full-height and partial-height ferrite post is analyzed. The influence of the completeness terms G/sub oq/ on the numerical results of an empty E-plane Y-junction is shown. The numerical results are compared with previously published experimental and theoretical results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Stress intensity factors for an internal semi-elliptical surface crack in cylindrical pressure vessels. (1st Report, Method of analysis).

In this paper, the surface crack problem in a cylinder subjected to internal pressure is solved. The analysis is based on the body force method, but it is different from the usual body force method in the following point. That is, the body forces to be continuously distributed on the imaginary cylindrical boundaries are approximated by some discrete point forces acting on the outside of the imaginary boundaries. By using this method combined with the resultant force boundary conditions, solutions with high accuracy can be easily obtained.

An Exact Three-Dimensional Field Theory for a Class of Cyclic H-Plane Waveguide Junction

The device analyzed consists of g waveguides meeting in a cavity with a central metal disk. A conducting boundary such as this occurs in practical waveguide-junction circulators and the technique developed here may find application in circulator field theory. A special case of the geometry considered here is the tuning screw which arises when g = 2. The method of analysis is by representing the fields by mode summation, in the usual way, and then matching to the metal surfaces and across various imaginary internal boundaries. The device is assumed Iossless. The agreement between experimental and theoretical results is very good, thus indicating the method is valid and has been formulated correctly.

Teaching about Population

BECAUSE THE MAJOR problems of the twentieth century-violence, environmental deterioration, technological domination, and overpopulation-could be dealt with in either social studies or science courses, the teacher of one discipline often assumes they are being covered by the teacher of the other discipline. In fact, the separation of the sciences from social studies is artificial, and contributes both to the naive belief that technology will save us from the environmental dilemma and the equally naive condemnation of science as villain as in Orwell's 1984. The good news is that education is changing and breaking down the imaginary boundaries between disciplines. The 1976 national convention program of the National Association of Biology Teachers, on Ecosystems 1776-1976- reflected growing awareness of the unity of biology, history, and futuristics. Convention sessions emphasized the relationship of political decisionmaking, lifestyles, values and attitudes-formerly the property of the social sciences-to biologically based issues. Population is one of these issues.