Images Of Coins Research Articles

Thai Currency Classification Application for Visually Impaired Persons

This research presents an application designed to assist visually impaired individuals in identifying Thai banknotes and coins. The application utilizes image processing and machine learning techniques, specifically a Convolutional Neural Network with ResNet101 architecture, to accurately classify 11 types of Thai currency. It is designed for offline use on smartphones, providing real-time audio and text output to enhance accessibility and understanding for users with visual impairments. The dataset includes 2,593 images of Thai banknotes and coins, split into 80% for training and 20% for testing. The application employs the trained model to conduct real-world tests using a smartphone camera, testing with actual banknotes and coins, achieving an average accuracy of 92.73%.

A CNN-ASSISTED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR ANCIENT WORLD COIN CLASSIFICATION

The work is devoted to solving the problem of automating the classification of coins from the ancient world. The purpose of the work is to create a neural network model and a system for the classification of ancient coins. The object of research is photographs of coins from ancient cities in the polis of the northern Black Sea region. The subject of research is the process of coin classification. A system architecture, a neural network architecture, and an application for the classification of ancient coins are proposed. The results of the system's operation are demonstrated, and the quality of network training is evaluated. The models were trained using self-generated data samples consisting of sets of color images of coins (200 by 200 resolution) of several types and images of coins that play the role of all other coins and should be classified as not belonging to a given class. The relationship between the ratio of class coins to other coins was also found. For obverse sample 783-7831, 100% accuracy in ten epochs was achieved when the ratio between samples was 1:1, with ratios of 1:4 and 1:7, 30 epochs were required to achieve 100% accuracy. The following technologies were used to implement the Web system: a framework for Python – Django for writing the server part; a JavaScript programming language for writing the user part of the system; and a jQuery library to improve the interaction of the user part with the user. For interaction between the user and the server part of the applications, the AJAX request technology was used, which allows data to be transferred to the server part imperceptibly for the user without reloading the page. Sqlite3 was used as the main application database.

Brazilian coin counter research report

Though coins are less used in the informational era, a significant amount of the population still uses physical coins for financial transactions. Also, when the countrys government collects the coins for equivalent digital currency transactions, coin identification is still vital yet tedious. Moreover, the dated coins and the difference in illuminations. This novel presents a coin identification and validation model based on the Alex Net convolutional model. It identifies the value of a coin through the numbers, animals, and plants on the two sides. The model employs data enhancement, feature attention layers, max pooling, and residue groups. We collected 2826 images of Brazilian coins with reverse motifs, and the experimental accuracy of our model reached 0.97. The code part has shown here: https://github.com/Erik-Xie/-Brazilian-Coin-counter-Research-Report.git

Anatomy of the Heart and the Human Cardiovascular System in the Reflection of Collection Tools

This article presents materials of the conducted research devoted to the reflection of information about the study of anatomy and physiology of the human heart and circulatory system in the reflection of various means of philately, phylocarty and numismatics in collecting media. The article presents, as illustrations, images of postage stamps, envelopes, commemorative medals and coins, gives their description and other additional information.

Идеи, монеты и художники: об изображении монет и печатей в армянских рукописях XIII–XVI вв.

A systematic study of the Armenian manuscripts allowed us to identify in twelve Gospels created in the scriptoria of Cilician Armenia, Siwnik‘ and Vaspurakan from the mid-13th c. to 1592, images of gold coins and state seals. As prototypes for coin images, only gold coins from circulation were used — these were the Byzantine solidus of mid-10th — mid-11th cc., the dinar of Sultan Kay-Khusraw II, the Florentine florin, the dinars of Abu Sa‘id Ilkhanid and the Venetian ducat; but in Vaspurakan, lacking gold coins in monetary circulation during the 14th-15th cc., the images of gold coins were replaced by drawings of state Mongolian seals. The appearance of gold coins in the most important places of the Gospels is explained in Mkhit‘ar Gosh’s Lawcode (completed after 1184), in which gold coins, due to their pure nature, are interpreted in neoplatonical sense as a symbols of Christ’s divinity. A review of the discovered artistic tradition and its comparisons with synchronous traditions of illuminations allows us to indicate that it was in Cilician Armenia that real coins were first depicted, moreover, with such a degree of detail, which makes it possible to unambiguously determine their type. The identification of this artistic tradition significantly expands our understanding of the symbolic role of coins in medieval society.

Application of Hough Transformation Method for Value Analysis Rupiah Coins

Digital image processing is one of the uses of computer technology used to solve problems regarding image processing or imagery so that it is easy to process. The process of applying image processing in this study aims to detect the value analysis of Rupiah coins by applying the Hough Transformation method, with the hough transformation method is expected to detect the nominal of coins because this method is an image transformation technique that can be used to isolate an object in the image by finding its boundaries. From research that has been conducted 10 images of coins on nominal inputs in the form of rupiah coin coins with a nominal value of 100, 200, 500, and 1000 rupiah obtained an accuracy rate of 90%. This means that there are 8 test data that get a true positive (TP) information, meaning that the data is successful, 1 false positive test data (FP) means that the data is not expected because it only gets a nominal result of the etapi coin not being parameterized in the circle of the coin and 1 test data gets a false negative (FN) description, meaning that the test result is wrong in assessing the nominal of the coin due to the image resolution factor that is too small.

Situating Conceptuality in Non-Fungible Token Art

Situating Conceptuality in Non-Fungible Token Art

Circular coins of European countries: history, description, systematization, methods of application in geography lessons

The article highlights the importance of the implementation of competency-based learning in modern school, which requires, above all, activation of mental activity of students and development of their creative abilities. The purpose of this article is to review and systematize circulation of coins of European countries, to study images of physical and socio-geographical objects, processes and phenomena on coins. It is important to highlight historical aspects of formation and functioning of the monetary system on the European continent, present their vision of optimal use of metal banknotes in geography lessons in general secondary education. Main material. The use of such visual aids as coins plays an important role in the development of visual thinking of schoolchildren, visual acuity, observation, visual memory. The author believes that one of the most important visual aids used successfully in general secondary education in geography lessons is metal banknotes - coins. Teachers can use them at almost every stage of learning. The article analyses peculiarities of the design development of circulating coins in European countries, their local lore and country orientation. We know that the coins depict political and historical fi gures, prominent representatives of culture or typical representatives of the organic world, the population of the country, nationalities. The article presents the analysis results of collections of circulation coins in European countries on the images of plants and plant ornaments, animals, astronomical, hydrological, social, historical, political, economic objects. Among 344 circulation coins of European countries, the image of socio-geographical objects accounts for 267 coins (77.6%), the image of physical-geographical objects – 77 units, which is 22.4% of all coins. The most common images on European coins are historical, political and social objects, plants and plant ornaments. Conclusions. The article off ers a number of methods and receptions of eff ective application of circulation coins of the European countries at the lessons of geography at the establishments of general secondary education, based on methodical and didactic researches. There is a table with a detailed description of images of all modern euro coins for the implementation of practical tasks during the study course «Geography: Regions and Countries».

Visual Reconstruction of Ancient Coins Using Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks

In this paper, our goal is to perform a virtual restoration of an ancient coin from its image. The present work is the first one to propose this problem, and it is motivated by two key promising applications. The first of these emerges from the recently recognised dependence of automatic image based coin type matching on the condition of the imaged coins; the algorithm introduced herein could be used as a pre-processing step, aimed at overcoming the aforementioned weakness. The second application concerns the utility both to professional and hobby numismatists of being able to visualise and study an ancient coin in a state closer to its original (minted) appearance. To address the conceptual problem at hand, we introduce a framework which comprises a deep learning based method using Generative Adversarial Networks, capable of learning the range of appearance variation of different semantic elements artistically depicted on coins, and a complementary algorithm used to collect, correctly label, and prepare for processing a large numbers of images (here 100,000) of ancient coins needed to facilitate the training of the aforementioned learning method. Empirical evaluation performed on a withheld subset of the data demonstrates extremely promising performance of the proposed methodology and shows that our algorithm correctly learns the spectra of appearance variation across different semantic elements, and despite the enormous variability present reconstructs the missing (damaged) detail while matching the surrounding semantic content and artistic style.

Classification of Ancient Roman Coins by Denomination Using Colour, a Forgotten Feature in Automatic Ancient Coin Analysis

Ancient numismatics, that is, the study of ancient currencies (predominantly coins), is an interesting domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning, and has been receiving an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Notwithstanding the number of articles published on the topic, the variety of different methodological approaches described, and the mounting realisation that the relevant problems in the field are most challenging indeed, all research to date has entirely ignored one specific, readily accessible modality: colour. Invariably, colour is discarded and images of coins treated as being greyscale. The present article is the first one to question this decision (and indeed, it is a decision). We discuss the reasons behind the said choice, present a case why it ought to be reexamined, and in turn investigate the issue for the first time in the published literature. Specifically, we propose two new colour-based representations specifically designed with the aim of being applied to ancient coin analysis, and argue why it is sensible to employ them in the first stages of the classification process as a means of drastically reducing the initially enormous number of classes involved in type matching ancient coins (tens of thousands, just for Ancient Roman Imperial coins). Furthermore, we introduce a new data set collected with the specific aim of denomination-based categorisation of ancient coins, where we hypothesised colour could be of potential use, and evaluate the proposed representations. Lastly, we report surprisingly successful performances which goes further than confirming our hypothesis—rather, they convincingly demonstrate a much higher relevant information content carried by colour than even we expected. Thus we trust that our findings will be noted by others in the field and that more attention and further research will be devoted to the use of colour in automatic ancient coin analysis.

The Size-Value Compatibility Effect

This study aimed to examine the relationship between an object’s physical size and judgements of its value. Two preregistered experiments were performed to explore a size-value compatibility effect. Two images of Japanese-yen coins with different values but similar actual sizes (10-yen and 100-yen) were manipulated for size and presented side-by-side on a computer screen. Participants judged which coin was larger or smaller based on the images. Results revealed that size judgements were slower and less accurate when the lower-value coin was presented as larger than the higher-value coin, compared to when the lower-value coin was presented as smaller. This effect was observed even after participants had been allowed to examine the physical coins prior to the experiment to judge their actual size. This finding suggests that participants perceived the coins’ values based on their sizes, indicating it may be difficult for many people to stop thinking ‘better is bigger’.

Classification of Ancient Roman Coins by Denomination Using Colour, a Forgotten Feature in Automatic Ancient Coin Analysis

Ancient numismatics, that is, the study of ancient currencies (predominantly coins), is an interesting domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning, and has been receiving an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Notwithstanding the number of articles published on the topic, the variety of different methodological approaches described, and the mounting realisation that the relevant problems in the field are most challenging indeed, all research to date has entirely ignored one specific, readily accessible modality: colour. Invariably, colour is discarded and images of coins treated as being greyscale. The present article is the first one to question this decision (and indeed, it is a decision). We discuss the reasons behind the said choice, present a case why it ought to be reexamined, and in turn investigate the issue for the first time in the published literature. Specifically, we propose two new colour-based representations specifically designed with the aim of being applied to ancient coin analysis, and argue why it is sensible to employ them in the first stages of the classification process as a means of drastically reducing the initially enormous number of classes involved in type matching ancient coins (tens of thousands, just for Ancient Roman Imperial coins). Furthermore, we introduce a new data set collected with the specific aim of denomination-based categorisation of ancient coins, where we hypothesised colour could be of potential use, and evaluate the proposed representations. Lastly, we report surprisingly successful performances which goes further than confirming our hypothesis—rather, they convincingly demonstrate a much higher relevant information content carried by colour than even we expected. Thus we trust that our findings will be noted by others in the field and that more attention and further research will be devoted to the use of colour in automatic ancient coin analysis.

Visual Reconstruction of Ancient Coins Using Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks

In this paper, our goal is to perform a virtual restoration of an ancient coin from its image. The present work is the first one to propose this problem, and it is motivated by two key promising applications. The first of these emerges from the recently recognised dependence of automatic image based coin type matching on the condition of the imaged coins; the algorithm introduced herein could be used as a pre-processing step, aimed at overcoming the aforementioned weakness. The second application concerns the utility both to professional and hobby numismatists of being able to visualise and study an ancient coin in a state closer to its original (minted) appearance. To address the conceptual problem at hand, we introduce a framework which comprises a deep learning based method using Generative Adversarial Networks, capable of learning the range of appearance variation of different semantic elements artistically depicted on coins, and a complementary algorithm used to collect, correctly label, and prepare for processing a large numbers of images (here 100,000) of ancient coins needed to facilitate the training of the aforementioned learning method. Empirical evaluation performed on a withheld subset of the data demonstrates extremely promising performance of the proposed methodology and shows that our algorithm correctly learns the spectra of appearance variation across different semantic elements, and despite the enormous variability present reconstructs the missing (damaged) detail while matching the surrounding semantic content and artistic style.

Ephesos: Die antike Metropole im Spannungsfeld von Religion und Bildung

Ephesos: Die antike Metropole im Spannungsfeld von Religion und Bildung

Rom 1312: Die Kaiserkrönung Heinrichs VII. und die Folgen; Die Luxemburger als Herrscherdynastie von gesamteuropäischer Bedeutung, ed. Sabine Penth and Peter Thorau

This stimulating and wide-ranging collection sets itself the task of assessing the European significance of Emperor Henry VII’s coronation in Rome of 1312 and the subsequent rise of the Luxemburg dynasty. Such a focus is welcome, for the Luxemburg dynasty, despite ruling vast tracts of land across western and central Europe for centuries, frequently suffers from a lack of attention, squeezed as they are between the characterful and exotic dynasts of the Hohenstaufen and the powerful and long-lasting Habsburgs who attract more consideration from historians. The volume, edited by Sabine Penth and Peter Thorau, is composed of an introduction and twenty-two chapters, divided into two sections. The first deals with Henry’s preparations for his journey to Rome, the mechanics and machinations that supported his stay in Italy, and perceptions of the coronation in contemporary sources. The second (much longer) section engages with various topics relating to Luxemburg dynasts and central Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. From the first section, Knut Görich’s chapters is particularly impressive. Richly illustrated with scenes from a near-contemporary illustrated chronicle and with useful maps and images of seals and coins, Görich skilfully places Henry’s passage to Rome against the political background of the time. In doing so, he draws out beautifully the hopes and fears aroused by Henry’s imperial coronation in the ruling courts in Paris, Savoy, Rome, Naples, Aragon and further afield, as well as making some insightful comparisons between Henry’s coronation with those which came before and after. Robert Antonín highlights the political manœuvring which took place between Henry and the Czech nobility before Bohemia could be secured for his son, King John the Blind (1296–1346), while Michel Pauly argues that Henry’s substantial material and military preparations for his coronation suggests that his plan to restore imperial authority in northern Italy was not necessarily doomed to fail. In his chapter on the Guelphs and Ghibellines, Peter Herde pays particular attention to the rhetoric and diplomacy underpinning Florentine resistance to Henry, while Susanna Passigli reconstructs the rich and varied landscape of the Roman Campagna at the start of the fourteenth century. To conclude the section, Michel Margue deftly spells out some of the deeper ramifications behind fourteenth- and fifteenth-century constructions of Henry’s coronation and his dynasty in art and historical writing from Metz, Trier and Liège.

Estimage: A mobile application in agriculture for image to object count estimation

A major problem in the agricultural field is accurately estimating the yield of produce. Typically, farmers must wait to measure their crops after harvest using manual mechanical equipment. There is value in having better methods of yield estimation based on data that can be captured with inexpensive technology in the field, such as a smartphone. We develop a smartphone application for the Android platform with access to a cloud-based machine learning (ML) service that can estimate the amount of crop on a bush or tree from an image. The development of an image-to-object-count estimation system called Estimage is presented. The Estimage system consists of an Android client application for user interaction, a PHP server application for request handling, an Octave program for image normalization, and an open-source ML software package called ilastik that applies a predictive model to an image. The functionality of the mobile client application is tested and the system satisfies all of the functional requirements and most of the non-functional requirements. The system is tested on the images of coins on a table, logs stacked in a pile, and blueberries on the bush. We show that the system is capable of accurately estimating the count of objects in the images that have objects of the same (size, colour, and shape) as that used to train the model. The system is good at distinguishing object pixels from the image background pixels provided the background is consistent with that used to train the model.

Terahertz imaging system using high-Tc superconducting oscillation devices

Microwatt power oscillation devices at sub-terahertz frequency region between 0.3 and 1.0 terahertz (THz) were fabricated from high-Tc superconducting single crystalline Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ and used as a source of the transmission terahertz imaging system. As test examples, terahertz images of coins and a razor blade placed inside the brownish paper envelopes with the spatial resolution of 1 mm are presented. The signal-to-noise ratio exceeds 130 in these images. Using a simple wedge-shaped interferometer and analysing the interference fringe pattern, the wavelength of the terahertz wave is calibrated within 0.1% accuracy. This interferometer also provides a simple method to measure the absorption coefficient of the liquid sample. Two test measurements for distilled water and ethanol are demonstrated and their absorption coefficients are obtained with 99.2% accuracy. This suggests that our terahertz imaging system can be applied to many practical applications, such as biological and biomedical imaging, environmental monitoring, microanalysis of impurities, structure and dynamical analyses of large molecules and ions in solution.

Identification of ancient coins based on fusion of shape and local features

We present a vision-based approach to ancient coins’ identification. The approach is a two-stage procedure. In the first stage an invariant shape description of the coin edge is computed and matching based on shape is performed. The second stage uses preselection by the first stage in order to refine the matching using local descriptors. Results for different descriptors and coin sides are combined using naive Bayesian fusion. Identification rates on a comprehensive data set of 2400 images of ancient coins are on the order of magnitude of 99%.

Surface Flaws Detection Using AC Magnetic Field Sensing by a Thin Film Inductive Microsensor

Alternating magnetic field was used for detection of surface flaws on conductive metallic specimens. The nondestructive sensor probe was composed of the planar coil with inductive magnetic thin film yoke as a sensing component and a single straight typed exciting coil. The planar inductive coil sensor with magnetic yoke was fabricated by sputtering, electroplating, dry etching, and photolithography process. The exciting coil was generated by the alternative current with the range of 0.1-1.2 A with frequency rage of 0.6-1.8 MHz, respectively, which alternating current (ac) magnetic fields by exciting coil were applied to the specimen with artificial flaws. The specimens were prepared with the slit shaped artificial surface flaws (minimum depth and width; 0.5 mm) on metallic plate (Al; nonmagnetic metal and FeC; magnetic metal). The detected signal for the positions and shapes of surface flaws on specimens were obtained with high sensitivity and high signal to ratio by the planar inductive microsensor probe. The measured output signals by the noncontacted scanning on surface of coins (one cent and two euros) were converted to the images of the flaws. These results were compared with the optical images of real coins, respectively.

A comparative study of the composition and corrosion of branches from Eastern Han dynasty money trees

Money trees are artifacts dating from the Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25–220) which have been excavated from tombs in China. The branches of these trees are constructed of bronze, and contain images of coins along with figures important to Han beliefs. Samples from bronze branches originating from several different trees were studied using optical metallography, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and Raman microscopy. The majority of the samples were cast of an alloy containing approximately 15–20% tin by weight. Conclusive evidence of selective corrosion of either the copper-rich a phase or the tin-rich δ phase was obtained. Redeposited copper was observed only in branches exhibiting selective corrosion of the δ phase. A small number of the branches were found to be composed of a low-tin alloy, containing less than 5% tin. One of these branches exhibited an interesting layered structure of malachite, CuCO3·Cu(OH)2, and copper(I) sulphide on its outer surface.