Film Images Research Articles

High-speed image acquisition system and image acquisition method of ferroelectric liquid crystal light valve film

As one of the new high-performance products, the ferroelectric liquid crystal light valve has entered people's daily lives and has been widely used. Because of its excellent characteristics, it is widely used in various aspects such as industry and commerce. This paper adopts an experimental analysis method and data analysis method, and aims to break through the existing image acquisition methods by studying ferroelectric liquid crystal light valve film and high-speed image acquisition system, and develop an image acquisition system with faster speed and high-quality performance. According to the experimental results, the system can meet the functional requirements and technical indicators proposed by the design and can operate safely and stably, achieving the expected effect of the design.

Скопический режим и его место в эпистемологическом плане визуальной культуры

Introduction. The interest of modern humanities in the field of the visual involves systematic work with the structural and content elements of the spectacle, encoding important information about social being and thinking, about the value systems of man and society, about the nature of receptions and models of cognition adopted in a particular era. The subject of attention in the article is the basic coding tool of visuality - the gaze mode or the scopic mode. Elucidation of its nature and mode of action opens up the possibility of a philosophical consideration of the cognitive models of the era. The purpose: of the article is to present models of scopic modes in the aspect of the philosophical theory of visuality, to reveal their epistemological significance and to consider examples of the practi- cal operation of such modes in films of the 20th and 21st centuries. Methods. In the course of the study, general scien- tific methods of analysis and synthesis were used; the method of phenomenological reduction, which allows fixing the sensually perceived qualities of ob- ject-spatial screen images; a hermeneutic method that allows, on the basis of visible sign structures, to reveal the deep intentions of a visual image, as well as methods of structural and discursive analysis of a visual source, which make it possible to identify markers of the philosophical and cultural content of a visual text and the objective causes and conditions for its appearance. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that we ap- proach the visual source from the standpoint of epistemology, which allows us to find out the na- ture of the cognitive strategy of a particular era. We systematize the types of scopic modes accepted in visualism and reveal the possibility of theorizing an additional, “observational” mode, which is relevant for the beginning of the 21st century. Results. In the course of the analysis, we applied the tools and conceptual base of philosophical epistemology to modern visual culture, namely, to photographic and cinematic images. This made it possible to see a certain cognitive strategy behind the same type of way of organizing the spectacle and controlling the spectator’s gaze, and thereby open up a possible path to studying the epistemo- logical “a priori condition” of cognition characteris- tic of a particular era. The five most effective scopic regimes are considered: “Cartesian perspectivism”, “topographic” regime, “baroque” regime, “impulse” and “observational” regimes. Conclusions. Structural and discursive analysis of visual material (photographic series and films) of different decades of the 20th and 21st centuries makes it possible to highlight a special tool that encodes the cognitive intentions of the era in a visual image: the scopic mode or the gaze mode. Using the type of selectivity inherent in it and the dynamics of the gaze as the basic characteristics of the scopic mode, we distinguish five basic scoping modes in the visual practice of the XX—XXI cen- turies.. At the same time, understanding the regime of gaze as an expression and action of the episteme that dominates in a particular era, we discover the philosophical and epistemological field of study of photography or film.

Study of Some Properties of PbI2 Deposited on Porous Silicon Using Thermal Evaporation Technique for Many Applications

The present work is a study of some properties of PbI2 deposited on porous silicon (n-PSi) by using the thermal evaporation technique. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and FTIR analysis were used to characterize the structural, optical, and morphological properties of n-Psi. X-ray diffraction showed that the PbI2 film has a hexagonal polycrystalline structure, while FE-SEM images showed porous silicone in Photoelectrochemical etching, the pore distribution is irregular and the pore refers to the increased surface area of the silicon. SEM images of pbI2 film showed that particles were scattered and resembled gravel in size. The estimated optical energy value of thin films of PbI2 was 2.6 eV. PbI2 film has lower transmittance values at short wavelengths, but as the wavelength increases, the transmittance values gradually increased. The greatest transmittance value was 0.88. From FTIR analysis, chemical bonds were determined between porous silicon and PbI2.

Pb-Doped CuO Thin Films Synthetized by Sol-Gel Method

Abstract The physical properties of pure CuO and Pb doped CuO thin films, deposited on glass substrates by a sol-gel method, were investigated. Structural analysis revealed the polycrystalline nature of the pure CuO and Pb:CuO composite films with a monoclinic structure, the crystallite size decreased and ranged from 36.78 nm to around 21.5 nm. The SEM images of the CuO thin films showed that the Pb doping concentration affects the surface morphology of the Pb:CuO composites. The absorbance of the Pb:CuO composites is higher than that of the undoped CuO thin films. The optical band gap energies of undoped CuO and Pb doped CuO thin films were estimated to 1.9 (pure), 2.17(5%) and 2.74 (7%)eV, and found that the band gap energy (Eg) increases with the Pb concentration. This blue shift is due to the quantum confinement induced by the reduction in the size of the crystallites.

Our Pain, their Heritage Project: From the Palmyra Moment to Violence and the City

Cultural heritage sites in Syria have been weaponized, targeted, bombed, looted, and destroyed. Since the start of the Syrian Revolution in March 2011, images of destruction, as in the case of Palmyra with its celebrity status, have attracted significant attention from archaeologists, architects, and journalists to academics, politicians, and art curators. This interest led to the emergence of an "industry" focused on the protection and reconstruction of cultural heritage sites during times of violence, war, and conflict. Very often, cultural heritage projects have failed to engage with the Syrian people, turning our pain and trauma into a "heritage project." Furthermore, most of these projects have focused on selective monumental heritage sites, while neglecting the inhabitants in and around these sites. They also failed to look at the cities as a living urban whole with their narrowed focus on the monumental heritage site. In this paper therefore, I ask two questions. First, how has Palmyra been used and abused as a stage for global performances by various foreign powers? And second, how can we convert the one-off traumatic rupture of cultural heritage sites and its cinematic image of destruction, as in Palmyra in 2015, into an understanding of slow and fast violence that takes place in cities?

Ecofeminism and daoism: the feminist analysis of female warrior of Nie Yinniang in The Assassin (2015)

ABSTRACT Feminists argue that the genre of Chinese martial arts film maintains a Confucian discourse that limits women’s rights, because the typical cinematic image of female warriors is under patriarchal control, which fails to represent feminist emancipation. This article explores a Chinese female warrior within a Daoist cultural discourse, Nie Yinniang, who first appeared in Tang Chuanqi in Tang China (618–907) and was adapted into the film of The Assassin (2015), directed by Hou Hsiao-hisien. By applying ecofeminism and Daoism as the theoretical approach, this article argues that The Assassin (2015) represents both Daoist and ecofeminist understanding of nature as One. The cinematic style of The Assassin (2015) incorporates the Daoist philosophy and thus constructs a unique female warrior in the genre of Chinese martial arts films that moves beyond the Confucian discourse. Importantly, this article argues that the character of Nie Yinniang in The Assassin (2015) represents a strong feminist value of non-violence that is both Daoist and ecofeminist.

Digital morphology in hematology diagnosis and education: The experience of the European LeukemiaNet WP10

Hematological diagnostics is based on increasingly precise techniques of cellular and molecular analysis. The correct interpretation of the blood and bone marrow smears observed under an optical microscope still represents a cornerstone. Precise quantitative and qualitative cytomorphological criteria have recently been codified by up-to-date guidelines for diagnosing hematopoietic neoplasms. Morphological analysis has found formidable support in digital reproduction techniques, which have simplified the circulation of images for educational or consultation purposes. From 2007 to 2019, the Working Group WP10 of European LeukemiaNet (ELN) used, in annual exercises, digital images to support training in cytomorphology and verify harmonization and comparability in the interpretation of blood and bone marrow smears. We describe the design, development, and results of this program, which had 741 participants in-person or remotely, to which 2055 questions were submitted regarding the interpretation of cytomorphological images. We initially used circulation and presentation of digital microphotographs and then introduced a virtual microscopy (VM). Virtual slides were obtained using a whole slide imaging technique, similar to the one largely used in histopathology, to produce digitized scans of consecutive microscopic fields and reassembles them to obtain a complete virtual smear by stitching. Participants were required to identify cells in labeled fields of view of the virtual slides to obtain a morphological diagnosis. This work has demonstrated substantial improvements in diagnostic accuracy and harmonization with the VM technique. Between-observer concordance increased from 62.5% to 83.0%. The integrity of the digitalized film image, which provides a general context for cell abnormalities, was the main factor for this outcome.

Image Stitching Technology in 3D Film Production Based on Digital Image Processing

Image stitching in 3D film production synchronizes multiple independent frame images as a single high-resolution output. The stitching process is common for displaying a large coverage or shot in a single frame containing distinct images. For improving the realistic accuracy of 3D film images, this manuscript introduces an Itinerant Pixel-Matching-based Stitching Process (IPMSP). The proposed stitching process relies on cross-sectional pixels identified in merging two or more images. Based on the linear cumulative distribution in augmenting images, the homogeneity feature is identified. If the homogeneity is high then the stitching for linear pixels occurs increasing the frame resolution and size. The cumulative distribution is determined using the recurrent neural network in verifying homogeneity and contrast. For the contrast pixels identified, the cross-sectional matching is performed for substituting similar pixels in the missing sections. The process is repeated until the stitching region is the same based on the homogeneity feature and increased dimensions. Therefore, this process is capable of improving accuracy, precision, substitution, and reducing errors and complexity.

Incorporation of Nanoparticles Based on Zingiber Officinale Essential Oil into Alginate Films for Sustained Release

This research focused on the formulation of Ca2+ cross-linked alginate (Alg) gels containing Zingiber officinale oil extract (ZOE) loaded into a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). The NLC is intended to protect the Zingiber officinale oil against physical and chemical degradation during topical administration to sustain the drug release and reduce drug leakage during storage. The NLC was prepared using hot homogenisation and ultrasonication of glyceryl monostearate. Virgin coconut oil was used as the liquid lipid. The NLC-ZOE had a mean size diameter of 100 nm and a zeta potential value of −40 mV. The ZOE released from NLC followed the Korsmeyer- Peppas model case I (Fickian diffusion). The NLC-ZOE formulation was then incorporated into Alg. The gels were prepared via ionotropic gelation in the presence of calcium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Alg films revealed successful intercalation of NLC within the Alg matrix. The in vitro ZOE release from NLC-ZOEAlg occurred in a sustained manner from the cross-linked Alg hydrogels compared to the free NLC. The profiles of NLC-ZOE released from the Alg films depended on the nanoparticles amount. The results demonstrated the importance of designing a local delivery system to entrap and control the release of the bioactive components of ZOE from within the Alg matrix. Ca2+ cross-linked Alg gels containing ZOE loaded into NLC was found to be suitable for topical delivery applications, as shown by the sustained release of ZOE from calcium cross-linked Alg films containing NLC that was demonstrated in this study.

The case for intra-operative X-ray in cochlear implantation: Four illustrative cases and literature review

Objectives: To demonstrate the utility of routine intraoperative plain film imaging in optimizing outcomes in cochlear implantation. Introduction: Evolving surgical techniques, programming, and electrode arrays have all improved performance outcomes in cochlear implantation. Yet despite decreasing complication rates, electrode misplacement remains a common occurrence. Utilization of intraoperative confirmational tools (radiologic, electrophysiologic) remains unstandardized despite the acknowledged importance of proper electrode positioning. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the use and benefits of intraoperative X-ray (IOXR) in four cases, particularly in cases of normal electrophysiologic testing. Methods: Four cases performed by an experienced CI surgeon are discussed where electrode malposition was only detected through X-ray. Literature review was performed on the use of intraoperative imaging, focusing on plain film radiography. Results: Case 1–3 describe examples of resistance-free electrode insertion in patients with normal pre-operative imaging. Intraoperative impedances and neural response telemetry (NRT) were normal. However, IOXR ultimately revealed tip fold-over prompting array repositioning. Case 4 describes an elective replacement of a soft-failing device. Resistance was encountered during array insertion, with IOXR demonstrating incomplete insertion compared with prior imaging. Positioning was revised to achieve pre-revision insertion depth, demonstrating the utility of prior IOXR in revision cases. Literature review of IOXR is discussed. Conclusion: Appropriate placement of the electrode is paramount to successful CI outcomes. These cases illustrate IOXR as a safe, effective method to ensure optimal placement even in cases of normal electrophysiologic testing, supporting its routine use even by the most seasoned surgeons.

Enhancement of the frequency conversion film imaging effect based on a cascade material fusion method.

Frequency conversion imaging technology can provide an effective way for infrared detection against the limitations of conventional infrared detectors, such as expense and cooling requirements, but the converted luminescence intensity of frequency conversion materials limits the application of this technology. In this paper, a cascade material (CM) fusion method is proposed to improve the conversion luminous intensity and thus enhance the frequency conversion imaging effect at 1550 nm near infrared (NIR) excitation. First, we derived from the energy level transition mechanism of CM that the CM fusion method can achieve three excitations of substrate materials (SMs). It can improve the conversion luminescence intensity of SM in CM. Then, we experimentally prepared CM and SM films and simultaneously measured the frequency conversion imaging effect of the two films at 1550 nm NIR excitation. It was found that the weight ratio of doped material (DM) to SM affects the imaging enhancement of CM films. Therefore, we compared the imaging grayscale value intensity of CM films with different weight ratios under the same detection conditions. Finally, it was concluded that the best enhancement of frequency conversion imaging was achieved with a DM to SM weight ratio of 0.25 for this mechanism. The enhancement was about 3.11 times compared to SM films.

Utilizing Fish Skin of Ikan Belida (Notopterus lopis) as a Source of Collagen: Production and Rheology Properties.

Collagen hydrogels have been extensively applied in biomedical applications. However, their mechanical properties are insufficient for such applications. Our previous study showed improved mechanical properties when collagen was blended with alginate. The current study aims to analyze the physico-chemical properties of collagen-alginate (CA) films such as swelling, porosity, denaturation temperature (Td), and rheology properties. Collagen was prepared from discarded fish skin of Ikan Belida (Notopterus lopis) that was derived from fish ball manufacturing industries and cross-linked with alginate from brown seaweed (Sargasum polycystum) of a local species as a means to benefit the downstream production of marine industries. CA hydrogels were fabricated with ratios (v/v) of 1:1, 1:4, 3:7, 4:1, and 7:3 respectively. FTIR spectrums of CA film showed an Amide I shift of 1636.12 cm−1 to 1634.64 cm−1, indicating collagen-alginate interactions. SEM images of CA films show a porous structure that varied from pure collagen. DSC analysis shows Td was improved from 61.26 °C (collagen) to 83.11 °C (CA 3:7). CA 4:1 swelled nearly 800% after 48 h, correlated with the of hydrogels porosity. Most CA demonstrated visco-elastic solid characteristics with greater storage modulus (G′) than lost modulus (G″). Shear thinning and non-Newtonian behavior was observed in CA with 0.4% to 1.0% (w/v) CaCl2. CA hydrogels that were derived from discarded materials shows promising potential to serve as a wound dressing or ink for bio printing in the future.

PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL IMAGING OF NON IONIZATION IMAGES

The X-ray tube is one of the most important components in any X-ray system. In the beginning, physicists and physicians used gas ion tubes. The so-called Coolidge tube applied a high vacuum and is still used today. Medical examinations have required continuously improved designs of X-ray tubes (smaller focal spots at a higher output). The principle of the Goetze line focus is still applied in any diagnostic X-ray tube. Different anode materials and the rotating anode contributed to an increased output and reduced exposure time. Bearings needed special attention. Spiral groove bearings are the most advanced design today. The heat storage capacity of the anode and the tube housing assembly influences examination time and patient throughput. Cardiac imaging required less motion blurring in cine film images and increasing radiation exposure in interventional procedures called for measures to reduce dose. Protection against radiation and electric shock has always been a concern of design engineers. Focal spot sizes dedicated to specific applications and heat management within the total tube housing assembly will be future issues. Even with the event of ultrasound and MR technology, X-ray procedures will still be applied for diagnostic and interventional purposes.

Peter the Great in Modern Russian Cinema

Within the framework of this study, the author analyzes the features of the construction of the image of Peter I in the Russian historical cinema of the post-Soviet period. As a source, feature films and TV series dedicated both directly to Peter the Great himself and his era are considered. The article draws conclusions about the most popular historical heroes in cinema, directly related to the first Russian emperor, and gives characteristics of the bright film incarnations of the reformer tsar. Thus, the analysis of post-Soviet Russian historical cinema allows us to conclude that in recent decades, plots related to the personal life of the tsar (the conflict with Tsarevich Alexei and the relationship with Catherine I) have been in demand. The author also traces the connections between modern Russian and Soviet cinema and highlights common places in the interpretation of the image of Peter I. The characteristic features of the cinematic image of Peter I, set in the films of the first half of the XX century, namely, impulsiveness, determination, complete dedication, migrated to modern cinema and continue to be exploited when creating new films.

Intuitive Analysis of the Microtribological Behavior of Copper-Coated Graphite-Graphite/Cu Composites with High Graphite Contents.

To improve the combination of graphite and copper, the friction and wear of a graphite/copper composite with a high content of graphite (50 wt %), copper-coated graphite were used to modify it. To observe the distribution law of each phase in the material and the change of composite surface structure after the friction and wear experiment, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the micro-structure, friction film, debris, and friction cross section of the composites. The results show that the large particle size of copper-coated graphite is anisotropic in the material, which helps to form a friction film with a high graphite content on the contact surface. TEM images of the friction film and debris directly reflect the structure changes of graphite and copper during friction; under normal load and shear force, interlamellar detachment and interlamellar fracture of graphite occur, and its edge is folded and crimped, resulting in the loss of an ordered state in some regions, which results in the instability of crystal lattice and the transition from an ordered to disordered state of graphite, resulting in the (002) halo ring in FFT results. Severe plastic deformation and oxidation reactions occur in copper, and copper oxides are formed, forming a high-strength and smooth oxide film in the metal-rich area and improving the wear resistance of the material. TEM images of the friction section directly show that an inverted triangular deformation zone is formed on the surface of the sample after friction and wear experiments. The edge of the deformation zone is stepped, consisting of a drag zone and an accumulation zone, and the surface of the contact zone is covered by a carbon film.

Образы несвободы в фильмах современных кавказских режиссеров

The article is devoted to the films of young Caucasian directors who graduated from Alexander Sokurov studio at Kabardino-Balkarian State University (Nalchik). The author studies the artistic features of the films Closeness (director Kantemir Balagov), Unclenching the Fists (director Kira Kovalenko), and Deep Rivers (director Vladimir Bitokov). The way the traumatic experiences from the past and problems of the present are reflected in the art field becomes the subject of the research. The article analyses the historical and cultural contexts within the framework of the artistic narrative, and the genre specifics of the modern directors’ works. The purpose of the study is to reveal the lack-of-freedom images in the feature films, as well as their genre specifics. The author notes that realism prevails in the films but the directors also boldly turn to naturalism and the grotesque. The novelty of the study consists in the author’s consideration of cinema as a way for artistic understanding of the traumatic experience of the Caucasian people, which presents the real historical events through the analysis of the personal experience of the characters in the narrative. The directors depict modern times, but the outcomes are tightly linked with the past, which actualizes the discussion about the “public history”. Historical memory seems to be woven into the narrative and is determined by the context, dialogues and visual imagery. The directors turn to historical material but masterfully combine the documentary and the fiction in the artistic space. The continuity of the literary tradition in depicting the Caucasus as a separate world with its own values and worldview is emphasized. The author comes to the conclusion that experiencing the lack of freedom is the main state of individual characters and society in the analysed films. The state of being caught between the old patriarchal world, where life is unbearable, and the new one, which is full of uncertainty, results in denial, rebellion or escape.

3D Nanoscale Imaging of Semiconductor Films for GAA (Gate All Around) Device Development

3D Nanoscale Imaging of Semiconductor Films for GAA (Gate All Around) Device Development

Синий цветозвук в фильме: из глубины к свету

The article highlights the techniques of creating a colour-sound cinematic image on the example of the use of one colour, blue, in the films where it is not only the dominant one on the colour palette but, along with sound, becomes an important element of a complex semantic structure. In our case, the blue colour dynamically changing on the screen and interacting with the sound contributes to the expression of the semantic layering of the film drama and its synesthetic perception by the viewer. The author is more interested in the analysis of the blue in the films where it is not just seen as a colour marker of the different (world, space, character, subjective state of the character, etc.) but becomes involved, in its multiple coloristic nuances, in the dynamics of the development of the film narrative and the change (transformation) of a character’s inner world. Considering the achievements and prospects of modern audio-visual technologies, it is the development of a common colour and music solution for both an episode and the overall aesthetic form of the film that can become most effective and relevant. The main material for representing this kind of colour and sound interaction is two films: Three Colours: Blue directed by K. Keslevsky (1993) and Tree of Life directed by T. Malik (2011). For the directors, the depth of immersion and the height of ascent into the blue are not just a metaphor or a local device, but a way to convey a complex film drama and express their worldview and main aesthetic principles. The philosophical, aesthetic and methodological basis for the film analysis is some theses from the theoretical works on colour and sound by S.M. Eisenstein, J.W. Goethe, V.V. Kandinsky, L. Wittgenstein, M. Pastoureau and Jan Baleka, as well as the approaches of philosophical dialogism, hermeneutical and receptive aesthetics.

Classification of lungs infected COVID-19 images based on inception-ResNet

ObjectiveNowadays, COVID-19 is spreading rapidly worldwide, and seriously threatening lives . From the perspective of security and economy, the effective control of COVID-19 has a profound impact on the entire society. An effective strategy is to diagnose earlier to prevent the spread of the disease and prompt treatment of severe cases to improve the chance of survival. MethodsThe method of this paper is as follows: Firstly, the collected data set is processed by chest film image processing, and the bone removal process is carried out in the rib subtraction module. Then, the set preprocessing method performed histogram equalization, sharpening, and other preprocessing operations on the chest film. Finally, shallow and high-level feature mapping through the backbone network extracts the processed chest radiographs. We implement the self-attention mechanism in Inception-Resnet, perform the standard classification, and identify chest radiograph diseases through the classifier to realize the auxiliary COVID-19 diagnosis process at the medical level, all in an effort to further enhance the classification performance of the convolutional neural network. Numerous computer simulations demonstrate that the Inception-Resnet convolutional neural network performs CT image categorization and enhancement with greater efficiency and flexibility than conventional segmentation techniques. ResultsThe experimental COVID-19 CT dataset obtained in this paper is the new data for CT scans and medical imaging of normal, early COVID-19 patients and severe COVID-19 patients from Jinyintan hospital. The experiment plots the relationship between model accuracy, model loss and epoch, using ACC, TPR, SPE, F1 score and G-mean to measure the image maps of patients with and without the disease. Statistical measurement values are obtained by Inception-Resnet are 88.23%, 83.45%, 89.72%, 95.53% and 88.74%. The experimental results show that Inception-Resnet plays a more effective role than other image classification methods in evaluation indicators, and the method has higher robustness, accuracy and intuitiveness. ConclusionWith CT images in the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 images being widely used and the number of applied samples continuously increasing, the method in this paper is expected to become an additional diagnostic tool that can effectively improve the diagnostic accuracy of clinical COVID-19 images.

Linear versus Nonlinear Aromatic Polyamides: The Role of Backbone Geometry in Thin Film Salt Exclusion Membranes.

Two aromatic polyamides─poly(3,3'-dihydroxybenzidine terephthalamide) (DHTA) and poly(3,3'-dihydroxybenzidine isophthalamide) (DHIA)─are compared for their ability to remove salts from water. DHTA is linear and rigid whereas DHIA is nonlinear and semirigid. DHTA and DHIA were selected as they allow us to investigate the effect of polymer backbone geometry on salt exclusion in a non-crosslinked thin film membrane, independently of the backbone chemistry. Because of their differences in solution viscosity, spin coating parameters for DHTA and DHIA solutions were optimized separately to produce thin film composites (TFCs) with reproducible membrane properties. The resulting DHTA TFCs displayed salt rejections of 87.8% (NaCl), 97.0% (MgSO4), and 80.3% (CaCl2). In comparison, DHIA TFCs demonstrated poor salt rejections of 21.0% (NaCl), 29.3% (MgSO4), and 15.4% (CaCl2). Cross-sectional SEM images of DHTA and DHIA films reveal that DHTA has a stratified (layered) morphology whereas DHIA exhibits a dense, featureless morphology. Both DHTA and DHIA TFCs exhibit similar surface morphology, contact angle, surface charge, and water uptake. PEG rejection experiments indicate that the average pore size of DHTA TFCs is ∼2 nm while DHIA TFCs have an average pore size of ∼3 nm. Our findings illustrate that using a rigid, linear aromatic polyamide gives an active layer with a stratified morphology, uniplanar orientation, smaller pores, and higher salt rejection, whereas the nonlinear aromatic polyamide analogue results in an isotropic active layer with larger pores and lower salt rejection.