Image Reproduction Research Articles

Reproduction of Image Through Critical Visual Reading in In-Service Teacher Training

This research is a case study analyzing the process of “Intersemiotic Exchange” activity carried out as part of an in-service training offered through a TUBITAK supported project to help teachers deliver critical and cultural inquiries in their classrooms through visual culture images. In the “Intersemiotic Exchange” activity, the teachers were expected to establish a connection between a piece of artwork and an advertisement image, to evaluate the newly acquired meaning of the borrowed image in the new context and to reproduce it in a context of social content. As a first step, the teachers analyzed the artwork and the relevant advertisement image they had selected for their similarity and differences in form, they then read those images for their similarities and differences in meaning. As the final stage of the activity, they reproduced the artwork in the context of a social problem they have determined. The teachers here were expected to carry out a deliberate and purposeful intertextuality study. In this research we have carried out in seven cities with a total of 508 classroom and visual arts teachers, the analysis unit is the experience of participant teachers relevant to the applied program. At the end of the process, a significant improvement was observed in teachers’ ability to inquire with respect to interpretation of visual messages and similar message formation through visual literacy. The teachers evaluated that the program could help students to increase relational thinking skills and awareness of social problems. Additionally, they self-criticized their use of cognitive and interactive teaching approaches in the classroom and noted that they had been able to develop ideas to improve their own art lesson activities in the framework of the experiences they had achieved in the process of the activity. In this context, it is possible to say that it is necessary to further improvement of the teachers’ competencies through different in-service training activities to help them interpret visual culture pedagogy related approaches in their classrooms.

Face image profiles features extraction for recognition systems

The object of research is the algorithm of piecewise linear approximation when applying it to the selection of facial features and compression of its images. One of the problem areas is to obtain the optimal ratio of the degree of compression and accuracy of image reproduction, as well as the accuracy of the obtained facial features, which can be used to search for people in databases. The main characteristics of the image of the face are the coordinates and size of the eyes, mouth, nose and other objects of attention. Dimensions, distances between them, as well as their relationship also form a set of characteristics. A piecewise linear approximation algorithm is used to identify and determine these features. First, it is used to approximate the image of the face to obtain a graph of the silhouette from right to left and, secondly, to approximate fragments of the face to obtain silhouettes of the face from top to bottom. The purpose of the next stage is to implement multilevel segmentation of the approximated images to cover them with rectangles of different intensity. Due to their shape they are called barcodes. These three stages of the algorithm the faces are represented by two barcode images are vertical and horizontal. This material is used to calculate facial features. The medium intensity function in a row or column is used to form an approximation object and as a tool to measure the values of facial image characteristics. Additionally, the widths of barcodes and the distances between them are calculated. Experimental results with faces from known databases are presented. A piecewise linear approximation is used to compress facial images. Experiments have shown how the accuracy of the approximation changes with the degree of compression of the image. The method has a linear complexity of the algorithm from the number of pixels in the image, which allows its testing for large data. Finding the coordinates of a synchronized object, such as the eyes, allows calculating all the distances between the objects of attention on the face in relative form. The developed software has control parameters for conducting research.

Estimation Accuracy of Root Canal Curvatures from Different Dental Diagnostic Imaging Techniques: An In Vitro Experimental Study.

In clinical endodontics, preoperative estimation of root canal curvature is crucial regarding the prevention of iatrogenic errors. Reproduction of the two-dimensional radiographic images causes certain proximal view curvatures not seen. Therefore, the present study is aimed at investigating the degree of root canal curvature identified in different radiographic views. A total of 60 human permanent single-rooted teeth with varying degrees of curvature were selected. The root canal curvature for each tooth was measured on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (clinical view), standard digital periapical view (0° angle), digital periapical horizontal parallax view (30° angle), and digital periapical proximal view (0° angle), by using the Schneider method. No statistically significant difference was found in the degree of curvatures estimated on CBCT images and standard digital periapical view (0° angle) in the same tooth. The results revealed a significant difference between the proximal view and the other three groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in this respect between the horizontal parallax view (30° angle), clinical view (CBCT images), and standard digital periapical view (p > 0.05). Proximal view curvatures cannot be predicted or estimated only from examining a clinical view radiograph. A horizontal parallax view (30° angle) is highly recommended as specific guidelines on how to estimate root canal curvature in case difficulty assessment protocols.

Особенности получения изображений протяженных объектов, восстанавливаемых импульсными голограммами

The features of the dimensional transformation of images of depth-extended objects reconstructed by transmission pulse holograms are considered, when the spectral and geometric parameters of hologram recording and image reproduction are different. A method for improving the characteristics of images is proposed, which makes it possible to reduce the requirements for the output characteristics of pulsed lasers.

«Ермак взял Сибирь»: о жанровой полипотентности художественного образа в аспекте поэтики заглавия

In Russian literature and folklore, the image of Ermak Timofeevich appeared to be remarkably responsive to all literary genera and many literary genres. A real surge of interest in him seen in modern Russian literature was associated primarily with the release of the Volume IX of “History of the Russian State” by N. M. Karamzin, under the pen of whom the genre of historical narratives became a kind of “blessing” for subsequent polypotency of this image. By combining in itself two equivalent forces, aspiration to objectivity in narrating historical events and the need to create a multidimensional literary image, the genre of historical narratives aroused the activity of various generic roots in reproduction of a historical figure image, which has determined a wide range of its different incarnations. The genre polypotency of Ermak’s image is informed by his specific traits as the image that comprises world-constructing and lawmaking beginnings, drawing him together with “a cultural hero,” who opens up new opportunities to the world and establishes these opportunities as essentials for further existence. “Taking” of Siberia by Ermak became a prototype for its various genre incarnations. The polypotency of this image manifested itself, in its most concentrated form, in poetics of titles of the works about Ermak.

Терракотовый воин: образ или персона?

The article investigates the problem of the so-called portraiture of personages presented in the terracotta army of the First Qin emperor. The results of analytical work of foreign colleagues were explored (namely, on restoration of the full spectrum of paints on the surface of the clay figures, or comparative studies of the forms of terracotta soldiers’ ears because this part of the human face is absolutely unique and therefore used in modern forensic practice for identification purposes). On the base of visual analyses of the material that could be obtained, taking into account the serial production of the big details (torsos, feet, heads) for assembling of the whole figures, as well as traces of the different instruments on faces of these figures, and after personal experience in working with elastic materials such as clay, the authors proposed a hypothesis that the reconstruction of face details (ears, noses, eyebrows, mustaches, etc.) which complete the assemblage was of the same type of serial mass production. Occasional or intentional deformation of face details in the process of their fixation, supplemented with elements such as coiffures and accentuated sections of face hair served as a basis for visible diversity in the clay soldiers and officials. However, we cannot say much about the personal characteristics of the real representatives of Qin society. We see only a reproduction of the appropriate image, but not the distinct person in the emperor’s army or court. The observations received indicate sheer haste and even negligence in the work of the craftsmen during the final stages of constructing this enormous funeral complex that never reached the level of the preliminary plans.

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN’S GIFTEDNESS

The article analyzes the scientific literature on the problem of children's talents. The basic concepts of giftedness are analyzed, its components are defined. The study of socio-psychological characteristics of gifted children is an urgent problem of modern science and practice, as only the process of harmonious development of gifted children, adaptation, socialization and integration of young people into public life to actualize their highest creative and civic feelings, high legal, aesthetic, moral culture largely determine the future development of the potential of society, the nation. The article summarizes the views of scientists on the structure of the child's talent and identifies the following components: anatomical and physiological inclinations; sensory-perceptual blocks with hypersensitivity; intellectual potential; emotional and volitional structure; high level of reproduction of new images, fantasy, imagination. The conclusions state that talent is defined in a broad sense as cognitive, social and motivational potential that allows to achieve high results in one or more areas.

Strategies of investigating and translating poetical prose of the classical and contemporary English short stories

The article considers the notion of prose poeticalness from linguistic and translation points of view. Prose poeticalness can be defined as the introduction of poetic features into the prose text with the help of such devices as extended metaphors, intertextual allusions, stylistic convergence, syntactical and phonetic repetitions. The investigation involved the analysis of the fairy tales by Oscar Wilde, the short stories by Kate Chopin and Dylan Thomas, which are referred to as classical prose, and the contemporary American flash fiction stories. The strategy of investigating prose poeticalness involved determining the devices of prose poeticalness in each text, defining the linguistic and stylistic components of these devices and their functions. As a result of our research, it is determined that the most foregrounded device of poeticalness is stylistic convergence. In the classical short stories, convergences function in bigger text fragments, they are based on the extended antropomorphic metaphors or similes in the interaction with alliterations. The stylistic convergences are used for poetical description of nature as human beings possessing the ability to speak, to think, to love (Wilde, Thomas), and even as gods (Rob Carney). Biomorphic tropes are used as the core of convergences, as a device of poetical description of people in the stories by Thomas, fairy tales by Wilde, in the flash fiction stories by John Updike, Grace Paley, Leigh Wilson and other writers. In the contemporary flash fiction stories, convergences foreground the ideas of sympathy, tolerance; they help to create a strong emotional effect. The strategy of rendering stylistic convergences in translation of the poetical prose consists in the exact reproduction of images applying literal translation or synonymic substitution and retaining the sound effect in trope components. Mythological and biblical allusions used as a system in the text are a device of poeticalness typical for Thomas's stories. The strategy of translating implicit allusions involves retaining the intertextual comments and giving explication in the text or in the footnotes. It is suggested that the prospects of further research lie in investigating poeticalness in the novels of contemporary writers.

A Tablet-Based Test System for Perceptual Image Reproduction in Patients with Metamorphopsia

A Tablet-Based Test System for Perceptual Image Reproduction in Patients with Metamorphopsia

A Comprehensive Halftone Image Quality Evaluation of First- and Second-order FM Halftones

Halftoning is a crucial part of image reproduction in print. For large format prints, especially at higher resolutions, it is important to have very fast and computationally feasible halftoning methods of good quality. The authors have already introduced an approach to obtain image-independent threshold matrices generating both first- and second-order frequency modulated (FM) halftones with different clustered dot sizes. Predetermined and image-independent threshold matrices make the proposed halftoning method a point-by-point process and thereby very fast. In this article, they report a comprehensive quality evaluation of first-and second-order FM halftones generated by this technique and compare them with each other, employing several quality metrics. These generated halftones are also compared with error diffusion (ED) halftones employing two different error filters. The results indicate that the second-order FM halftoning with small clustered dot size performs best in almost all studied quality aspects than the first-and second-order FM halftoning with larger clustered dot size. It is also shown that the first- and second-order FM halftones with small clustered dot sizes are of almost the same quality as ED halftones using Floyd–Steinberg error filter and of higher quality than halftones generated by ED employing Jarvis, Judice, and Ninke error filter.

Effectiveness of the Assistance in Image Interpretation Using the Image Reproduction Function in Radiography

Effectiveness of the Assistance in Image Interpretation Using the Image Reproduction Function in Radiography

Structure-Aware Halftoning Using the Iterative Method Controlling the Dot Placement

Many image reproduction devices, such as printers, are limited to only a few numbers of printing inks. Halftoning, which is the process to convert a continuous-tone image into a binary one, is, therefore, an essential part of printing. An iterative halftoning method, called Iterative Halftoning Method Controlling the Dot Placement (IMCDP), which has already been studied by research scholars, generally results in halftones of good quality. In this paper, we propose a structure-based alternative to this algorithm that improves the halftone image quality in terms of sharpness, structural similarity, and tone preservation. By employing appropriate symmetrical and non-symmetrical Gaussian filters inside the proposed halftoning method, it is possible to adaptively change the degree of sharpening in different parts of the continuous-tone image. This is done by identifying a dominant line in the neighborhood of each pixel in the original image, utilizing the Hough Transform, and aligning the dots along the dominant line. The objective and subjective quality assessments verify that the proposed structure-based method not only results in sharper halftones, giving more three-dimensional impression, but also improves the structural similarity and tone preservation. The adaptive nature of the proposed halftoning method makes it an appropriate algorithm to be further developed to a 3D halftoning method, which could be adapted to different parts of a 3D object by exploiting both the structure of the images being mapped and the 3D geometrical structure of the underlying printed surface.

Physiological cost as a factor determining the effectiveness of human activity in the visual images reproduction

Physiological value is one of the factors affecting the effectiveness of human activities. Currently, there is no single approach to assess the physiological value of human behavior. The article presents data on the role of the physiological cost of human activity, estimated by the indicators of mathematical analysis of heart rate, in the reproduction of matrix visual images. The article puts forward the position that the physiological cost of activity is an important factor in the formation of unequal performance. At the same time, the physiological cost is reflected not only in shifts in a number of physiological indicators when the subjects perform a particular activity, but in the nature and levels of expression of correlation relationships between indicators of this activity and indicators that reflect physiological changes in the body at the same time.

Always the real the thing?

Walter Benjamin’s famous 1935 essay ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’ addresses the authenticity of a work of art as something beyond the merely material and technical. Benjamin constructs a broader notion of authenticity that includes ‘the life of things’ and is related to new techniques in artistic production. This broader sense of authenticity is used here to explore how it may help us to understand architecture in the age of digital reproduction. Two aspects of authenticity in Benjamin’s article are discussed: process reproduction and image reproduction.&#x0D; In process reproduction, authenticity is transformed through the mediation of technical procedures. Benjamin’s analysis of photography and film is a seminal version of how the digital age raises new questions through tools and techniques such as programs, coding and algorithms. The work of Kees Christiaanse in collaboration with Ludger Hovestadt provides an example of an increasingly algorithmic approach to urban planning. In image reproduction, the question of authenticity revolves around the increasing proliferation of images. In this context, the Wangjing soho complex by Zaha Hadid and its apparent imitation by a Chinese developer proves illuminating. These projects show aspects of the changing conditions of the digital age, in which new techniques of realization may transform current notions of authenticity.

Advanced Optical Methods to Ensure Safe Image Reproduction on Automotive Displays

Advanced Optical Methods to Ensure Safe Image Reproduction on Automotive Displays

Modern Church Architecture in East Galicia as a Search for New Forms and National Style

The article highlights some of the results of the scientific work on the study of sacral architecture in Western Ukraine, conducted by the Institute of Architecture and Design of Lviv Polytechnic National University in conjunction with the Department of Fine Arts and Design of Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil National Pedagogical University. The purpose of the article is to investigate the process of revival of sacral construction in the territory of East Galicia and to determine the role of the leading Ternopil architects in this process. It has been established that due to the long-term ban of temple construction by communist regime, sacral construction skills have been lost in Ukraine, as in other post-Soviet countries. The task was complicated by the low technological level of the construction industry. Architects and builders often had to experimentally revive construction techniques to create vaults, domes, sails and other architectural elements that were widely used in the creation of temples. Therefore, the first sacral buildings on the territory of the region were marked by a tendency to reproduce forms and images that historically took place at the end of 19-th – beginning of 20-th centuries. The process of transition from the tendency of reproduction of historical forms and images of Ukrainian sacral architecture of the late 19-th - early 20-th centuries to modern experiments in the construction of temples is traced. An analysis of the creativity of the leading Ternopil architects showed that many of them were involved in this process. Using national heritage in architecture, architects have become actively involved in the world’s processes of cultural development and in the search for Ukrainian identity in temple architecture. Usually, using traditional plans in the form of an elongated cross at the request of parish customers, architects after 1995 design modern buildings, the image of which is in harmony with the new trends in world sacral architecture. For the first time, data about some modern architects of Ternopil and new major temples in the territory of the region, created by their projects, have been introduced into the scientific circulation. Thus, the architecture of Ukrainian temples reflects ancient national traditions in combination with contemporary world trends in temple building.

Automated data-processing technique: 2D Map for identifying the distribution of the U-value in building elements by quantitative internal thermography

Computing a 2D colour map of average U-values pixel-by-pixel could become a challenging task in terms of complexity and time, especially for entire façades under the influence of anomalies. In a quantitative IRT test, a thermal image with a resolution of 320 × 240 pixels involves 76,800 elements with different TWALL for each instant “t”. This research aims to create a thermographic 2D U-value map for the characterization of heavy walls in a stationary regime. The method was divided into three steps: (i) metrology; (ii) assessment of how mesh discretization affects the image quality by MATLAB; (iii) development of a 2D map by SURFER. The results demonstrated that all 2D maps were a great reproduction of the original image, considering as optimum a TWALL mesh comprised of 1600 elements of 8 × 6 pixels. The automated data-processing method only took 20 min and image quality losses were estimated at 6.65%.

The flowers appearance on the skin light grayface of different types of lambs.

The article examines the characteristics and levels of reproduction of flower strength and image, taking into account the flower types of sheep in the offspring of flat-type rams.

Quantitative Analysis for the Reconstruction of Porous Media Using Multiple-Point Statistics

The pore structure reconstruction of the porous media is of great importance to the research of mechanisms of fluid flow in porous media. To capture the large-scale patterns in the pore space, the multiple-point statistical technique is generally adopted for porous media reconstruction. Commonly, two different schemes, i.e., the single-grid scheme and the multiple-grid scheme, can be applied for simulation realization. The selection between this two schemes and a proper data template size have thus become a new research issue, and the performance of the characteristic reproduction of the training image using this two schemes must be quantified. In this paper, a series of multiple-point statistics simulation basing on a 2D micro-CT sandstone image are proceeded using both single- and multiple-grid schemes, and different data templates are adapted for porous media reconstruction. Further, to quantify the impact of the computational schemes and setting of the data template to the simulation realizations, a number of measurements considering the pore diameter, porosity, connectivity, and permeability are implemented to fully analyze the results obtained. Results show that by using the single-point statistical method, a large template is necessary to reproduce large-scale structures. The multiple-grid template method may bring great benefits to simulation efficiency over the simple data template method, as well as the recovery of the pore long-range geometric features and seepage characteristics. With the extension of the template for the multiple-grid scheme, the simulation results show lack of variations to some extent.

Метод секторної растеризації для зображення на відеопристрої з механічною розгорткою

The goal of this work was to create a method for sectoral rasterization for images on video devices with mechanical scanning that can be used for advertising purposes. Preparing an image for display on a machine with a mechanical sector scan requires the creation of software for transferring a classic rectangular raster to a sector raster. When implementing software for an embedded computing system of mechanical image scanning for advertising purposes, the task was to reproduce a raster image using concentrically located circles, which are divided into sectors. The ambiguity of the transition from a square to a sectorial raster lies in the variable area of the sectors as they move away from the center of the image. According to this fact, there are several sectors for each of the pixels near the central zone of the image, and several pixels for one sector to the periphery of the image. There is not possible to increase the resolution of a sector image due to hardware limitations, so a new method of sector rasterization for an image on a mechanically scanned video device was developed. The developed method combines algorithms that make it possible to transform a raster image into a sectorial raster using linear interpolation depending on the distance of the sector from the center of the image. Attention was also paid to assessing the time of the next complete revolution when starting the mechanical scanning system, which made it possible to reduce the time for obtaining a stable image from the moment the device was turned on. So, as the result of the research, the method of sectorial image rasterization was developed, as well as the algorithms that allow converting a raster image into a sectorial image were developed. Вased on the developed algorithms, the software product for an embedded image reproduction system and the software product for real-time video transmission over Wi-Fi communication with the conversion of a rectangular raster into a sector raster were created. By combining algorithms for converting a square raster to a sector one, the quality of image reproduction on a mechanically scanned video device was improved.