Images Of Venus Research Articles

In Search of Beauty Formula

The main category of aesthetics — beauty is the focus of the study. Our epoch is a revision of some spiritual meanings both in the sphere of human life and in science and art. The aim of this paper is to derive a universal formula of beauty through the image of Venus on the basis of a comparative analysis of works of classical art, art of postmodernity, as well as to determine the possibilities of modern neural networks. Art of the 21st century is multifaceted, neuro-art is another of its aspects, artificial intelligence and Man of Art compete here. Neural network is a program built on the principle of organisation and functioning of nerve cells of a living organism. The neural network was tasked to represent the modern ideal of beauty in the image of Venus, similar to the way painters of previous epochs acted. Can modern neural networks create? Create spiritual values? Create beauty in art? In total, more than a thousand images were generated according to our requests, which allows us to draw certain conclusions about the representation of the image of Venus by artificial intelligence. An attempt to derive a formula of beauty for each period of art development and to find a universal one is presented. The modern understanding of beauty has absorbed all historical paradigms, but on a qualitative, essential level. Beauty is a subjective sensual perception of the appearance of an object that is capable of evoking positive emotions. It is not the beauty itself that is important, but the feeling of beauty. Beauty is the dominant value of being, which contains a harmonious combination of absolute values, what makes a person a Personality.

Crosstalk between KDEL receptor and EGF receptor mediates cell proliferation and migration via STAT3 signaling

Hostile microenvironment of cancer cells provoke a stressful condition for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and stimulate the expression and secretion of ER chaperones, leading to tumorigenic effects. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these effects is largely unknown. In this study, we reveal that the last four residues of ER chaperones, which are recognized by KDEL receptor (KDELR), is required for cell proliferation and migration induced by secreted chaperones. By combining proximity-based mass spectrometry analysis, split venus imaging and membrane yeast two hybrid assay, we present that EGF receptor (EGFR) may be a co-receptor for KDELR on the surface. Prior to ligand addition, KDELR spontaneously oligomerizes and constantly undergoes recycling near the plasma membrane. Upon KDEL ligand binding, the interactions of KDELR with itself and with EGFR increase rapidly, leading to augmented internalization of KDELR and tyrosine phosphorylation in the C-terminus of EGFR. STAT3, which binds the phosphorylated tyrosine motif on EGFR, is subsequently activated by EGFR and mediates cell growth and migration. Taken together, our results suggest that KDELR serves as a bona fide cell surface receptor for secreted ER chaperones and transactivates EGFR-STAT3 signaling pathway.

Feasibility of high-spatial-resolution nighttime near-IR imaging of Venus’ surface from a platform just below the clouds: A radiative transfer study accounting for the potential of haze

We use a customized radiative transfer model to show that sharp (∼10 m resolution) images of the Venus surface can be achieved at night in spectral windows free of CO2 absorption found between 1.0 and 1.2μm using a camera at 47 km altitude, just below the planet’s optically thick clouds. This is in spite of the Rayleigh scattering by the dense but still semi-transparent lower atmosphere, and the potential for underlying hazes beneath the clouds. The thermal radiation transmitted directly to the camera forms images of spatially varying surface emissivity and/or temperature at the native sensor resolution, platform stability permitting and under reasonable seeing conditions. Near-isotropic Rayleigh scattering dominates in the 1.0μm window. Combined with near-Lambertian reflections off the base of the cloud layer, the diffuse light field builds up a background radiance from surface emission averaged spatially out to several 10s of km, i.e., beyond the camera’s field-of-view. At the longer wavelengths (1.1 and 1.18μm windows), the sub-cloud atmosphere itself partially absorbs (hence less direct light), and therefore weakly emits (hence more background light), but the rapidly decreasing Rayleigh scattering compensates and contrast is maintained. In all cases, we demonstrate that the directly-transmitted surface-leaving radiance from the native sensor resolution element (∼10 m) is a significant fraction of the total radiance, and thus can be detected above the background light. Extending down to the 0.85 and 0.90μm spectral windows, there is less direct and more background due to the enhanced Rayleigh scattering, but the resulting reduction in contrast can be mitigated by co-adding the ∼10 m pixels. This technological advance will open a new era in Venusian geology by enabling discrimination between different surface materials at fine scales. Moreover, potentially active volcanism on our sister planet may be revealed by surface spots that are much hotter than their surroundings.

The VENUS Imaging Beamline at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Spallation Neutron Source

Abstract Wavelength-dependent or hyperspectral imaging is a novel nondestructive characterization technique in the field of neutron radiography and computed tomography. A dedicated facility named VENUS is currently being built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to provide these characterization capabilities for academia, industry, and other national laboratories. This feature article describes the VENUS capabilities for materials science and engineering, provides a quick overview of the modes of access of the facility, and illustrates the nondestructive measurements and interpretation of results.

The VENUS imaging beamline at the Spallation Neutron Source: layout, expected performance and status of the construction project

Located at the Spallation Neutron Source, VENUS is an instrument optimized for wavelength-dependent neutron imaging techniques, namely Bragg edge and resonance imaging, across a broad range of neutron energies (from meV to hundreds of eV). The VENUS construction project started in Fall 2018, establishing a conceptual design of the major components and timeline for purchasing, testing, and installation. Completion of the VENUS instrument is anticipated late 2024. This instrument comprises components such as a set of boron carbide apertures designed for both thermal/cold and epithermal neutrons, a suite of choppers (T0 and single disks), beam collimators, and a cadmium filter. The time-of-flight detector at VENUS will be the micro-channel-plate Timepix detector and will be positioned 25 m away from the source. This manuscript describes the instrument general layout, explains the choice of the moderator, and specifies the VENUS key capabilities. It also provides the status of the construction project with installed components. Discussions about software development are also presented.

Localization and Classification of Venusian Volcanoes Using Image Detection Algorithms.

Imaging is one of the main tools of modern astronomy-many images are collected each day, and they must be processed. Processing such a large amount of images can be complex, time-consuming, and may require advanced tools. One of the techniques that may be employed is artificial intelligence (AI)-based image detection and classification. In this paper, the research is focused on developing such a system for the problem of the Magellan dataset, which contains 134 satellite images of Venus's surface with individual volcanoes marked with circular labels. Volcanoes are classified into four classes depending on their features. In this paper, the authors apply the You-Only-Look-Once (YOLO) algorithm, which is based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). To apply this technique, the original labels are first converted into a suitable YOLO format. Then, due to the relatively small number of images in the dataset, deterministic augmentation techniques are applied. Hyperparameters of the YOLO network are tuned to achieve the best results, which are evaluated as mean average precision (mAP@0.5) for localization accuracy and F1 score for classification accuracy. The experimental results using cross-vallidation indicate that the proposed method achieved 0.835 mAP@0.5 and 0.826 F1 scores, respectively.

Semantics of paired feminine images in the operatic creativity of R. Wagner (on the example of the Tangheiser opera)

Statement of the problem. Musical semantics is directly related to the phenomenon of musical content – modeling, understanding and generalization of the events of a musical work. The semantic approach is based on the study of the content of the elements of the musical language. Turning to paired images embodies a new perspective on the classification of operatic characters. The lack of research on this issue determines the scientific novelty and relevance of the chosen topic. The work of R. Wagner is indicative of the phenomenon of paired images. In his opera works, such characters form their own dramatic line. Analysis of recent research and publications. Among the latest studies devoted to the worldview of R. Wagner and the philosophy of his work, the scientific investigations of L. Havrylchyk (2015) and B. Kotyuk (2013), O. Polishchuk, V. Warrior (2016) proved useful. Issues directly related to the Tannhäuser opera, namely, the mythological aspect and tonal semantics, are considered in the works of O. Roschenko (2007), S. Litti (2014), K. Seigrified (2015). Separately, it should be noted the research on semantics as a general cultural and, in particular, musical category – O. Kühl’s manual (2008) and F. Mozhaev’s article (2014). Main objective of the study is to determine the semantics of paired female images – Venus and Elizabeth – in R. Wagner’s opera “Tanghäuser”. The scientific novelty. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the semantics of paired female images is investigated using onomatopoeic and comparative methods at the level of musical language and at the figurative-emotional plan in the context of the general dramaturgy of the opera. Methodology. The following research methods are used: onomatological, semantic, genre-stylistic, functional-systemic, structural-functional, comparative, intonation analysis method. Results and conclusion. The semantics of the images of Elizabeth and Venus embody the idea of a contrasting juxtaposition of two worldviews. At the “mythological” level, which in R. Wagner’s operas serves as the foundation, the first basis, connections with Apollonian and Dionysian principles can be traced. These aesthetic categories are used to denote the two primary forms of cultural creativity – light, intellectual, rational and dark, passionate, ecstatic-irrational. At the highest, “religious” level, the images of Venus and Elizabeth correspond to different forms of religion: pagan and Christian. In the opera “Tannhäuser” Elizabeth and Venus are participants in the main love triangle (Tannhäuser-Venus-Elizaveta) and have different effects on the fate of the protagonist of the opera. The semantics of the images of Venus and Elizabeth are most appropriate to be considered precisely in the context of their pairing, and not separately. Two female characters are built according to the principle of complementary contrast and during the dramatic development remain two opposite “driving forces” of the main storyline.

«ИСКУССТВЕННАЯ ПРИНЦЕССА» РОНАЛЬДА ФИРБЕНКА КАК СТИЛИЗАЦИЯ «ПОД ХОЛМОМ» ОБРИ БЁРДСЛИ

The article is devoted to the analysis of stylization of Aubrey Beardsley’s “Under the Hill” presented in the Ronald Firbenk’s novel “The Artificial Princess”. Research methodology is a combination of literary historical, intertextual, intermedial approaches with biographical one. Beardsley’s style is recognized and reproduced by Firbenk through the scent motif, the hair motif, the costume motif, and the pastiche principle. The details of the biography, related to dandyism, creative manner, specifics of fragmentation and incompleteness, as well as genre similarities of the works allow Firbenk both to express Beardsley’s style, and his own attitude towards it. Beardsley’s style is an embodiment of the aestheticism of the period (the end of 19th- the beginning of 20th centuries). Firbank attempted to reanimate and revive Beardsley’s style to be attuned to modernism. The scent motif is a vivid manifestation of Beardsley’s synthetic style. Firbank sharpens, exaggerates and concentrates the scent motif in the plot of the “The Artificial Princess”. It is typical for pastiche. The hair motif in Beardsley’s novel is the key to creation of an intermedial image of Venus, with an emphasis on her beauty and grandeur. Hairstyle of Firbenk’s heroines (Princess and Grand Duchess) is a paradoxical combination of everyday details and implication of philosophical category of time. The costume motif is most vividly represented in the plot of Venus’s dress. It forms her visual image, reminiscent of the plots of Italian and French paintings of the 17th–18th centuries (A. Carracci, F. Boucher). Firbenk also combines these reminiscences with the elements of decadence and the angular imagery of modernism. Beardsley’s style is based on a system of motifs and images characteristic of Art Nouveau and aestheticism of the late 19th century. In the decade leading up to 1925 Firbenk stylizes these motifs in a modernistic way, sharpening, protruding, and exaggerating them.

An Analysis of the Origin and Evolution of the Image of Venus

Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, is a very common image in Western painting. Its image can be traced back to the source of human history. In different eras, artists are happy to use her image to create art, to bring the beauty of Venus come with different definitions. By exploring the origin of the image of Venus, analyzing its evolution in different periods and different artists, and exploring the practical significance and influence of the evolution of Venus. The image of Venus is constantly changing with the passage of time and dynasties, and her image has become richer and fuller in this evolution.

The “Snow Line” on Venus’s Maxwell Montes: Varying Elevation Implies a Dynamic Atmosphere

Radar images of Venus’s tallest mountain range, Maxwell Montes, show a sharp increase in radar reflectivity, a “snow line,” at high elevation. This snow line has been inferred to represent a single common elevation (and thus temperature and pressure) above which metallic or semimetal compounds are present on the surface, either as direct precipitates from the atmosphere or from atmosphere–rock chemical reactions. Here, we show that Maxwell’s snow line is not at a constant elevation—it is ∼3.5 km higher in the NW than the SE. The best explanation is that atmospheric composition is not constant across Maxwell. The higher snow line elevation to the NW can be interpreted as a snow shadow, produced as winds from the SE cross Maxwell and becomes progressively depleted in its snow-producing component.

King Richard (2021)

<i>King Richard</i> (2021)

In situ biochemical characterization of Venus cloud particles using a life-signature detection microscope.

Much of the information about the size and shape of aerosols forming haze and the cloud layer of Venus is obtained from indirect inferences from nephelometers on probes and from the analysis of the variation of polarization with the phase angle and the glory feature from images of Venus. The microscopic imaging of Venus' aerosols has recently been advocated. Direct measurements from a fluorescence microscope can provide information on the morphology, density, and biochemical characteristics of the particles; thus, fluorescence microscopy is attractive for in situ particle characterization of the Venus cloud layer. Fluorescence imaging of Venus cloud particles presents several challenges owing to the sulfuric acid composition and corrosive effects. In this article, we identify the challenges and describe our approach to overcoming them for a fluorescence microscope based on an in situ biochemical and physical characterization instrument for use in the clouds of Venus from a suitable aerial platform. We report that pH adjustment using alkali was effective for obtaining fluorescence images and that fluorescence attenuation was observed after the adjustment, even when the acidophile suspension in concentrated sulfuric acid was used as a sample.

Parker Solar Probe Imaging of the Night Side of Venus.

We present images of Venus from the Wide‐Field Imager for Parker Solar Probe (WISPR) telescope on board the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft, obtained during PSP's third and fourth flybys of Venus on 2020 July 11 and 2021 February 20, respectively. Thermal emission from the surface is observed on the night side, representing the shortest wavelength observations of this emission ever, the first detection of the Venusian surface by an optical telescope observing below 0.8 μm. Consistent with previous observations at 1 μm, the cooler highland areas are fainter than the surrounding lowlands. The irradiances measured by WISPR are consistent with model predictions assuming a surface temperature of T = 735 K. In addition to the thermal emission, the WISPR images also show bright nightglow emission at the limb, and we compare the WISPR intensities with previous spectroscopic measurements of the molecular oxygen nightglow lines from Venus Express.

“The Star of Venusˮ in Russian poetry of the 20th century: mythopoetic symbolism

Being a part of the astronomical, temporal, anthropomorphic linguocultural codes, Venus as a celestial body has a significant place in the Russian verbal culture. This statement can be proved not only when analysing linguistic units, but also when referring to literary works, in particular to Russian lyric poetry. Twenty four poetic contexts, which include the image of Venus, have been analysed in the article (the works by Alexander Pushkin, Georgy Adamovich, Pavel Antokolsky, Leonid Martynov, Mikhail Zenkevich, Alexander Blok, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Nikolay Gumilyov, Marina Tsvetaeva, Fyodor Sologub, Mikhail Kuzmin, Georgy Shengeli, Ilya Selvinsky, Konstantin Simonov, Anatoliy Demyanov). The authors focus on the Russian 20th century lyric poetry because it is there that Venus appears as a star rather than a planet, and this corresponds to the archaic notions of this celestial body. Mercury and Mars are also called 'stars' in the 20th century poetry, but in a much smaller number of contexts than Venus. The authors come to the conclusion that Venus in Russian poets’ works can symbolise the onset of morning / evening, love, paradise, loneliness, fate, youth, old age, life journey. Moreover, Venus is included into poetic conceptions (it corresponds to the image of the Beautiful Lady in Alexander Blok’s poetry). The set of the above-mentioned symbolic meanings correlates with the archaic notions of Venus, widens them and makes the image of this celestial body mythopoetic.

Using VIRTIS on Venus Express to Constrain the Properties of the Giant Dark Cloud Observed in Images of Venus by IR2 on Akatsuki

Abstract A cloud opacity contrast feature that has been called a “long-lived sharp disruption” has been seen in the atmosphere of Venus in the near-infrared using Akatsuki’s IR2 camera, most clearly at equatorial latitudes. This feature was found to have a consistent planet-circling period of 4.9 days, and subsequent searches of past imagery revealed that it has probably existed for at least 30 years, the duration of near-infrared investigation of the deep atmosphere of Venus. Guided by the remarkably consistent morphological appearance of this feature, we have identified at least one previous instance of it in the Venus Express Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) data. We take advantage of the spectroscopic capabilities of VIRTIS to retrieve atmospheric parameters in the vicinity of this feature that cannot be retrieved using the limited filter selection on board Akatsuki. We find that the changes in measurable quantities, such as cloud particle acid mass fraction, water vapor, carbon monoxide, cloud base altitude, and particle size, suggest that the changes that take place in the vicinity of this feature are restricted to the lower clouds of Venus (below 50 km). We hypothesize that further evolution of this feature (over timescales of days to weeks) results in measurable variations in these parameters at altitudes in the middle clouds of Venus (50–57 km), lending credence to its identification as a baroclinic trough or Kelvin front.

Shielding development for the VENUS imaging instrument

VENUS is an imaging instrument that will use a broad range of neutron wavelengths, from epithermal to cold, will include enhanced contrast mechanisms, and will offer novel energy-selective imaging techniques that directly connect the structures, properties, and function of complex engineering materials and systems to reveal practical and fundamental answers about their real-world performance. The instrument is to be built at SNS beam line 10 and will face the decoupled poisoned hydrogen moderator. The driving cost for the instrument is the beam line and instrument cave shielding. Initial scoping analyses were performed to estimate thickness and composition of shielding materials for the instrument cave and beam line. In light of the upcoming Proton Power Upgrade (PPU) project, these transport analyses were performed for proton beam on target at 1.3 GeV and 2 MW.

Quantitative live imaging of Venus::BMAL1 in a mouse model reveals complex dynamics of the master circadian clock regulator.

Evolutionarily conserved circadian clocks generate 24-hour rhythms in physiology and behaviour that adapt organisms to their daily and seasonal environments. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the principal co-ordinator of the cell-autonomous clocks distributed across all major tissues. The importance of robust daily rhythms is highlighted by experimental and epidemiological associations between circadian disruption and human diseases. BMAL1 (a bHLH-PAS domain-containing transcription factor) is the master positive regulator within the transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFLs) that cell-autonomously define circadian time. It drives transcription of the negative regulators Period and Cryptochrome alongside numerous clock output genes, and thereby powers circadian time-keeping. Because deletion of Bmal1 alone is sufficient to eliminate circadian rhythms in cells and the whole animal it has been widely used as a model for molecular disruption of circadian rhythms, revealing essential, tissue-specific roles of BMAL1 in, for example, the brain, liver and the musculoskeletal system. Moreover, BMAL1 has clock-independent functions that influence ageing and protein translation. Despite the essential role of BMAL1 in circadian time-keeping, direct measures of its intra-cellular behaviour are still lacking. To fill this knowledge-gap, we used CRISPR Cas9 to generate a mouse expressing a knock-in fluorescent fusion of endogenous BMAL1 protein (Venus::BMAL1) for quantitative live imaging in physiological settings. The Bmal1Venus mouse model enabled us to visualise and quantify the daily behaviour of this core clock factor in central (SCN) and peripheral clocks, with single-cell resolution that revealed its circadian expression, anti-phasic to negative regulators, nuclear-cytoplasmic mobility and molecular abundance.

Planetary-scale streak structure reproduced in high-resolution simulations of the Venus atmosphere with a low-stability layer

Cloud patterns are important clues for revealing the atmospheric circulation of Venus. Recently, a planetary-scale streak structure has been discovered in middle- and lower-cloud images of Venus’ night-side taken by IR2, the 2-μm camera, on board the Akatsuki orbiter. However, its formation mechanism has not been investigated. Here we succeed, for the first time, in reproducing the patterns of the observed streak structure, as regions of strong downward flows that develop in high-resolution global simulations of the Venus atmosphere. The streaks are formed in both hemispheres with equatorial symmetry, which is caused by equatorial Rossby-like and Kelvin-like waves with zonal wavenumber one. The low-stability layer that has been suggested by past observations is essential for reproducing the streak structure. The streaks of downward flow result from the interaction of the meridionally tilted phase lines of the Rossby-like waves and the characteristics of baroclinic instability produced around the low-stability layer.

Nightside Winds at the Lower Clouds of Venus with Akatsuki/IR2: Longitudinal, Local Time, and Decadal Variations from Comparison with Previous Measurements

Abstract We present measurements of the wind speeds at the nightside lower clouds of Venus from observations by JAXA’s mission Akatsuki during 2016, complemented by new wind measurements from ground-based observations acquired with the TNG/Near Infrared Camera Spectrometer (NICS) in 2012 and IRTF/SpeX in 2015 and 2017. The zonal and meridional components of the winds were measured via cloud tracking on a total of 466 Akatsuki images of Venus acquired by the camera IR2 using the 2.26 μm filter, with spatial resolutions ranging from 10 to 80 km per pixel and covering 2016 March 22 to October 31. More than 149,000 wind vectors were obtained using an automatic template-matching technique, and 2947 wind vectors were inferred using a manual procedure. The meridional profiles for both components of the winds are found to be consistent with results from the Venus Express mission during 2006–2008, although stronger wind variability is found for the zonal component at equatorial latitudes where Akatsuki observations have better viewing geometry than Venus Express. The zonal winds at low latitudes also suggest a zonal variability that could be associated with solar tides or vertically propagating orographic waves. Finally, the combination of our wind measurements from TNG/NICS, IRTF/SpeX, and Akatsuki images with previously published data from 1978 to 2017 suggests variations of up to 30 m s−1 in the winds at the nightside lower clouds of Venus.

A new crop of landers and rovers seeks to answer key questions about Venus—and, by extension, Earth

Earth benefitted from a dose of cosmic good luck. While it became balmy and habitable, next-door neighbor Venus ended up hellish and inhospitable. And yet, in terms of size, composition, and approximate distance from our host star, Venus could be Earth’s twin—as Earth-like as any extrasolar planet observed so far. So why did Venus suffer its fate? Searching for answers, researchers are seeking to send a new crop of landers to our cloud-shrouded neighbor. Future missions should facilitate leaps in our understanding of Venus’s chemistry and geology, moving far beyond the findings of the few Venus missions to date. Such missions include the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, which captured this ultraviolet image of Venus's clouds in 1979. Image courtesy of NASA and the NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Such missions will not only let researchers understand Venus better but should tell them more about Earth. “Fundamentally, we can’t understand why Earth is Earth without understanding why Venus is Venus,” says David Grinspoon, a Planetary Science Institute astrobiologist based in Washington, DC. The only operational spacecraft currently orbiting Venus—Japan’s Akatsuki probe, launched in 2010—can study the planet’s atmosphere and climate only from above. Landers can directly measure conditions on the ground as well as during their descent to the planet’s surface. And although orbiters can get an overall sense of Venusian terrain and mineralogy, landers can do a much better job of gleaning fine-scale geological data. Landing on Venus, though, is not trivial. Its surface temperature is a scorching 872 °F (467 °C), enough to melt lead; the planet’s atmospheric pressure is more than 90 times that of Earth’s at sea level; and the thick air, mainly heat-trapping carbon dioxide, also contains trace amounts of acid-forming sulfur dioxide. As a result, previous probes that reached the surface intact didn’t fare so well—the record-holder …