European Imaging Research Articles

Europeanization as a Challenge to Legal History

A project concerning itself with the effects of the past on the European integration process must also raise the question of the emergence of guiding historical images in the course of this process. As the past is not objective truth, but a perception generated by various actors (e.g., politicians, populist movements) as well as by history as a science in accordance with its own aims and rationality criteria, it appears in very different narratives. Many such historical images of Europe are generated by legal history. Since the Treaty on the European Union brought European integration a deeper, political dimension, a euphoria about Europe has broken out in legal history.

Musolff, Andreas: Mirror Images of Europe. Metaphors in the Public Debate about Europe in Britain and Germany

Musolff, Andreas: Mirror Images of Europe. Metaphors in the Public Debate about Europe in Britain and Germany

China and Christianity: Burdened Past, Hopeful Future (review)

This collection of essays is from a conference, by the same name, held at the University of San Francisco in honor of Edward J. Malatesta, S.J., in October, 1999. The essays cover a range of topics from Christianity as the universal teaching from the West and revelation in Confucian and Christian traditions to Hungarian missionaries to China in the twentieth century and church-state relations in Hong Kong after 1997. Several of the essays deal with the Jesuit missionaries in the late Ming-early Qing period including those by Erik Zurcher, John W. Witek, Han Qi, Robert Entenmann, Claudia von Collani, Paul A. Rule, Nicolas Standaert, and Li Tiangang. These essays cover such diverse topics as the image of Europe in China and its impact on the Chinese, cultural transmission, the question of whether heaven speaks, and the Rites Controversy in seventeenth-century Sichuan.

European Images of Europe: Historical Perspectives

This article asserts that visual images have assisted and sometimes led the construction and dissemination of the idea of Europe. The focus is on the representation of the continent of Europe, in maps, in iconography, and in allegorical works by European artists and designers. The power of these images to mould and manifest power relations is examined; this Foucauldian approach is worked out in discourses of civilization, exoticism, and empire. The timescale is extensive: from the Renaissance discoveries to the heyday of the European empires at the end of the nineteenth century. The object is to review the changing history of the idea of Europe by looking at its self-projection vis-a-vis the rest of the world, and to do so though a sceptical, post-colonial view-finder.

Constituting the Image of Europe in the Post-Socialist Period in Bulgaria

The concept of European identity can be discussed in its geographical dimensions, as well as from a historical, cultural, economic or political point of view. In some instances, the geographical belonging to Europe does not fully coincide with the awareness of a cultural and/or political European identity. Like their predecessors from the late 19th century, the Bulgarians of today, after the end of socialist regime, live with the feeling of being isolated and forgotten by the rest of the European continent. While in the late 19th century the concept of Europe was used synonymously with civilisation and modernisation, today it is associated with the overcoming of the closedness and the social deformations of totalitarian rule. But the Bulgarians' concept of Europe is still vague and abstract. This vagueness of the image of Europe turns the European card into a ready tool and argument in the political struggle between main political actors. The very possibility of using the concept of Europe as a strong political argument, however, indicates that the image of Europe is positive and has a high position in the value system of the Bulgarians of today.

Images of the Crowd in Milan Kundera's Novels: From Communist Prague to Postmodern France

??? COHPAnATIST IMAGES OF THE CROWD IN MILAN KUNDERA'S NOVELS: FROM COMMUNIST PRAGUE TO POSTMODERN FRANCE Martha Kuhlman She would have liked to tell him that behind Communism, Fascism, behind all occupations and invasions lurks a more basic, pervasive evil and the image ofthat evil was a parade ofpeople marching by with raisedfists and shouting identical syllables in unison. (100) "Parades" is one of the words in Sabina's "Short Dictionary of Misunderstood Words" from Milan Kundera's 1984 novel The Unbearable Lightness ofBeing (Nesnesitelná lehkost byti). Having been forced to march on May Day in Communist Czechoslovakia, Sabina will not participate in demonstrations of any description, even those in support of Prague Spring. Her French-educated lover Franz, by contrast, "saw the marching , shouting crowd as the image of Europe and its history" (99). Following Walter Benjamin, critics have studied representations of the crowd in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century French and English Uterature , analyzing the tension between fear ofthe masses and the desire to blend with them.1 But little attention has been granted to post-World War II authors, who, having lived through both communism and fascism , revisit the same anxieties with even more urgency: Where is the dividing Une between the individual and the masses? How is the crowd contained within a fictional frame, and what connotations does it have? Kundera, a writer whose fiction traverses Eastern and Western Europe, World War II, StaUnist Communism, and contemporary France, brings a uniquely varied perspective to this question. This essay wül examine how the crowd enters into Kundera's works through the double lens of Czech and French experience, creating a site of fascination and anxiety that disrupts the form and substance of his art. Suspicion of mass movements and crowds is a central preoccupation of Kundera's novels, from The Joke (¿ert, 1967) to Identity (L'identité, 1997). Whether describing a delegation of intellectuals marching for medical aid for the Cambodians, student protesters in Paris of 1968, French postmodern "imagology," or Communist May Day parades, Kundera 's narrators seem equaUy disapproving: "The brotherhood ofman on earth will be possible only on a base of kitsch" (Unbearable Lightness). What does this statement signify, and how did Kundera reach this conclusion? What is "totaUtarian kitsch," and how are his novels, in both form and content, a specific reaction against it? Lastly, how does the crowd function as the common denominator between his Czech-inspired novels and his French works? In what follows, I will consider how the context of Communist Czechoslovakia informs his early work and then compare how the trope of the crowd is deployed in his recent French novels. Vol. 25 (2001): 89 IMAGES OF THE CROWD IN KUNDERA'S NOVELS Jaromil ("jaro"—spring), is the young poet-protagonist of Life is Elsewhere (¿ivotjejinde, 1973), a novel that describes the moment when the Communists first came to power. The narrator observes with ironic detachment how impressionable Jaromil is swept into the revolutionary furor of 1948. Enthusiastic over the Communist party coup, Jaromil begins to speak in slogans, teUing his skeptical uncle that "the working class would wring his neck," 'délnická trida ti zakroutí krkem' (152).2 When he uses revolutionary jargon, he transcends himself, emptying his identity into a coUective swarm that is both monstrous and magnificent: Jaromil discarded his own speech and chose to act as a medium for someone else. Moreover, he did so with a feeling of intense pleasure; he felt himself to be part of a thousand-headed multitude, one organ of a hydra-headed dragon, and that seemed magnificent. (128) Jaromil rezignoval na svou ree a zvolil radëji moznostbyt mediem nëkoho jiného. Ale nejenom ze tak ucinil, ale ucinil tak s pocitem intenzivního pozitku; zdálo se mu, ¿eje soucástí tisicíhlavého davu, zejejednou ? hlav tisícihlavého draka zástupu a pfipadlo mu to velkolepé. (152) Jaromü's perceptions are narrated in style indirect libre,3 opening a critical space between the character's thoughts and the narrator's judgment . At the same time that Jaromil feels "intense pleasure," he is Uquidated into the mass body—a "thousand-headed crowd," 'tisícihlav- ého...

Landscape research, landscape policy and Earth observation

'Landscape' refers explicitly to spatial structures of outdoor environments and the role of these structures in nature and society. Since repetitive land coverages of Earth observation systems such as SPOT (Systéme Probatoire pour l'Observation de la Terre) and Landsat provide a wealth of landscape images from local to continental scale, one would expect a more systematic use of these data by landscape researchers and planners than is currently the case. This paper states that the divergence between the central goals, vocabularies and methods in the distinct fields of landscape research, landscape policy and remote sensing may be prohibiting a systematic implementation. Examples are given in which the methodological steps necessary to bridge the gaps between these fields are explained. These are based on experiences in remote sensing data analysis for landscape ecological and landscape planning projects. The coverage over extensive areas, the grid format and the multi-temporal facility remain major assets of remote sensing. At continental scales, the coverage of remote sensing images in Europe is less complete than expected given the length of operation of both SPOT and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). Integration with spatial datasets of different origin (soil maps, road maps, etc.) is necessary to cover basic information needs. For landscape planners and researchers in general, specific qualities of spatial data are more relevant than their remote sensing origin. This is an important fact in stimulating the use of Earth observation data in landscape research. The mere presence of satellite images and their derived products (such as land cover datasets) is a 'push' factor both for landscape research and policy and the implementation of scientific knowledge and models into planning and policy. The task of 'intermediators' should be recognized against classical, if not mythical, 'data providers' and 'end users' commonly identified in Earth observation.

Images of Europe: Orientations to European Integration among Senior Officials of the Commission

The European Union is a polity in the making, where political actors contend about basic questions of governance. While students have begun to map contention between public parties and private interests, little attention has been paid to how office-holders in the Commission conceive of European integration. Using interview data collected from 140 senior officials of the Commission, I identify contention along four dimensions: whether the EU should have supranational or intergovernmental institutions; whether it should use democratic or technocratic decision making; whether it should promote regulated capitalism or market liberalism; and whether the elite should defend the European public good or be responsive to various interests. My findings challenge EU theories that conceive of the Commission as a unitary actor with a pro-integration agenda.

Structures of government in the Islamic republic of Sudan: the question of legitimacy and the 1998 draft constitution

Political legitimacy is an essential feature of contemporary statehood in the Islamic Republic of Sudan, given its stormy history since 1983 and the subsequent takeover by Dr. Hasan Turabi's National Islamic Front. Now, however, religious and minority rights have been inextricably mixed, thus damaging the ruling elite's claim to legitimacy. This article explores this dilemma and the steps Sudan's government has taken to improve its image in Europe.

Recent advances in short-range microwave imaging in europe

This paper reports the content of a lecture presented at the 1995 International Conference and Exhibition on Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation, held in Shanghai, China in 1995. The paper presents (thanks to the courtesy of several scientists) some of the most significant results recently obtained in the field of short-range microwave imaging. The overview concerns the research activity carried out in Europe and is focused on microwave imaging for non-destructive testing, civil engineering, and scientific and medical applications. This type of imaging is characterized by a relatively short distance between the object to be detected and the probes.

Cost containment and diffusion of MRI: oil and water?. The situation in Europe.

Investments in diagnostic imaging in European countries range between 2.2 and 5.4 % of gross national product, a figure which, in view of new imaging modalities and increased radiological density, is considered to be wholly inadequate. Despite the fact that radiological examinations contribute more than laboratory tests and other diagnostic modalities to the final clinical diagnosis, and that MR is of increasing clinical relevance, economic constraints mean that the number of new MRI installations in Europe is decreasing relative to the situation elsewhere. The present article discusses the current state of radiological imaging in Europe with particular emphasis on present and expected future trends in MRI.

A Model and a Warning: The American Reform Mind and the Image of Europe, 1890-1918.

A Model and a Warning: The American Reform Mind and the Image of Europe, 1890-1918.

La Chine en Europe

Bruno Neveu : China in Europe. The West's contact with China and its civilisation from the 16th century onwards was almost solely through Catholic missionaries. In the 18th Century the mainly French Jesuits in Peking played a role as cultural intermediaries which was crucial for the development of the Enlightenment's Orient. An analysis of recent historical works shows clearly the exceptional talents of the Jesuits who were at the Imperial court, and the coherence of their apologetic principles. But one should not forget the presence of other missionaries (Augustins, Dominicans, Carmelites) ; they were more concerned with popular teaching and aware of the place of Taoism alongside the educated class's Confucianism, whose image in Europe was attractive but inexact. On the other hand, the reactions of the Chinese to the introduction of Western religious, philosophical and scientific reality is beginning to be better known thanks to the research of Sinologists.

Review of *The Pathos of Distance*, *The Visitable Past: Images of Europe in Anglo-Australian Literature*, *Eagle and Emu: German-Australian Writing 1930-1990*, *An Antipodean Connection: Australian Writers, Artists and Travellers in Tuscany*

Review of *The Pathos of Distance*, *The Visitable Past: Images of Europe in Anglo-Australian Literature*, *Eagle and Emu: German-Australian Writing 1930-1990*, *An Antipodean Connection: Australian Writers, Artists and Travellers in Tuscany*

Standardization of medical imaging in Europe: an integrated initiative.

The successful implementation of PACS (or IMACS) depends on the integration of image and image related data handling systems in an overall hospital information system (HIS) and other departmental information systems (DIS), one of which is radiology information system (RIS). With respect to standardization in the medical imaging field, this integration cannot be looked at separately from the overall prospect of standardization in medical informatics. All relevant standardization work done outside health care should be taken into account. This paper gives an overview of the work within Technical Committee TC 251 'Medical Informatics', of the European Standardization Committee, CEN, with special focus on its Working Group 4 'Medical Imaging and Multimedia'. An indication of the overall framework and relations towards ongoing work is given, with emphasis on short-term targets. The standards to be proposed are collectively called MEDICOM, standing for medical image communication.

The image of Europe in Russian literature and culture

(1991). The image of Europe in Russian literature and culture. History of European Ideas: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 399-409.

Regards sur la politique étrangère de l'Italie

Outlook on Italian Foreign Policy, by François Puaux The Atlantic Alliance, Europe and the Mediterranean comprise the three circles of Italian foreign policy. Membership in NATO constitues a security imperative that is more evident in Italy which considers itself, along with the Federal Republic, to be one of the two borderline countries of the Community. Nothing would displease Italy more than finding itself alone on the front line of the Alliance in the Mediterranean. Italy sees itself as a privileged go-between, between Europe and the South, and maintains a policy of equilibrium between Athens and Ankara, Algiers and Rabat, refusing to engage in African and Eastern matters. Since 1973, the Italian government has shown an ever growing sympathy for the Arab cause, even if this evolution hurts the feelings of the American ally. United States hostility to PCI entrance into the government is being used by the Christian Democrats. But it is no reason to pretend that Italy is "infiefed" to the United States. The contribution that the Italian government brings to American (and German) defence policy in accepting the stationing of theater nuclear weapons on its territoy is decisive. Italy feels deeply European and probably expects from the European construction the overcoming of its inner problems. It remains faithful to a 1950's image of Europe, and has not known the "Gaullist" evolution of the Federal Republic. Italian interest in Europe is more political and social than economic. Italy advocates the enlargement of the Community mainly for political reasons. Italy has entered the EMS not because of its benefits for the Italian lira but because it represented an act of faith in Europe. The relative absence of Italy at the international level, its choice of a "low profile" can be explained in terms of Italy's recent history (fascism) and by the consensus principle that governs Italian political life. The hypothesis suggested by the report of the four institutes on "Western Security" - that Italy participate in some summit meetings depending on the topic discussed - can constitute a useful formula with which to bring into the discussion of world problems countries like Italy, Japan or Canada.

Personality and Cultural History in the Novel: Two American Examples

IN a critical review of contemporary directions in the study of American cultural history, David Davis has pointed out that the American Studies movement has characteristically produced works that expose a contradiction or cluster of tensions embedded within the culture itself as the result of an interplay between past choices and commitments and new ideas or situations. Many of these literary studies have been alert to the way in which symbols and myths have concealed or accommodated conflicts in belief and value: the myths of the West or of the American Adam; the pastoral ideal of the middle landscape between primitive nature and urban civilization; the image of Europe as the Old World; and the contrary types of Cavalier and Yankee as stand-ins for the American character. But

Creating an Image of Europe for China: Aleni'sHsi-Fang Ta-Wen西方答罔

(1964). Creating an Image of Europe for China: Aleni's Hsi-Fang Ta-Wen 西方答罔. Monumenta Serica: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-87.

European Reactions to the Homestead Act

Contemporary reaction to the Homestead Act was complex in the United States, and the judgment of posterity has included much negative criticism. Whatever the real merits and defects of the Act, its impact on public opinion in Europe was not necessarily in keeping with the facts as they unfolded in America. European reactions to the famous Act are much less known than is the case with American public and expert opinion on the same subject. Standard literature on emigration and on the American image in Europe invariably stresses political freedom and economic opportunity as main motives for emigration. The Homestead Act is in most cases mentioned only in passing, as one among several factors in the motivation of prospective emigrants. In some cases it is claimed to have been a major motive but without evidence to bear out how important it was.