Image Authentication Technique Research Articles

A Bayer pattern-based fragile watermarking scheme for color image tamper detection and restoration

The security of multimedia documents becomes an urgent need, especially with the increasing image falsifications provided by the easy access and use of image manipulation tools. Hence, usage of image authentication techniques fulfills this need. In this paper, we propose an effective self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for color images tamper detection and restoration. To decrease the capacity of insertion, a Bayer pattern is used to reduce the color host image into a gray-level watermark, to further improve the security Torus Automorphism permutation is used to scramble the gray-level watermark. In our algorithm, three copies of the watermark are inserted over three components (R, G, and B channels) of the color host image, providing a high probability of detection accuracy and recovery if one copy is destroyed. In the tamper detection process, a majority voting technique is used to determine the legitimacy of the image and recover the tampered regions after interpolating the extracted gray-level watermark. Using our proposed method, tampering rate can achieve 25% with a high visual quality of recovered image and PSNR values greater than 34 (dB). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method affords three major properties: the high quality of watermarked image, the sensitive tamper detection and high localization accuracy besides the high-quality of recovered image.

Image authentication and tamper localization based on relative difference between DCT coefficient and its estimated value

Digital images are increasingly transmitted over non-secure channels such as Internet, therefore image authentication techniques have recently gained great attention due to their importance for a large number of multimedia applications. To protect the authenticity of images, several approaches have been proposed. These approaches include conventional cryptography, semi-fragile watermarking and digital signatures. In this paper, we propose two techniques of the same type based on what we call characteristic data digest. Both techniques can blindly detect and localize malicious tampering, while maintaining reasonable tolerance to conventional content-preserving manipulations. The characteristic data is derived from the relative difference between each pair of selected DCT coefficient, AC for one technique and DC for another technique, in a central block and its counterpart estimated by the center block and its adjacent blocks. In order to maintain the relative difference relationship when the image undergoes legitimate processing, we make a pre-compensation for the coefficients. Experimental results show that our techniques are significantly superior to semi-fragile techniques under the condition of the same image fidelity, especially in tolerance range of legitimate processing, and/or the ability to detect and localize the tampered area. Due to the simplicity of the algorithms, our techniques can be used in video frame authentication, and even other digital media. In addition, this kind of proposed techniques can be extended to use other characteristic data, such as high-level moment, statistical data of images, and so on.

An Image Authentication Algorithm Using Combined Approach of Watermarking and Vector Quantization

Abstract This paper presents a two-stage watermarking technique for image authentication adapting the advantages of vector quantization (VQ). In the proposed algorithm, robust watermark and semifragile watermark are embedded independently in two successive stages. Robust watermark and VQ enhance the security of the system by providing double protection to the designed system, while semifragile watermark helps in authenticating the received image. Watermarks of varying sizes are embedded in the cover image, and their performance is measured in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), weighted PSNR, and bit error rate. A threshold-based approach is suggested for identification of attacks as acceptable or malicious. The experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of the method in classifying attacks and correctly locating the tampered area. It is possible to detect and determine tampering with very high sensitivity. The present scheme outperforms previous algorithms in terms of imperceptibility, attack classification criteria, robustness feature, and tamper detection feature.

An image authentication technology based on depth residual network

ABSTRACTThe traditional image authentication technique generally determines the image attribution by extracting specific features and combining the similarity calculation algorithm. Because of the selected features dimensions, characterization and other factors, the accuracy and speed of image authentication have been restricted. In this paper, Recog-Net, an end-to-end image authentication model based on convolution neural network has been proposed. Deep residual network is chosen as the features extractor. Mahalanobis distance and threshold method are used to complete the image authentication. Experiments show that the performance of the extractor's features, compared with the traditional features and the features of other convolution neural network architectures, is more excellent, with a high degree of generality, recognition rate and robustness, still having these advantages even after a substantial compression. The Recog-Net for image authentication is able to accurately authenticate the images tampered with certain range.

Block Truncation Coding based effective watermarking scheme for image authentication with recovery capability

Due to the advancement of photo-editing software, powerful computers and high resolution capturing devices, it has become tough to prevent the digital image from tampering. So, in these days just by looking a digital image we cannot say whether it is a genuine or not. This is why digital image authentication, as well as restoration, has become the essential issues, especially when it is utilized in medical science, evidence of court, and forensic science. This paper proposes an effective self-embedding fragile watermarking technique for the digital image authentication as well as recovery. The watermark is generated by quantization, and block truncation coding (BTC) of each 2 × 2 non-overlapping block and embedded in three least significant bits (LSBs) of the corresponding mapped block. The recovery bits are derived from most significant bits (MSBs) of the host image, and the authentication bits are derived from recovery bits, the spatial location of pixels and watermark keys. Even if tempering rate is 50%, the reconstruction of tampered image is achieved with high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized correlation coefficient (NCC). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only outperforms high-quality recovery fidelity but also negotiate the blocking artifacts additionally it improves the accuracy of tamper localization due to the use of very small size blocks.

On the security of a BTC-based-compression image authentication scheme

With image integrity in mind, the sensitivity-of-tamper property of a new image authentication scheme is always one of main concerns. However, to claim integrity guarantee of image authentication techniques is meaningful only when the false negative probability is taken into consideration. In this paper, the security of an image authentication scheme based on Block-Truncation-Coding (BTC) compression proposed by Li et al. is analyzed. The false alarm of their scheme is shown unneglectable in this paper. Precisely, it is potentially problematic since their scheme only protects the quantization values of BTC codes, but ignores the bitmap part. The main weak design will be shown by means of conducting some counter experiments. Thanks to Li et al.’s well design to protect the two values of quantization levels of the compressed image, the improvement to remove the potential security concern is simple. The experimental results and the further analysis demonstrate that the simple and secure improvement does work.

A bio-inspired authentication approach to colour image transmitted on open non-secure public network

With the increasingly use of open non-secure public network, digital images transmission on internet becomes more popular. Image authentication techniques have gained great attention due to its importance for data integrity of multimedia applications. A new digital signature approach to content-based colour image authentication based on a triple-channel spiking cortical model (TSCM) is introduced in the paper, which is inspired by the working principle of mammalian visual cortex neuron model. In this approach, we use digital signatures produced by TSCM as colour image authentication information. Some juggled images failed to authenticate by using local histogram method or local mean intensity method can be authenticate correctly by this approach, because the signature of TSCM includes not only the intensities or colour information but also the geometry structures or colour distributions of the colour images. Experiment results show that this approach can not only check the validity and the completeness of the colour image, but also locate the juggled areas in the tampered image.

A New Approach For Image Authentication Framework For Media Forensics Purpose

With the increasing widely spread digital media become using in most fields such as medical care, Oceanography, Exploration processing, security purpose, military fields and astronomy, evidence in criminals and more vital fields and then digital Images become have different appreciation values according to what is important of carried information by digital images?. Due to the easy manipulation property of digital images (by proper computer software) makes us doubtful when are juries using digital images as forensic evidence in courts, especially, if the digital images are main evidence to demonstrate the relationship between suspects and the criminals. Obviously, here demonstrate importance of data Originality Protection methods to detect unauthorized process like modification or duplication and then enhancement protection of evidence to guarantee rights of incriminatory. In this paper, we shall introduce a novel digital forensic security framework for digital image authentication and originality identification techniques and related methodologies, algorithms and protocols that are applied on camera captured images. The approach depends on implanting secret code into RGB images that should indicate any unauthorized modification on the image under investigation. The secret code generation depends mainly on two main parameter types, namely the image characteristics and capturing device identifier. In this paper, the architecture framework will be analyzed, explained and discussed together with the associated protocols, algorithms and methodologies. Also, the secret code deduction and insertion techniques will be analyzed and discussed, in addition to the image benchmarking and quality testing techniques.

An Improved Watermarking Technique for Image Authentication.

Digital image watermarking is one of the best techniques available now a day to tackle the problems regarding digital image authentication and its security. There are lots of ways and methods and techniques for digital image watermarking. This paper tried to improvise one of those techniques and comes up with a better and improved way to digital image watermarking. In this paper combination of two techniques: - Discrete Wavelet Transform and Arnold Transform are merged together in such a way that the outcome provides best possible results for invisible watermarking. Via using the new technique similarity ratio of 0.892 and signal-to-noise ratio of 59.11 is achieved. Technique is also measured against some of the common attacks on digital image.

Imperceptible Image Authentication Using Wavelets

This paper introduces an enhanced image authentication technique providing greater security with uncompromising visual quality. To augment data security, the authenticating information is diffused into the transformed coefficients of both the levels after a two level Discrete Haar Wavelet Transform. In addition a bit level noise reduction algorithm increases the imperceptibility of the added noise. The extraction algorithm is completely blind and authenticity is verified by regenerating a message digest at the receiving end. The algorithm has been tested against some related attacks and is appropriate in smart card design. Performance comparisons exhibit significant growth over other similar techniques.

A reversible image authentication scheme based on fragile watermarking in discrete wavelet transform domain

Image authentication technique protects the integrity of images. Many image authentication schemes have been proposed in recent years. However, in these schemes, the image is permanently distorted and cannot be recovered to its original version after image authentication. In this paper, we propose a new, reversible watermarking scheme for image authentication scheme in the DWT domain to achieve high accuracy of tamper detection, and complete reversibility while maintaining high image quality of watermarked images. In the proposed scheme, authentication code is randomly generated and embedded into 2nd DWT low-frequency subbands of each image block. Our experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme has ability to resist against different attacks, i.e., different sizes of tampered regions, content tampered attack, and collage attack, with small distortion of the watermarked image. In addition, the proposed scheme achieves reversibility that is quite important to some special fields, i.e., medical images, military images, and fine artwork.

IMAGE RETOUCHING AND IT'S DETECTION - A SURVEY

Image retouching is one more type of image forgery tool which is most commonly used for commercial and aesthetic applications. Retouching operation is carried out mostly to enhance or reduce the image features. Retouching is also done to create a convincing composite of two images which may require rotation, resizing or stretching of one of the image. The paper discusses the state of the art studies organized towards various image authentication techniques and algorithms in digital image Retouching process and its detection. The study also highlights a survey and comparative analysis of various image Retouching mechanisms and some detection methods. Keywords— Digital Image Processing, Image Retouching, image Inpainting, Image Forensics --------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------

Image Authentication using RSA and Chaotic Map

Authentication is basically a way by which sender and recipient must prove their identities to each other. Image authentication verifies the originality of an image by detecting malicious manipulations. Reliable image authentication technology must be able to protect an image from time it was first produced until the final stage of use. In this paper we describe an effective technique for image authentication which can prevent malicious manipulations by using RSA and Baker’s map. Chaos refers to a type of complex dynamical behavior that possesses some special features such as being extremely sensitive to small variations in initial conditions. Moreover this is certificateless-based scheme and allows people to verify the signature without the certificate. For this reason, we do not need the certificate authority to store and manage user’s certificates. In 2014, Chin-Chen Chang, Chin-Yu Sun, and Shih-Chang Chang has given a similar designed certificateless-based signature scheme based on RSA operations; however, their scheme is modified and improved by using it on image rather than text [2]. General Terms Chaotic map, RSA, Digital Signature, Random number, MD5. SHA-1.

Robust hash generation technique for content-based image authentication using histogram

In this paper, a robust hash technique for image content authentication using histogram is proposed. The histogram based hash techniques reported in the literature are robust against Content Preserving Manipulations as well as incidental distortion. The major drawback of these techniques is that, they are not sensitive to Content Changing Manipulations and also un-altered histogram image modifications. To overcome these drawbacks, we present a novel hash technique which divides the image into non-overlapped blocks and distributes histogram bins of the image block into larger containers based on the Partial Sum of pixel count of histogram bins. An intermediate hash is produced by computing the ratio of pixel count between two neighbouring containers. The intermediate image hash is obtained by concatenating intermediate hashes of image blocks. Finally, the intermediate image hash is normalized and randomly permuted with a secret key to produce a robust and secure hash. The results shows that, the proposed method performs better when compared to the existing methods against the Content Preserving manipulations. Besides, the proposed method is more sensitive to Content Changing manipulations as well as un-altered histogram image modifications. The performance results on image authentication indicate that, the proposed method has high discriminative capability and strong robustness.

Digital Image Forgeries and Passive Image Authentication Techniques: A Survey

Digital images are present everywhere on magazine covers, in newspapers, in courtrooms as evidences, and all over the Internet signifying one of the major ways for communication nowadays. The trustworthiness of digital images has been questioned, because of the ease with which these images can be manipulated in both its origin & content as a result of tremendous growth of digital image manipulation tools. Digital image forensics is the latest research field which intends to authorize the genuineness of images. This survey attempts to provide an overview of various digital image forgeries and the state of art passive methods to authenticate digital images.

A novel tamper detection-recovery and watermarking system for medical image authentication and EPR hiding.

Recently, the literature has witnessed an increasing interest in the study of medical image watermarking and recovery techniques. In this article, a novel image tamper localization and recovery technique for medical image authentication is proposed. The sparse coding of the Electronic Patient Record (EPR) and the reshaped region of Interest (ROI) is embedded in the transform domain of the Region of Non-Interest (RONI). The first part of the sparse coded watermark is use for saving the patient information along with the image, whereas the second part is used for authentication purpose. When the watermarked image is tampered during transmission between hospitals and medical clinics, the embedded sparse coded ROI can be extracted to recover the tampered image. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed technique in term of tamper correction capability, robustness to attacks, and imperceptibility.

ROBOTIC ARM CONTROLLED IN MISSILE LAUNCHERS USING PLC AND IMAGE AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUE

As of now, the missile launchers which use Robotic Hand for holding and releasing of missiles in defense organizations are being controlled by the microcontroller. As a result of this there are many problems associated. One is that the controlling of the whole process is not perfect. Therefore we have proposed a paper where the robotic hand which controls the missile launcher will be controlled by a PLC and secured image authentication technique. In our project, the hand which is holding the missile that to be launch is controlled by the PLC. The robotic hand is operated by with the help of DC motor. The PLC controls the two kind of position of robotic hand. One is holding the missile and another one is releasing the missile. Actually the PLC is controlling the DC motor in two conditions which is holding and releasing. In the Space research center, applying the missile is very important and secure process also. So, operating with the missile launching process, secured by image authentication technique is highly required. PLC controls the robotic hand by means of ladder diagram which is nothing but programming of PLC. In that programming only our secure technique will be used. The pass code and image synchronizations are needed to execute the programming of PLC. Until the authorization the robotic hand it will not release or hold the missile.

A Watermark for Image Authentication using Mapping Code Book

Chan proposed a blind image authentication technique by generating the Parity-Check-Bits using Hamming code from a set of pixels whose bits have been reorganized. The Parity-Check-Bits generated are added by modifying other pixels. Due to this rearrangement, the most- significant bit of each suspected pixel can be determined. Using this information, the pixel can be recovered by calculating the average value and selecting one of the two possible original code words. However, calculating the average value, selects the same code word every time yielding to incorrect predictions. Moreover, use of Modulus function to facilitate improvement in quality of embedded image may alter the unused fifth position of each pixel. It is obvious that, the additional one bit or redundancy to detect the correct value may degrade the quality of the authenticated image. This paper proposes the mapping code book to generate Parity- Check-Bits and modified the embedding and recovery algorithms to avoid incorrect predictions and safeguard the fifth position of each pixel. The experimental results prove that the proposed algorithm has a greater capability to recover tampered regions with sufficiently good quality.

A Compound Blind Digital Watermarking Technique for Image Authentication and Integrity using DCT and VC

this paper we propose a multiple digital watermarking scheme using DCT and VC to achieve both image authentication and integrity. We used two watermarks for embedding in to the host image. Unlike traditional watermarking schemes, the second watermarks are not embedded directly into the host image. The proposed technique proves that it is resilient to several attacks. Keywordigital watermarking, visual cryptography, DCT

A Robust Medical Image Authentication Technique using QR Code and DWT

Image authentication plays a vital role in safeguarding the originality as well as helps to retain the integrity of the data. It is also used as proof in case of content delivery. This paper proposes an efficient and effective medical image authentication technique by embedding information of a patient and doctor through corresponding QR codes in selected DWT sub-band of that image. At the receiver end QR codes are extracted and information containing in the QR codes are retrieved using Smart Phone or through standard QR Code Reader. General Terms Image Authentication, QR Code, Smart Phone