Illicit Goods Research Articles

Tinjauan Yuridis Pemidanaan terhadap Anak Dalam Tindak Pidana Narkotika

Narcotics abuse has long been a serious problem faced by the Indonesian government. Narcotics are also used as a tempting wetland for dealers because they provide enormous profits from the sale of these illicit goods. Narcotics abuse in Indonesia has recently become more widespread and does not only attack adults but children and the next generation of the nation are also targeted for narcotics distribution, some of them are even made into dealers. The purpose of this research is to find out the Judge's Racitio Recidendi in deciding case number 4/pid.sus.-anak/2021/Pn unaaha. The type of research conducted in this research is normative, where this research does not only cover statutory regulations and legal materials in the library. The results of the study can be concluded that the Juridical Analysis of Recidendi Ratio Judges in deciding case Number.4/Pid.sus.anak/2021/Pn unaaha in dealing with cases of criminal possession of narcotics against the law generally have considered mitigating and aggravatingThe child defendant has considered the provisions of Article 2 and Article 71 of Law No. 11 of 2012 and has also considered the community research report. The judge still imposes a sentence, the judge in this decision only uses the theory of punishment, namely the theory of deterrence by imposing a coaching sentence outside the institution, in this case placing the child perpetrator in the Special Child Special Institution (LPKA) class II Kendari for 3 (three) years, and following guidance, education and job training for 3 (three) months.

Regional implications of the tobacco value chain in Paraguay

BackgroundParaguay is a major supplier of illicit cigarettes for the Latin American region and beyond. In July 2022, Paraguay ratified the FCTC Protocol. This is an opportunity and a challenge...

Dynamics of Maritime Trade along the Fako Coastal Belt of Cameroon: Ambiance, Challenges and Sustainable Combat Strategies

Maritime trade is dynamic and indispensable for economic growth and development around the World. This trade if not well monitored can become a threat to development considering the illicit and criminal transactions that surrounds the sector. In Cameroon, this informal trade has degraded customs income and promoted the infiltration of contraband goods into the country via local anchorage sites where custom services are weak. This trade has affected the State pricing policy of certain goods especially fuel. It is against this background that this study sets out to investigate, seaborne trade, and the illegal transactions that are common along the Fako coastal belt of Cameroon. Data for the study have been gathered from secondary and primary sources. Secondary data were gleaned from soft and hard copies of both published and unpublished documents, newspapers, and decrees relevant to maritime transport and trade. Primary data were sourced from field surveys where a simple random sampling technique was used to administer 278 copies of questionnaires to 10 localities along the Fako coastal belt of Cameroon using a convenient sample size. Supplementary primary data was gotten via interviews and observations in the three seaports along the coast. Results revealed that the Limbe, Tiko and Idenau ports though secondary, handles thousands of tonnes of cargo annually making Fako Division where they are located in Cameroon an eminent trading hub. Statistics from the Limbe Port Authority (PAL) indicated an increasing trend of export and imports annually in thousands of tonnes. The results shows that illicit seaborne trade is very common along this coastal belt with over 67 percent of the goods coming in from neighbouring Nigeria. The illicit product identified are petroleum products (46.2%), pharmaceutical products (30 %), food items (16.7%) and chemical fertilizers and others (5.3% and 3.8%) respectively. The results also revealed that in the year 2021 between January and August, over 18 cases of illicit goods were intercepted along this coastline with petroleum products destined to Limbe, Tiko and Idenau ports dominating. The reasons for the persistency of this illicit trade were corruption and the existence of a network of illegal organisation that transact the goods. This study recommends that custom and naval services be reinforced along this coastal belt to ascertain the type and originality of the products entering the country via the sea. Also, the State should investigate and dismantle illicit and organised illegal seaborne trade chains and charge officials at the maritime frontiers to be responsible and corruption free.

EXECUTION OF DEATH PENALTY IN NARCOTICS CRIME IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATIONAL LAW IN INDONESIA

The abuse of illegal drugs is a threat to the sovereignty of the nation and the state of drug eradication requires the role of all parties to narrow the movement of drug dealers who are still trying to market the illicit goods in indonesia. The regulation on narcotics crime and death penalty is very important in regulating the law for the perpetrators of narcotics crime for the sake of national and state sovereignty.In Indonesia today, the imposition of criminal sanctions in the form of a death penalty by a judge for perpetrators of narcotics is one of the policies adopted in Law No. 35 of 2009 on narcotics and cannot be separated from the criminal law norms adopted by the criminal law so far, for example in Article 10 of the Criminal Code. Another thing in the other world is that there is a significant development of narcotics users by taking depenalization actions against users that aim to replace prison sanctions that are sometimes applied to other criminal sanctions such as Social Work sanctions. The research method used is juridical empirical meaning is to identify and conceptualize the law as a real and functional social institution in a patterned living system.

Upaya Kemenkumham dalam Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Peredaran Narkotika yang Dilakukan Petugas Lembaga Pemasyarakatan

Currently, a serious problem for the Indonesian state is the circulation of narcotics. Correctional institutions are also affected by the circulation of illicit narcotics, even though the institution is an isolated place, it can be carried out by officers, therefore it needs countermeasures from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights as the ministry that oversees correctional institutions. The aims are to analyze the cause of the circulation of narcotics in Class II A Kerobokan Penitentiary and to examine the efforts of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in following up on narcotics trafficking crimes carried out by officers of Class II-A Kerobokan Penitentiary. Empirical legal research is used in compiling this research by using a sociological approach, a statutory approach, and a conceptual approach. The sources of legal materials for this research consist of primary and secondary data. Primary data is the main data resulting from observations made during the research, this data is data from interviews with respondents. Secondary data, namely supporting data for primary data, this data is obtained through legal sources. In this research, data collection techniques use direct interviews with sources. The results show that the correctional officers committing narcotics trafficking crimes were caused by several factors such as economic factors, mental factors, environmental/social factors, and inmates who were not rehabilitated. Improving the Quality of Correctional Officers, Improving Facilities and Infrastructure, Preventing Overcrowding, Providing Appropriate and Attractive Compensation, Conducting Routine Rotation of Narcotics Dealers, Urine Testing for Correctional Officers, imposing strict sanctions on Correctional Institution officers who are found to have violated the rules in these illicit goods, in accordance with Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics.

Teori Produksi Berdasarkan Perspektif Islam

Abstract
 Production activity is a mandatory thing to do in order to meet all human needs and to take advantage of the availability of natural resources to fulfill all what is needed by humans by producing them and processing them. In Islam itself, it is also explained about being a good producer based on the theory of production in Islamic economics. Therefore, this journal aims to provide a general description and knowledge of the general public and especially for producers to understand the flow of the Islamic religion in explaining production theory and regulating it. The method used to describe this research is descriptive qualitative method, meaning that the technique used in this research is a literature study that focuses on finding information from journals, books or other forms of writing. The results of this study are a producer in the view of Islam has limits in production, but this limitation does not only apply to creativity but also to the prohibition on producing illicit goods. Basically, conventional theory and sharia have differences in terms of the amount, revenue and costs themselves, in conventional production theory also recognizes the interest system which is contrary to sharia production theory which recognizes profit sharing.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE, CONSUMER PROTECTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

The paper empirically examines the nexus between foreign trade, consumer protection and public health in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2021. Cointegration and dynamic error correction modelling techniques were utilized in the analysis. The empirical findings show that foreign trade policy has a positive and significant effect on public health in Nigeria. Consumer protection (proxied by consumer protection dummy) and per capita income are both positively related to public health, although the effects are weak, attributable to the low level of consumer protection and awareness, in addition to the low level of per capital income that fuels income and wealth disparity, with the effect of reducing health outcomes in Nigeria. Public expenditure on health and inflation rate (proxy for macroeconomic policy environment) are negatively and significantly related to public health outcomes in Nigeria. Based on these findings, it is recommended that appropriate consumer protection awareness on public health concerns through greater level of public campaigns on the dangerous effects of imported fake, substandard and illicit goods that are inimical to public health be aggressively launched. Increase government expenditure on health institutions, as well as judicious and efficient deployment of public and private resources to the health sector is also important to enhancing health outcomes in Nigeria. A strong institutional and regulatory environment to curtail illicit and nefarious importation of fake and substandard goods, particularly pharmaceuticals and food into the country is important, in addition to a sound and stable macroeconomic environment that is capable of promoting the public health status of the citizenry in Nigeria.

WHAT COMES NEXT: CENTRAL ASIAN VIOLENT EXTREMIST GROUPS AND DRUG TRAFFICKING AFTER THE FALL OF KABUL

The withdrawal of the international forces from Afghanistan will likely increase the role of Central Asian violent extremist groups in the production and transit of illicit goods to and from Afghanistan. While violent extremist groups will maintain the capacity to inspire and perhaps, even carry out limited attacks in Central Asian republics in the short to medium term, their capacity will be limited. Conversely, given the Taliban's control of the majority of Afghanistan, these same groups will play an increasingly important role in the multi-billion-dollar drug trade stemming from the country. The future of Afghanistan is still far from decided but Central Asian violent extremist organizations will likely play a role in whatever is to come.

Buy and Selling in the Perspective of Jahiliyah and Islam a Comparison Study a Review of Sharia Economic History

Buying and selling or trading in the term fiqh are called al-Ba'i which, according to etymology, means selling or replacing. The word al-Ba'i in Arabic is sometimes used for the understanding of his opponent, namely the word al-Syira (buy). Thus, the word al-Ba'i means selling, but also means buying. In terminology, buying and selling is an agreement to exchange objects or goods that have a good value between the two parties, one receives objects and the other receives them in accordance with an agreement or provision that has been justified and agreed upon. In the Qur'an, there are many statements that describe the life of the Arabs, including trade problems. Islam is very concerned about the problem of trade in this Arab nation by setting for them what they need. Many of the Prophet's hadith mention the legal issues of buying and selling, monopoly, accounts payable, profits, etc. Jahiliyah Arabs have a market as a center of trade. Usury is one type of economic transaction that is actually carried out and developed in Arab society. In Islam, buying and selling if it contains usury, illicit goods, reduces scales, and by force.

An Innovative Security Screening Architecture for Detecting Illicit Goods and Threats

Every year, millions of letters/parcels containing illicit goods are detected by customs authorities, which use traditional security screening equipment. However this equipment cannot detect all kinds of illicit goods and the detection procedure heavily depends on the attention of the customs officer. In order to achieve sufficiently fast intelligent screening of the large volumes of letters/parcels and detect all common kinds of threats, this paper proposes a highly innovative architecture well-beyond the state-of–art. In particular the proposed architecture monitors every letter/parcel by incorporating: (a) terahertz/X-ray sensors, (b) chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBNR) sensors, (c) artificial robot-noses for narcotics, explosives etc., (d) magnetometers for weapons, firearms, banknotes etc., (e) acoustic sensors for liquids/gases/solids, (f) weight/pressure sensors to measure weight distribution, size and shape. Sensory information can be: (a) used to create a “Spectral Signatures Dictionary of Illicit Goods and Threats”, (b) fused to segment/isolate illicit goods and (c) visualized in the form of annotated high-resolution tensor-structured (3D/4D) multisensory image data. The proposed solution also gathers available information for the sender/recipient from various resources, while it also analyzes data from the dark web. All information is forwarded to an AI-based knowledge infrastructure.

ANALISIS PEMBINAAN KEPADA NARAPIDANA ANAK KASUS NARKOTIKA DI LEMBAGA PEMBINAAN KHUSUS ANAK

Drug abuse is not only done and occurs to adults, but also to children. The position of children who are considered not legally competent and their position is still unstable, making children an easy target for dealers to be able to market their illicit goods. The Child Special Guidance Institution is obliged to raise, train, train, and do other things in accordance with legal requirements. The research method uses normative legal research, namely research conducted by focusing on positive legal norms in the form of laws and regulations governing the treatment given to death row inmates based on the correctional system.This is because children who are convicted of committing a crime are entitled to guidance, guidance, supervision, support, education and training, as well as other rights according to the provisions of the law. Family and environmental factors are the main factors for a child to abuse narcotics. In addition, there are also internal factors such as an identity crisis and weak self-control, which can also easily influence a child to do things beyond his control. The government, society, families and parents are obliged and responsible to carry out child protection, and protect children from the dangers of narcotics.

STRATEGI PEMERINTAH GAMPONG DALAM PEMBERANTASAN NARKOBA (Studi Gampong Matang Peupanji Kecamatan Lhoksukon Kabupaten Aceh Utara)

Drug trafficking is still rampant in the jurisdiction of the Lhoksukon Police. Several sub-districts in the city center are often used as places for transactions for these illicit goods. This is where the function and strategy of the Matang Peupanji Government as a representative of the North Aceh Regency government apparatus, especially regarding the implementation of the right strategy in the field is here. The purpose of the study was to determine the strategy of the gampong government in eradicating drugs in Matang Peupanji, Lhoksukon District and to find out the obstacles or obstacles faced by the gampong government in its efforts to eradicate drugs. The research methodology is to use qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The results of the study obtained data that the strategy of the Matang Peupanji Government in its efforts to eradicate drugs was first by compiling the Qanun or Reusam Gampong Matang Peupanji. Then the second, the Government of Matang Peupanji formed an anti-drug task force and volunteers in the village which was fully supported by the Muspika. Furthermore, the third, the Government of Matang Peupanji also strengthens the environmental security system in its area. The conclusion is that a strategy will be implemented effectively if the formulation, manufacture and implementation in the field are supported by actors, organizations, procedures and techniques with adequate facilities and infrastructure and carried out in a timely manner. The suggestion is that the Matang Peupanji Government is expected to have a high commitment in implementing its strategy for drug eradication.

STRATEGI PEMERINTAH GAMPONG DALAM PEMBERANTASAN NARKOBA (Studi Gampong Matang Peupanji Kecamatan Lhoksukon Kabupaten Aceh Utara)

Drug trafficking is still rampant in the jurisdiction of the Lhoksukon Police. Several sub-districts in the city center are often used as places for transactions for these illicit goods. This is where the function and strategy of the Gampong Matang Peupanji Government as a representative of the North Aceh Regency government apparatus, especially regarding the implementation of the right strategy in the field is here. The purpose of the study was to determine the strategy of the gampong government in eradicating drugs in Gampong Matang Peupanji, Lhoksukon District and to find out the obstacles or obstacles faced by the gampong government in its efforts to eradicate drugs. The research methodology is to use qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The results of the study obtained data that the strategy of the Matang Peupanji Gampong Government in its efforts to eradicate drugs was first by compiling the Gampong Qanun or "Reusam Gampong" Matang Peupanji. Then the second, the Government of Gampong Matang Peupanji formed an anti-drug task force and volunteers in the village which was fully supported by the Muspika. Furthermore, the third, the Government of Gampong Matang Peupanji also strengthens the environmental security system in its area. The conclusion is that a strategy will be implemented effectively if the formulation, manufacture and implementation in the field are supported by actors, organizations, procedures and techniques with adequate facilities and infrastructure and carried out in a timely manner. The suggestion is that the Gampong Matang Peupanji Government is expected to have a high commitment in implementing its strategy for drug eradication.

Why money laundering is nurtured in Ethiopia?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the divers and facilitators of money laundering in Ethiopia. Specifically, it looks at the risk factors that existed in the country’s economic and political system, which provide an appealing environment for money laundering to grow.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study relies on primary data generated from interviewees drawn from the National Bank of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Financial Intelligence Center, Ethiopian Customs Commission, selected financial institutions and certain non-financial businesses and professions and law enforcement agencies, as well as secondary data from government reports, media press, statutes and other online and offline sources.FindingsThis study finds that the risk factors for the growth of money laundering in Ethiopia are highly reliant on the country’s economic and political system. Accordingly, the nature of Ethiopia’s economy, which is cash-intensive, loosely regulated economic growth and the raise associated criminality, the development of underground banking activities, scarcity of foreign currency reserves and the existence of societal demand for illicit goods and services are all risk factors for the growth of money laundering. The raise of an elite cartel model type of systematic corruption, limited institutional capacity to prevent and suppress money laundering and the absence of a national identity card system are also identified as risk factors for the rife of money laundering in Ethiopia. Moreover, the geopolitical location of the country, its porous borders, limited cross-border cooperation and information sharing add further fuel to the vulnerability of the country to money laundering and associated predicate offense.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper provides a first-of-its-kind analytical perspective on the risk factors for the raise of money laundering in Ethiopia.

A qualitative analysis of the Russian cryptomarket Hydra

Hydra is regarded as the largest Russian-language online marketplace for illicit goods with no less than four million Euro of annual revenue. In this paper, we provide a qualitative analysis of the unique organization of the Hydra cryptomarket. The theoretical framework for this study draws on information asymmetry and assumptions of signaling theory. Data collected include longitudinal parsing and non-participant observation from 2019 to 2021. Hydra is a monopolistic marketplace with no alternatives of the same scale in Russia, and exhibits considerable differences with regard to international cryptomarkets. In the analysis, we present the three themes: physical stashes, formalized rules, and the architecture of the Hydra market. Contrary to the reliance on the postal system for delivering drugs internationally, Hydra introduces a novel delivery method called stashes, which puts buyers at higher risks to get caught by law enforcement agents and make them more “active” in obtaining drugs. Buyers not only have to choose and pay for drugs; they also need to go out in the streets and personally look for their purchased stuff. While elaborated formalized rules enabled by strong sanctioning mechanisms (e.g., fines) cover every possible aspect of interaction connected to the marketplace usage, a multilayered platform architecture allows for the emergence of complex hierarchies and segregation between users. Hydra also provides automatic services related to drug selling (instant purchases, non-mediated disputes, etc.). In addition, personal communications between actors are confined by the architecture, so that visible public communications give buyers the only substantial grounds for decisionmaking. These findings raise questions considering the role of credibility signals, asymmetry of information, and formalized rules in resolving issues of product quality, stable exchange processes and communication processes.

Invitation Article : New Directions in Online Illicit Market Research

Criminological scholarship has long examined the ways that illicit goods and services are traded through underground economies, such as narcotics and stolen goods. In the last two decades, researchers have explored the ways that online spaces, such as forums, are used by actors to engage in the sale of digital goods, including stolen personal information and malicious software. Additionally, research has begun to explore the ways that a global network for the sale of drugs has emerged in online markets operating on the so-called Dark Web. Though these studies improve our understanding of the basic social structures that drive online transactions for various criminal services, myriad questions remain as to what drives engagement in online markets and the ways that they persist and evolve over time. This work provides an overview of the various illicit markets operating on the Open and Dark Web, and their relationship to open and closed economically-motivated illicit goods and services markets in the real world. This work also explores the range of research questions that must be addressed to improve our understanding of the actors who shape the processes of online markets, inclusive of buyers, sellers, and website operators.

RESEARCH ON COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE PRODUCTS IN INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES RELATED TO ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING OF DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES OR THEIR ANALOGUES

This article outlines current issues of research on computer traces in the investigation of crimes at the stage of pre-trial investigation related to illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues. The main ways of conducting drug trafficking in Ukraine using modern information technologies, that is, using computer technology (mostly mobile devices, personal portable computers) and software products (programs for communicating by means of calls and messages through the Internet, Web browsers, etc.) on the World Wide Web are analyzed. Based on the analysis of research and publications of scientists as well as on the basis of empirical research during computer forensic investigations connected with investigation of illegal distribution of narcotic drugs, methods of illicit goods distribution on the Internet along with methods for investigating computer technologies, which directly relate to drug trafficking using modern information technologies, has been considered. Types of data that can be extracted using specialized software in laboratories of computer research during computer forensic investigation, and which, in turn, can function as factual data and is the evidence of commission of crimes related to drug trafficking, psychotropic substances or their analogues are considered, namely, we are talking about such data as: information from messenger programs, web browsers, text messages, as well as from user files (including graphic, audio and video files); In addition, guiding questions that can be addressed to a forensic expert while computer forensic investigation in criminal investigations related to illegal production, manufacture, purchase, storage, transportation, transfer, sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues are suggested.

THE ILLICIT TRADE IN KYIV PROVINCE AT THE HALF PAST OF THE ХІХ CENTURY

Summary. The purpose of the article is to publish and analyze of literature and archival sources to identify components of the problem of illicit trade in the Kyiv Province in the first half of the 19th century. Research methodology – the principles of objectivity, scientificity, historicism, comparative method, methods of internal criticism of sources. The scientific novelty is that it is for the first time that the information from the framework of sources presented in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv, the State Archive of Kyiv Oblast and its analysis is introduced in scientific circulation. Conclusions. The research of archival sources allowed to deepen the picture of relations between the state, government officials, business representatives in the field of trade, in particular, illicit trade. It has been discovered that illicit trade was caused primarily by the desire for personal enrichment and by external tariffs of the Russian Empire, which contained a wide range of goods prohibited for import into the country. Strict regulation of external trade encouraged merchants and all persons involved in transactions with contractors of other countries to seek means and mechanisms for transportation and sale of demanded goods. It has been found that people with foreign connections were involved in the illicit trade. Although, there were cases when illicit goods were traded by merchants and burghers of the interior provinces who acted only as intermediaries. Civil servants, whose actions were coordinated by the Kyiv governor himself, were involved in fight against the schemes by which prohibited and uncustomed goods entered the market. The cases in the activities of government officials were revealed when officials were negligent in their duties. Under certain conditions, customs officers used their official position for personal enrichment. The abuse of customs officers (zollners) testified risks of the border service and at the same time showed the extent of illicit enrichment. The consequences of the fight against illicit trade were the return of money to the treasury in the form of penalties (fines), one-time cases of enrichment of public supervisors abroad, taking purification oaths by smugglers in the presence of clergy.

Organized Crime as Financial Crime: The Nature of Organized Crime as Reflected in Prosecutions and Research

ABSTRACT Organized crime is a financial crime because its objective is profit or other material gain. The provision of illicit goods and services dominates organized crime profit making. Sometimes an organized crime offense is directed at power or intimidation (in cases such as racketeering or extortion), but these actions are designed to ensure the survival and profitability of an ongoing criminal enterprise. Therefore, organized crime has important similarities to the white-collar forms of financial crimes. What has been lacking in organized crime research is a comparison of actual cases of organized crime (i.e., prosecutions and convictions) to determine the extent to which organized crime prosecutions correspond to the specific offenses being researched on organized crime. An entire calendar year of organized crime prosecutions and published research articles are examined to evaluate their similarities and differences. In addition, aspects of organized crime prosecutions reveal important similarities and differences from other forms of financial crime.

Cash, crime, and cryptocurrencies

In The Curse of Cash, Kenneth Rogoff lists reductions in criminal activity and tax evasion among the primary benefits of eliminating cash. We maintain that, to the extent that individuals are interested in purchasing illicit goods and services or evading taxes, eliminating cash will encourage them to switch to close substitutes. Hence, governments intent on realizing the benefits cited by Rogoff would not merely need to eliminate cash. They would also need to ban alternatives. This is especially relevant given the proliferation of cryptocurrencies, which provide a fair degree of anonymity for users.