Illegal Dumping Research Articles

REVIEW OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN IRAQ

Solid waste management (SWM) in Iraq faces significant challenges due to inadequate infrastructure, insufficient regulatory frameworks, and low public awareness. This review explores the current state of SWM in various Iraqi cities, highlighting key issues and proposing recommendations for improvement. In Babylon Governorate, open dumping and poor collection processes are prevalent, with waste production expected to increase significantly by 2030. Kerbala's SWM system is hindered by limited funds, requiring better disposal and recycling infrastructure and stakeholder engagement. Al-Nassyriah residents expressed dissatisfaction with current SWM practices, indicating a need for increased public awareness and proper waste sorting infrastructure. Sulaimania faces environmental threats from open dumping, with seasonal variations in waste generation and inadequate medical waste management. In Erbil, substantial recyclable materials remain untapped due to a lack of efficient treatment technologies and public awareness. Najaf's exploration of waste-to-energy solutions presents a promising alternative for addressing waste management issues. This review underscores the necessity of developing modern infrastructure, enforcing stringent regulations, enhancing public education, and integrating waste management with energy production to achieve sustainable SWM in Iraq.

Emerging investigator series: open dumping and burning: an overlooked source of terrestrial microplastics in underserved communities.

Open dumping and burning of solid waste are widely practiced in underserved communities lacking access to solid waste management facilities; however, the generation of microplastics from these sites has been overlooked. We report elevated concentrations of microplastics (MPs) in soil of three solid waste open dump and burn sites: a single-family site in Tuttle, Oklahoma, USA, and two community-wide sites in Crow Agency and Lodge Grass, Montana, USA. We extracted, quantified, and characterized MPs from two soil depths (0-9 cm and 9-18 cm). The average of abundance of particles found at community-wide sites three sites (18, 460 particles kg-1 soil) equals or exceeds reported concentrations from currently understood sources of MPs including biosolids application and other agricultural practices. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) identified polyethylene as the dominant polymer across all sites (46.2-84.8%). We also detected rayon (≤11.5%), polystyrene (up to 11.5%), polyethylene terephthalate (≤5.1), polyvinyl chloride (≤4.4%), polyester (≤3.1), and acrylic (≤2.2%). Burned MPs accounted for 76.3 to 96.9% of the MPs found in both community wide dumping sites. These results indicate that solid waste dumping and burning activities are a major source of thermally oxidized MPs for the surrounding terrestrial environment with potential to negatively affect underserved communities.

Solid Waste Generation and Characterization in a State University

This study investigated the solid waste generation and characterization at Mindanao State University (MSU) - Main Campus in Marawi City, addressing the critical issues of unsustainable waste management practices. Despite the recent establishment of waste management facilities in Marawi City, including a Central Material Recovery Facility (CMRF) and a Category 4 Sanitary Landfill (SLF), the campus and much of the city need help with effective waste disposal. This has led to environmental challenges such as clogged drainage systems, open dumping, and air pollution from waste burning. The study fills an essential gap in solid waste generation and characterization data, which is crucial for effective solid waste management (SWM) planning as mandated by the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003). Using a descriptive-comparative research design, the study surveyed 216 units, including residential buildings, rental properties, commercial establishments, and university facilities. The findings reveal that the MSU-Main Campus generates 9438.011 kg of waste daily, with a per capita waste generation rate of 0.9371 kg/day— significantly higher than the national average. Residential buildings are the primary waste generators, contributing nearly half of the total waste, followed by lodgings. Waste characterization reveals a substantial proportion of non-biodegradable waste (38.29%), with biodegradable waste accounting for 35.46% of the total. These findings highlight the urgent need for systematic waste management strategies, particularly focusing on waste segregation, recycling, and waste reduction to mitigate the environmental impact on campus. The study provides a comprehensive data foundation for developing a solid waste management plan and underscores the role of academic institutions in leading sustainable practices.

Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in High-Density Residential Townships: A Case Study of Mtendere Township in Lusaka, Zambia.

Solid waste management is critical to a country’s economic and social growth, affecting public health, environmental stability, and economic advancement. The rising amount and complexity of trash generated by the contemporary economy endangers ecosystems and human health. This study was set out to assess the current state of Solid Waste Management practices in the densely populated residential areas of Mtendere Township in Lusaka district of Zambia. A mixed method study design comprising of qualitative and quantitative methods was utilized in this study. Quantitative data were collected through structured surveys which enabled statistical analysis to discern trends. Qualitative insights were derived from open-ended interviews with key stakeholders and site observations. 385 study participants were selected to participate in the study via purposeful sampling technique. The study disclosed that the majority of respondents were females (57.6%) and belonged to the age group of 25-34 (37.0%). A significant proportion of study participants were self-employed (34.8%) and most of them had attained secondary level of education (42.4%). The study also revealed that, the predominant method used for waste collection was door-to-door (44.2%), followed by open dumping (24.3%) and burning waste (19.9%). The study also uncovered that, the majority of respondents, (71.0%), reported waste collection every 3 days, indicating a relatively infrequent collection schedule. Also, a smaller portion of the sample, (13.8%), stated that waste collection occurred less than once a week. The study further revealed that, the majority of respondents (93.8%) were not aware about waste segregation and recycling programs in Mtendere Township, indicating a need for the development and implementation of waste management strategies that promote waste segregation and recycling. The study also disclosed that, only a small minority of respondents (1.1%) perceived that, there were sufficient waste disposal facilities in Mtendere Township in Zambia. In contrast, the majority of participants, (87%) believed that there was a lack of adequate waste disposal facilities in Mtendere Township. The study further disclosed that, most of the respondents (59.4%) described Mtendere township as dirty indicating a prevailing perception of poor hygiene while a small proportion of respondents (19.2%) regarded the township as very dirty. The study further disclosed that, insufficient waste collection frequency (35.9%), lack of waste segregation and recycling programs (28.3%), and inadequate waste disposal facilities (40.6%) as major challenges faced by Mtendere Township in the management of solid waste in Lusaka, Zambia. Also 28.6% of the respondents pointed out that poor enforcement of waste management regulations and lack of community awareness and participation on the proper waste management (60.5%) as other significant challenges faced by Mtendere Township in the management of solid waste. The study also exposed that every single respondent (100%) has personally experienced environmental or health effects of inadequate solid waste management in Mtendere Township. This study further revealed air pollution (36.2%), Water contamination (32.2%) which increased the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera and spread of diseases (64.9%) as environmental or health effects caused by in-adequate Solid Waste Management in Mtendere Township in Zambia. It also disclosed that, foul odors (86.6%), and aesthetically unpleasant surroundings (81.2%) as other environmental or health effects caused by in-adequate Solid Waste Management. It is therefore, recommended that, there is need to conduct a study to assess the impact of increased waste collection frequency on waste accumulation and hygiene conditions in the township. Also exploring the economic aspects of waste management, analyzing social and behavioural factors influencing waste management practices, and understanding the role of technology and innovation in enhancing efficiency will contribute to a holistic understanding of sustainable waste management practices and inform future strategies in this domain.

Strategies to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from the Solid Waste Management Sector: A Case Study of Vavuniya, Sri Lanka.

The waste sector is a substantial source of GHG emissions worldwide. Open dumping and internal combustion (IC) waste collection vehicles are significant sources of GHG emissions in Vavuniya. This research aims to estimate GHG emissions and recommend strategies to reduce emissions from the solid waste management sector. The IPCC methodology, considering Tier 1 estimation values based on default activity data, was used to estimate CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal sites. GHG emissions from collection vehicles were calculated based on IPCC mobile combustion recommendations. Three recommended strategies were considered based on demand, economic, and environmental feasibility and are expected to commence in 2025. According to current practices, open dumping generated 29.217 Gg of CO2 equivalent up to 2023, projected to rise by 37.8% by 2040. There will be a 57% decrease in open dumping-related GHG emissions by 2040 if composting is made mandatory for biodegradable waste, even though it produces emissions. Solar panels will be used to charge electric vehicles that will replace IC ones to cut emissions and fuel expenditures by 2025. The carbon sink reforestation program at the district level would need to begin in 2025 with an area of 161 hectares to sequester cumulative GHG emissions from composting dumpsites and fuel vehicles to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040. Investments from Vavuniya Carbon Sink Bonds (VCSB) on additional solar panels will ensure financial feasibility, having an internal rate of return of 23.18%. It paves the path to reducing GHG emissions, which is highly emphasized in the Nationally Determined Contributions, National Climate Change Policy, and waste management policy of Sri Lanka.

Industrial Waste Management Techniques in Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria

The production of various types of industrial trash has expanded dramatically as a result of the industrial expansion that has been observed in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. This research provides a thorough analysis of the industrial waste management strategies that are currently in use in this city. The study includes a comprehensive investigation of the range of industrial waste, which includes solids, liquids, gases, and particulate matter, and which comes from different industrial sectors in Port Harcourt. The complex physical and chemical characteristics of these wastes are explored, as well as how they affect the surrounding ecosystem and public health. In addition, this research examines the current waste management approaches that are used in Rivers State and clarifies the legal frameworks controlling the disposal and treatment of industrial waste. It looks into the common ways that companies dispose of garbage, such as land filling, incineration, recycling, open dumping, and wastewater treatment. Effective waste management procedures are hindered by a number of problems, including poor disposal facilities, inadequate infrastructure, problems with regulatory compliance, and low public awareness. These problems are fully investigated. Additionally, this study promotes the use of cutting-edge waste minimization and management technology while highlighting the critical role that stakeholder and public participation play. Additionally, case studies showcasing Port Harcourt’s industry-specific waste management techniques are presented. In order to reduce environmental deterioration, preserve public health, and promote sustainable industrial growth, it is important to create effective waste management systems. These findings are summarised in the conclusion of this academic study. Furthermore, it provides practical suggestions for enhancing trash management tactics in this metropolitan environment.

Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in Higher Educational Institutions in Makurdi Metropolis Benue State, Nigeria

This study examined solid waste management practices in higher educational institutions within the Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three higher institutions, namely: Joseph Saawuan Tarkaa University, Makurdi; Benue State University, Makurdi; and Alfred Akawe Torkula Polytechnic, Makurdi. The study sampled 395 respondents covering all the solid waste generators (students, staff and school mini-market operators) using simple random and purposive sampling procedures. Descriptive statistical method such as frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis were employed in data analysis. The result revealed that the majority of respondents were male (69.9%), falling predominantly within the 18-40 age bracket (82.0%), and unmarried (70.7%). A substantial portion of respondents had educational backgrounds of NCE/ND or secondary school certificates (39.4% and 31.5% respectively), with 70.7% still actively pursuing their education and 71.0% earning less than or equal to N30,000.00 per month on average. Solid waste generating entities were identified, with school mini-markets (labour markets) being the primary contributors (37.7%), followed by offices/lecture halls (34.7%), students’ hostels (28.6%), and general school premises (26.8%). The dominant types of solid waste generated included organic waste such as food remnants (81.2%), papers (67.1%), and plastic waste (64.6%). The municipal waste management authority, BENSESA, was found to be directly responsible for managing 58.5% of the solid waste in the study area, while 20.07% and 17.1% indicated that solid waste was managed by contractors hired by the selected institutions and institutions’ waste management departments/units respectively. Regarding waste storage and collection facilities, 46.0% of respondents reported that their institutions lacked such facilities, and 61.0% mentioned waste being dumped at open temporary dumpsites. Waste collection and disposal services were also found to be lacking, with 35.1% indicating that their institutions did not have these services. The most prevalent methods of solid waste disposal were open dumping (75.3%) and burning (61.3%), indicating suboptimal waste management practices. Inadequate service coverage from BENSESA was identified as a major challenge with a mean score of 4.30. In conclusion, this study highlights the inadequate solid waste management practices in higher educational institutions in Makurdi Metropolis, resulting in uncollected and improperly disposed waste. This poses significant health and environmental risks to residents of these campuses. The study recommends several measures to address these issues, including the establishment and enforcement of waste segregation programmes, improving waste collection and disposal services, conducting awareness campaigns, enforcing waste management policies, and investing in waste disposal infrastructure.

Crude Oil Polluted Soil Bioremediation through Microbe Activity Utilization

Environmental pollution by crude oil has become a serious problem all over the world with high level of oil spillage or leaks comes from damaged crude oil piping, tankers storage, offshore drilling, and illegal oil waste dumping cases. The objective of this research is to study crude oil polluted land recovery process with biotechnological approach. Technology to safely remove oil pollutant in the environment is bioremediation due to its low cost, high efficiency level, environmentally friendly, and sustainability. Three isolate bacteria namely Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas xanthomarina, and Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus were utilized as bioremediation agents to perform land remediation with biostimulation-bioaugmentation (BS-BA) approach. After 25 days, 31,000 mg/kg of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) was decreased into 90-10000 mg/kg or equal to 67.7% to 99.70%. We also detected 14,000 mg/kg decrease of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) into 8 to 40 mg/kg with detection limit of 99.94% to % in just 5-10 days. TPH removal kinetic calculation by using Pseudomonas xanthomarina bacteria resulted YT, Kd, Yobs, and Ks respectively at 0.002/hour, 0.001/hour, 0.0361/hour, and 0.0002/hour, by using order 2 formula with regression value of 0.9482. We recommend conducting land farming processing which consists of 2 beds with volumes of 55 m3/bed in order to remediate 159 ton of crude oil polluted soil by utilizing 9.6 L of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria for 3723 hours. Based on the findings, we concluded that bioremediation is available on crude oil polluted soil.

Impact assessment of the effects of the former uncontrolled landfill of Sidi Yahya Oujda (Morocco) on groundwater using physicochemical, geological and electrical triple approaches

This study is part of the geophysical mapping of the former site of the uncontrolled Sidi Yahya Oujda landfill. It also aims to show the contribution of the integrated interpretation of geological and geophysical data in the diagnosis of illegal dump sites. The application was made on the rehabilitated site of the former uncontrolled Oujda landfill located in Sidi-Yahya, which was closed in 2005. Geological and geophysical studies by electrical resistivity tomography (TRE) were carried out at the site level. Nine 475 m long TRE profiles with an investigation depth of up to 110 m were generated to image the subsoil. Analysis of the physicochemical and metallic composition of the leachate from this site and the groundwater taken from 3 nearby wells revealed significant pollution of the leachate with a COD of 12780 mg. O2/L and a BOD5 of 525.34 mg. O2/L. The groundwater had high electrical conductivity (average of 3.9 mS/cm), chloride content (710 mg/L average) and nitrate content (74.62 mg/L average). The metal concentrations in the leachate and groundwater far exceeded the Moroccan standards, with high average values for zinc (619.22 μg/L), copper (318.12 μg/L), nickel (233.76 μg/L), chromium (169.16 μg/L), L) and iron (12940 μg/L). Geologically, a context was highlighted with lateral lithological variations and the presence of faults. The waste/leachate layer has low resistivity values (<10 Ω m) and a thickness of up to 25 m. It rests on terrains of different geological natures. In the southern part of the site, there is a layer of red clay with a thickness of up to 50 m and low resistivities (<10 Ω m), which overlies a layer of limestone with high resistivity values (>100 Ω m). In the northern part, we encounter a discontinuous and thin layer of fractured dolomites with resistivities greater than 50 Ω m. This layer of dolomite rests on a layer of clays.

An Explorement of the Implications of Dumpsite Leachate on Surface Water Quality in Muenene River, Mutare, Zimbabwe

Background: Solid waste is one of biggest challenges of the urban areas of all sizes, from mega cities to small towns and large villages, which are home to the majority of mankind. In addition, the non-industrialised countries have low levels of refuse collection rates of 30 to 60% in low income countries and 50-60% in middle income countries. Globally, there are ongoing campaigns encouraging the use of the environment in a sustainable manner, which implies that the negative impacts on the environment and climate change must be taken into consideration. Methodology: The researchers instituted an experimental design. The researchers collected leachate samples from Mutare Open Dump site for laboratory analysis. Water samples were also collected from Muenene River for physico-chemical parameter analysis, heavy metal analysis and nutrient for laboratory analysis. The results were compared with the WHO standards and the Environmental Management Agency standards. The Winkler method was used for determination of Dissolved Oxygen, the multi-parameter brand 40HQD was used to test for the physico-chemical parameters [pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)]. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used for the determination of iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, manganese, chromium, calcium, Magnesium and lead from samples The Spectrophotometer was used to measure the nutrients of phosphate, nitrates, sulphates, and ammonia. The broad objective of the study being to assess the impacts of dumpsite leachate in surface water quality in Muenene River in Mutare. The specific objectives were, to determine the levels and variations of the following physico-chemical parameters in Muenene River: pH, TDS, EC, and Salinity.to analyse the nutrient levels in leachate and leachate-contaminated Muenene River water in terms of nitrate, ammonia, sulphate, and phosphate and to measure the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Pb, Mg, Cu, and Ni) in Mutare dumpsite leachate. Results: Nutrients such as ammonia, phosphate, nitrates were found to be above the permissible levels, subsequently leading pollution of the Muenene River. The heavy metals include Fe, Pb, Mn and Cd were found to be above permissible levels in terms of S.I 6 of 2007 for wastewater discharge regulations in Zimbabwe. Zn, Ni and Cr were detected but were at normal range that is not harmful to the environment. The leachate generated from dump site finally flows into a stream used to irrigate vegetables and fruits. The water quality analysis revealed unsatisfactory results due to the elevated concentrations of phosphorus, ammonia, and the biochemical oxygen demand ratio (BOD). Conclusion: Results of the physico-chemical parameters analysis indicated that untreated leachate and unsegregated solid waste leads to deterioration of water quality. The nutrient quality of the water was also compromised as ammonia, phosphate, nitrates were found to be above the permissible. The heavy metals include Fe, Pb, Mn and Cd that were found to be above permissible levels in terms of S.I 6 of 2007 for wastewater discharge regulations in Zimbabwe. Zn, Ni and Cr were detected but were at normal range that is not harmful to the environment.

Microplastic pollution from active and inactive landfill in Indonesia: Case study in Leuwigajah and Sarimukti Landfill

A landfill is the most common waste disposal in Indonesia, yet the implementation and operation of landfills are still far from optimal due to lack of funding and management failure. Moreover, landfill was operated as unmanaged open dumps. This situation could enhance the likelihood of plastics pollution through various transport of plastic waste from landfill sites, including microplastics release from leachate. This study was focused on the evidence of microplastic pollution originating from the landfill. Leachate sampling was conducted at two landfills, an inactive landfill called Leuwigajah Landfill, and an active landfill called Sarimukti Landfill. The characteristics of microplastics were analyzed through visual examination, particle density examination, and polymer investigation utilizing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). All three samples of active and inactive landfill leachate contains microplastic particles. The concentration ranges from 12.00 ± 5.29 to 56.33 ± 3.06 particles/liter. The most dominant polymers of plastic are Polypropylene (PP) and Polyester. Fiber shape is the highest percentage of founded microplastics. The results show the critical information of landfill likelihood as a source of microplastics.

IMPACT OF POOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY: A REVIEW

Groundwater is the most important source of drinking water and it is the basic need of all living organisms. The quality of the groundwater has become acute nowadays. Rapid urbanization and population growth added to the problem. A lot of solid waste generated from residences, hospitals, etc. is dumped on open land areas. It is found that most of the area around the open landfill contains contaminated groundwater due to open dumping of waste. When the waste includes heavy metals like cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, etc. it is evident that the solid waste contains batteries, Lead-based paints, and fluorescent lamps. The authorities should prohibit MSW dumping in the open area to control further water pollution. Many previous studies have shown the impact of open landfill dumping on groundwater quality due to inadequate precautions. This paper reviewed the impact of poor solid waste management on groundwater quality.

Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Compacted Waste Soil from Open Dumping Area and Clay Soil for Future Development

Estimating the mechanical properties of soil samples involves analysing properties such as shear strength, density, and moisture content. It is important to use consistent and standardized testing methods, as well as to normalize the data to the same volume or weight, when comparing soil mechanical properties. Evaluating multiple properties will provide a more complete understanding of the differences between soils. Additionally, it is crucial to consider factors such as soil composition, history, and location when comparing soil properties. The main purpose of this paper is to compare the two types of soil which are waste soil and clay soil. Waste soil tends to have weak structure due to the multiple content of waste while clay soil is weak because of water absorption of in the clay structure. These two properties will have implications in terms of its mechanical properties. The experimental works that was conducted in this research are direct shear stress, density, water content and compressive strength. Clay soils tend to be less dense due to their fine-grained nature and the small size of their particles. Waste soil, on the other hand, can vary in density and can often be less dense than natural soils due to the presence of large void spaces. The water content in clay soils can significantly affect its shear strength, as excessive water can weaken the cohesive forces between the clay particles. In waste soil, the moisture content can affect the density and compaction of the soil, which can impact its stability. The expected outcome from this research is the conclusion of the mechanical properties for both types of soil.

Analysis Distribution of Iron (Fe) and Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) Contaminants in Shallow Groundwater Due To Leachate Around Landfill Terjun, Medan City

Terjun Landfill Area is currently in a transition period from an open dumping system to a sanitary landfill. The resulting leachate can spread through infiltration into the soil. Leachate seepage into groundwater will affect groundwater quality. This research aims to analyze the distribution of iron (Fe) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) contaminants in shallow groundwater resulting from leachate around the Terjun Landfill Area. Model simulations were carried out using the Domenico Robbins (1990) model using the MathLab. The results show that the metal pollutants Fe and Cr6+ in residents’ wells have exceeded the quality standards in Minister of Health Regulation Number 2 of 2023. The results show that the pollutants Fe and Cr6+ have spread up to > 700 m from the landfill. Fe contamination in the estimated 40 years since the landfill operated was spread over a distance of 750 meters with a pollutant concentration of 0.066 mg/L, and in 50 years it increased to 0.092 mg/L. Meanwhile Cr6+ contamination over a period of 40 years at a distance of 750 meters spread with a concentration of 0.426 mg/L and increased in the 50th year by 0.600 mg/L.

Possibility of Ceylon Tea Waste Conversion to Biochar – a short review

A few countries fulfil global tea demand, and Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, is one of the top tea exporters. Tea is Sri Lanka's largest agricultural export, with an annual production of approximately 340 million kg. Consequently, the tea industry generates significant quantities of tea waste. Unfortunately, the Sri Lankan tea industry often ignores proper tea waste management, relying on open dumping and burning, which can harm the environment despite the biodegradable nature of the waste. Among a number of modern waste management methods, pyrolysis is gaining increasing attention as a sustainable waste treatment method as it transforms waste into carbonaceous materials, biofuel and syngas, leaving no waste behind at comparatively lower temperatures (400-600℃). Considering the nature of the Ceylon tea industry, which mainly uses conventional tea production processes, this short review article mainly focused on the effect of tea pyrolysis temperature, derived biochar activation methods, and their uses. Biochar derived from tea waste has demonstrated remarkable utility in various fields. By converting waste into stable carbonaceous materials, it not only mitigates local emissions but also serves as a reliable long-term carbon storage. Moreover, biochar and activated carbon derived from tea waste has proven efficient and cost-effective for removing water, soil, and air contaminants. Industry can obtain financial benefits by introducing derived activated carbon as an adsorbent. These facts highlight the suitability of adopting low-temperature pyrolysis of tea waste and biochar production to the Ceylon tea industry using simple techniques such as double-barrel systems that can be operated with the excess heat produced in boilers.

Identifying Sustainable Biomedical Solid Waste Management Practices in the Context of Limited Resources in Selected Healthcare Facilities in Douala Cameroon

Aims: To Identify sustainable Biomedical solid waste management practices in the context of limited resources in selected HCFs in Douala, Cameroon.
 Study Design: A cross-sectional survey with quantitative and qualitative study design was adopted for data collection from workers in the HCFs and also identifying the process of waste management.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the some selected HCFs in the Douala region of Cameroon between January 2023 to June 2023.
 Methodology: Study respondents were working in different sections of the HCFs and comprised of the following categories: doctors, laboratory scientists, cleaners, nurses and administrative/clerical workers. Field visitations and interactions with HCFs officials took place during the random sampling technique which was used in determining the sample size of 200 workers, Out of the sample size of 200 who were given questionnaires in order to provide data for the study, 150 valid mail questionnaires were retrieved and used for analysis. Every questionnaire was verified by validity. There’s also questions related funds, facilities availability, training and personal protective equipment. All of the data were coded and analyzed. The results were calculated based on sums and percentages of variables with SPSS vers.26 software and chi-square analysis with the level significance of p-value less than 0.05 was analyze
 Results: This finding could also indicate that imbibing sustainable biomedical wastes management practices increases with higher experience in the hospital. Furthermore, communal bin disposal of biomedical wastes was the only statistically significant category under disposal method, indicating that waste disposal may be lacking in terms of sustainable practices. [30] also identified biomedical wastes disposal in open dumps among health workers in Saudi Arabia, attributable to poor sustainable waste training and lack of regulatory frameworks. I PCA results indicate that there are two dimensions of prevalent biomedical wastes in the hospital studied, as explicated by the two components retained
 Conclusion: The limited resources and government policies and local councils influences sustainable waste management practices and this paper aimed at identifying some of the solutions towards improving Sustainable waste management policies. The practice of biomedical waste management in the study area was low. Level of education, taking training on biomedical waste management, availability of color-coded three bins, and attitude of health care workers were significantly associated with biomedical waste management practices. Hence, in-service training is recommended to improve biomedical waste management practices.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and its Impact on Soil Properties in and around the Achan Dump Site in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir

Abstract: Solid waste disposal may result in soil pollution with implications for ground water quality. Deteriorating soil quality and decrease in vegetation are grave consequences of open waste dumping which have resulted in growing public concern. The effect of waste disposal on soil quality of Achan, Srinagar was studied. The objective of the study was to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil samples collected from all the sides of the dumping site and at different distances. The results of the physical properties showed that bulk density was lower at the dumpsite and increased with increase in distance. Soil moisture content, pH, EC, OC, organic matter, CEC were higher at the dump site and decreased with increase in distance. Exchangeable cautions (Ca, Mg, and Na), DTPA micro nutrients and heavy metal concentration were higher at the dumpsite and decreased with the increase in the distance. All the parameters were found to be significantly different in different sampling sites except soil pH and nitrogen

기후온난화와 기후변화가 범죄양상에 미치는 영향과 초국가적 환경범죄의 등장

This article aims to study on the impact of global warming and climate change on the criminal patterns and the meaning of the transnational environmental crime. Nowadays human activities have caused global warming and climate change through the use of fossil fuel and this finally generates the environmental harm or environmental crime. Unlike the past, the recent environmental crime happens not in one country or region but in the international or global level. Recently owing to the development of traffic vehicles like airplane or ship or car, some crimes are committed across the nations: for example, illegal trade of timber, arms, animals or polluting substances, so the environmental crimes are committed across the nations or global level, therefore it is called as the transnational environmental crime. The transnational environmental crime(TEC) means the environmental crime which happens across the nations or global level, and it is not easy to estimate the size of the TEC, so a lot of criminal gangs or organized crime are connected with the TEC. For example, criminal gangs or organized crime deliver the waste or E-waste like cellular phones or computers to the poor country illegally, are concerned with the illegal dumping of polluting substances, do the illegal trafficking of timer or animals like tigers or rhinos. However, each nation or UN has not proper countermeasures to the TEC, so the size of TEC is growing over the years, and more kinds of TEC is created by the criminal gangs or organized crime. Therefore it is needed to make a proper means to prevent TEC in the global level.

Water quality and the presence of metals in crustaceans (Sartoriana spinigera) and mollusks (Pila globosa) close to an urban waste landfill in Kodda at Gazipur

Degradation of water and sediment quality along with other aquatic ecosystem components, due to urban waste is a significant concern that demands attention. Despite of the multifaceted use of the Konabari area within the Gazipur City Corporation of Bangladesh, limited studies have assessed the health of the floodplain ecosystem adjacent to urban waste landfills in Kodda. This research focuses on evaluating water quality parameters and the presence of metals and metalloids in water, sediment, and biota (invertebrates) in the lowland floodplain near the Kodda municipal landfill in Gazipur district. In December 2022, thirteen composite samples, including water, sediment, crustaceans (Sartoriana spinigera), and mollusks (Pila globosa), were collected from the designated sampling site. Surface and sub-surface (0–15 cm depth) water were collected using a water sampler for water quality analysis, and the presence of heavy metal and metalloid content of the water, sediment, crabs, and mollusks were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results indicated dissolved oxygen concentrations ranging from 0.30 to 5.81 mg/l (mean 3.1±2.37 mg/l). Certain locations directly affected by waste discharge exhibited alarmingly low dissolved oxygen levels (~0.71 mg/l), coupled with elevated temperatures and phosphate (PO43−) content (2–7.4 mg/l). The scarcity of heavy metal concentrations (<0.0677 mg/l) in water may be attributed to the constant flow of water preventing metal accumulation in the flowing water. However, sediment analysis revealed significantly higher concentrations (mean±Sd) of Fe (15240±1211 mg/kg), Mn (1122±180 mg/kg), Cu (44±5.5 mg/kg), Cr (28±3.2 mg/kg), Ni (39±2.4 mg/kg), As (3.7±0.89 mg/kg), and Zn (72±3.95 mg/kg) compared to other studies in various locations. Crustacean (Crab) samples showed concentrations of Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu exceeding recommended permissible limits. Pila globosa emerged as an effective ecological bioindicator of aquatic pollution, with concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pd exceeding recommended limits. Despite eco-environmental indices suggesting low to moderate contamination, the heavy metals and metalloids study indicated degradation of ecosystem health triggered by urban waste discharge. Consequently, the study recommends proper waste treatment in landfills and their transformation from open dumps to scientifically managed controlled waste landfills. Ann. Bangaldesh Agric. 27(2):175-189

Biogas-based electricity production from landfills in places of irregular disposal: Overview for the southeast region of Brazil

In Brazil, a substantial part of its urban population has its waste disposed of at inappropriate places, such as open dumps and controlled tipping. This causes environmental impacts, in addition to disregarding the positive externalities arising from the correct waste disposal. Given this scenario, this research aimed to estimate the potential for generating electricity, considering the implementation of sanitary landfills to serve municipalities with inadequate waste disposal. The study had its methodology tested in municipalities in the most populous region of Brazil, the Southeast. A Python algorithm to calculate the methane production from the waste was created based on the software Landfill Gas Emission Model (LandGEM). Moreover, another algorithm was developed to allocate the mini plants based on the electricity generated, to optimize the logistics of the distance. The CO2 emission reduction due to sanitary landfills opening was predicted as well. If the sanitary landfills were to be implemented, an amount of 11,795.7 GWh would be generated over the 20 years of study and an average value of 467.1 million tons of CO2 would no longer be emitted per year. Public policies are necessary for this scenario to become a reality in Brazil, such as research incentives and market development.