Ilex Paraguariensis Research Articles

Yerba Mate as an Inexpensive Source of Analytical Standards of Chlorogenic Acid Isomers: an Optimization Study

Yerba Mate as an Inexpensive Source of Analytical Standards of Chlorogenic Acid Isomers: an Optimization Study

Traceability Assay and Bioinoculant Effects of Two Plant Growth-Promoting Bacillus altitudinis Strains Isolated from Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.

Traceability Assay and Bioinoculant Effects of Two Plant Growth-Promoting Bacillus altitudinis Strains Isolated from Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.

From South America to the United States: Guayakí and the Transformation of Yerba Mate

In the early 2000s, California-based Guayakí popularized the caffeinated drink, yerba mate, among young people and creative types. With revenues of $100 million, Guayakí dominates the U.S. market where it is synonymous with yerba mate. This essay explores how Guayakí transformed a foreign product with deep local meaning, widespread popularity, and a long history in southern South America from a shared beverage and social practice into a healthy energy drink. Typically, localization entails multinational companies and local consumers adapting and giving new meanings to an exotic foreign product or brand. In contrast, local entrepreneurs radically changed yerba mate while preserving part of its narrative. Guayakí promotes product authenticity based on a narrative of South American Indigenous origins, stimulating qualities, and health benefits that fits with superfoods, while a narrative of green capitalism promotes brand authenticity. But that was not enough to popularize yerba mate. The product had to be adapted to consumer taste preferences and values that challenge the foundational ideas of superfoods and green capitalism. As a result of consumer input acquired through grassroots marketing, Guayakí transformed a shared infusion into something closer to a soft drink—a pre-prepared, individual-sized beverage served in a single-use bottle or can with flavoring and sugar levels tailored to U.S. consumers. The essay exposes the role of local entrepreneurs and consumers in shaping product development and localization. It complicates our understanding of product authenticity and brand authenticity while exposing the limitations of green capitalism, ethical consumerism, and activist entrepreneurship.

Exploring the potential of Ilex paraguariensis coproduct: High concentration of chlorogenic acids and enhanced thermal stability

Five tons, per hectare, of thick stems of Ilex paraguariensis are generated each harvest the external part of these (IPC) has a high concentration of chlorogenic acids but is not yet commercially exploited. Thus, it is hypothesized that the coproduct of I. paraguariensis when submitted to optimized extraction conditions will result in extracts rich in chlorogenic acids. Furthermore, optimized encapsulation by anti-solvent precipitation with zein ensures improved thermal stability. Multivariate strategies were successfully employed to obtain extraction of 10.16 g chlorogenic acids per 100 g IPC in 75 % ethanol. The mixture of IPC extract (15 mL) and zein (1.36 g) dripped (18.14 mL h−1) on the water under stirring (4 rpm) results in encapsulated with 94 % efficiency and thermal stability of up to 357.5 C. We show that it is possible to optimize the extraction of chlorogenic acids and encapsulate them in a fast and efficient way for easy industrial expansion. The high amount of chlorogenic acids and the thermal resistance of the encapsulates indicate that applications in foods exposed to heat are highly promising for the valorization of this natural resource not commercially exploited, in line with the concepts of the circular economy.

Oxidative stress mitigation in horticultural crops using foliar applications of Ilex paraguariensis extract: a dose‐dependent study

AbstractAbiotic stress has been shown to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. When the level of ROS surpasses the capacity of the endogenous defence mechanism, oxidative stress status is reached, leading to plant damage and a drop in crop productivity. Under oxidative stress conditions, ROS can react with polyunsaturated fatty acids to form oxidized derivatives called phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs), which are recognized as biomarkers of oxidative damage advance. Modern agriculture proposes the use of biostimulants as a sustainable strategy to alleviate the negative effects of oxidative stress on plants. This work evaluates the dose effect of natural antioxidant extract to mitigate the oxidative‐stress deleterious effects in melon and sweet pepper exposed to thermal stress. The plants were sprayed with Ilex paraguariensis (IP) aqueous extract in three different concentrations before exposure to abiotic stress. PhytoP and PhytoF levels were determined in the leaves of melon and pepper plants. IP1 and IP2 were effective against oxidative stress in both plants, with IP1 being the most protective one. IP1 decreased the levels of PhytoPs and PhytoFs by roughly 44% in both melon plants and pepper plants. The yield, with IP1, increased by 57 and 39% in stressed melon and pepper plants, respectively. IP3 foliar application in melon plants induced a pro‐oxidant effect rather than the expected mitigating action. However, in sweet pepper plants, IP3 decreased the oxidative stress progress and increased the fruit yield.

Abstract 099: Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome Secondary to Weight Loss Patch: A Case Report​

Introduction Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) is a clinico‐radiographical syndrome characterized by severe thunderclap headache and reversible multifocal arterial vasoconstriction1. RCVS can be spontaneous or related to a trigger such as vasoactive medication/supplements. There is no previous data on the association of weight loss patch formulation in the genesis of unexplained RCVS. Methods A woman in her 40s presented with five days of recurrent acute onset severe right frontal headaches after starting Thrive weight loss patch supplementation. Head CT showed right frontal lobe hemorrhage with bilateral SAHs (Figure1). Brain MRI redemonstrated hemorrhages, numerous scattered foci of restricted diffusion, and a large area of restricted diffusion in the left insular cortex (Figure 2). Cerebral angiogram showed diffuse multifocal narrowing with a ‘beads‐on‐a‐string’ appearance of the cerebral vasculature and no aneurysms (Figure 3). Thrive patch contains undisclosed amounts of sympathomimetics and vasoactive compounds. Given the history, clinical symptoms of recurrent thunderclap headaches, and angiographic findings, the diagnosis of RCVS was made. Brain MRA 3 months after discharge showed no areas of cerebrovascular focal stenosis (Figure 4). At 4 month follow up, she reported 90% improvement of her symptoms. Results We report a temporal relationship between RCVS in a woman in her 40s and usage of a Thrive weight loss patch, which contains green tea extract, L‐arginine, 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP), and Yerba Mate. We believe this report represents the first case of RCVS triggered by a weight loss patch. Multiple compounds within the Thrive patch have vasoactive properties that may contribute to RCVS genesis. Epigallocatechin (component of green tea extract) and 5‐HTP are metabolic compounds with potent vasoactive properties. They are components of weight loss and SSRI/SNRI medications respectively. Numerous studies have documented a temporal relationship between their use and subsequent development of RCVS2,3. Resolution of RCVS is reported after their discontinuation. Only one other case in our literature review investigated a patch modality in a temporal relationship with RCVS. It reported development and resolution of RCVS six days after nicotine patch use and discontinuation4. While Thrive patch does not contain nicotine, this case provides a further avenue for exploration as to whether pharmacokinetics of a patch modality influences a patient’s presentation with RCVS, as all prior reports document oral ingestion of substances. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware of the role of weight loss patches in RCVS, and their use should be assessed in large RCVS cohorts to clarify the association described in this report.

Yerba Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) Supplement Exerts Beneficial, Tissue-Specific Effects on Mitochondrial Efficiency and Redox Status in Healthy Adult Mice.

Yerba maté, a herbal tea derived from Ilex paraguariensis, has previously been reported to be protective against obesity-related and other cardiometabolic disorders. Using high-resolution respirometry and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the effects of four weeks of yerba maté consumption on mitochondrial efficiency and cellular redox status in skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver, tissues highly relevant to whole-body metabolism, were explored in healthy adult mice. Yerba maté treatment increased the mitochondrial oxygen consumption in adipose but not in the other examined tissues. Yerba maté increased the ATP concentration in skeletal muscle and decreased the ATP concentration in adipose. Combined with the observed changes in oxygen consumption, these data yielded a significantly higher ATP:O2, a measure of mitochondrial efficiency, in muscle and a significantly lower ATP:O2 in adipose, which was consistent with yerba maté-induced weight loss. Yerba maté treatment also altered the hepatic glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) redox potential to a more reduced redox state, suggesting the treatment's potential protective effects against oxidative stress and for the preservation of cellular function. Together, these data indicate the beneficial, tissue-specific effects of yerba maté supplementation on mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox states in healthy mice that are protective against obesity.

Effects on Glyco-Metabolic Control after 12 Months of Treatment with a Supplement of Ilex Paraguariensis, White Mulberry and Chromium Picolinate in Non-Diabetic Patients with Dysglycemia

Effects on Glyco-Metabolic Control after 12 Months of Treatment with a Supplement of Ilex Paraguariensis, White Mulberry and Chromium Picolinate in Non-Diabetic Patients with Dysglycemia

Pressurized liquid extraction as a strategy to recover bioactive compounds from yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil.) processing waste

The production process of the yerba mate creates a relevant waste quantity, which is reused in different ways. However, these approaches do not value this material's bioactive compounds. To obtain a valuable extract from yerba mate waste, we used pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with distilled water as solvent considering different conditions of temperature, solvent flow rate, pressure, static extraction time, and sample particle size. To evaluate the biological properties of the extracts, we measured the total phenolic content (TPC) and chemical composition, besides analyzing their antioxidant activity. The best TPC result (1256.18 mgGAE.100 gYMW−1) was reached at 120 °C, 9 mL.min−1, and 10 MPa. Temperature significantly influenced all extracts’ biological characteristics, especially the phenolic content. Our analyses revealed that the PLE technique is a viable approach for obtaining extracts with good biological properties. These results can guide the yerba mate industries to develop higher added-value products from a residue.

Yerba Mate Attenuates Oxidative Stress Induced Renal Cell Damage

IntroductionIn this study, the protective effects of yerba mate aqueous extract, which is widely used in traditional medicine, against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced toxicity were evaluated in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. MethodsHydrogen peroxide was used to induce oxidative stress in HEK 293T cells and create an in vitro model of acute kidney injury. The MTT assay was used to evaluate cell viability, and HPLC methods were used to determine the phenolic components of yerba mate extract. For mechanistic insight, the levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, which are the basic parameters of oxidative stress, were investigated in H2O2-treated HEK 293T cells. ResultsThe aqueous extract of yerba mate at a concentration of 62.5 µg/ml prevented H2O2-induced oxidative damage to HEK 293T cells by 70%. Morphological studies have also shown that yerba mate can inhibit cellular damage caused by H2O2. The HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in yerba mate extract revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin. Further, it was observed that yerba mate can significantly increase catalase and superoxide dismutase levels and decrease malondialdehyde levels. ConclusionsOur study demonstrated the ability of an aqueous extract of yerba mate to counteract H2O2-induced cell damage in HEK 293T cells. These data present yerba mate as a potent antioxidant with potential benefits for the management of acute kidney injury.

PERIODS OF COLLECTION AND SIZE OF MINI-CUTTINGS IN YERBA - MATE ADVENTITIOUS ROOTING

To improve the production of yerba mate seedlings by increasing rooting rates, clonal propagation is used, especially the mini-cutting technique, which aims to increase genetic gains and production efficiency. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the influence of different sizes of mini-cuttings and successive collections on the rooting and root vigor of Ilex paraguariensis. Four successive collections were carried out and mini-cuttings measuring 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm (± 0.2) in length were made, which were staked in 110 cm 3 tubes and kept in a climate-controlled greenhouse for 45 days. Rooting percentage, number of mini-cutting roots -1 , average length of the three largest mini-cutting roots -1, callus, mortality, survival, and maintenance of original leaves were considered. Rooting was influenced by the size of the mini-cuttings, with mini-cuttings of 8 cm and 10 cm showing greater vigor. The good adaptation of the mini-stumps tends to favor the rooting of the mini-cuttings throughout the collections, showing the potential of the mini-cutting technique for the vegetative influence of Ilex paraguariensis.

Optimization of the extraction of phenolic compounds from the leaves of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) through high hydrostatic pressure system using mixture design with process variables.

In this study, a mixture design with process variables was used to optimize the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from yerba mate leaves through high hydrostatic pressure extraction. The studied variables were pressure (50, 100, and 150 MPa), extraction time (10, 20, and 30 min), and solvent (water, glycerin, and 50% v/v water/50% v/v glycerin). The multiple linear regression model presented an excellent fit (R2 adjusted of 0.9792) and demonstrated the major influence of glycerin content on the water/glycerin mixture solvent for TPC extraction. Optimal process conditions obtained were 69% v/v water, 31% v/v glycerin, 50 MPa pressure, and 10 mintime. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The paper describes a novel extraction method to obtain phenolic compounds from yerba mate (compounds that can replace synthesized antioxidants in the food industry) using high hydrostatic pressure and environmentally friendly solvents. The extraction process was studied to optimize its performance, obtaining more phenolic compounds from the same amount of yerbamate.

Phytochemical and functional characterization of fermented Yerba mate using Rhizopus oligosporus

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was used to enhance the bioactive compounds and biological properties of food materials, such as buckwheat, turmeric, and ginseng. This study was investigated the effects of SSF for up to 10 days using Rhizopus oligosporus on Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire). The total phenolic content of Yerba mate rose to 20% after 1 day fermentation. The saponin contents of Yerba mate rose to 38% after 7 day fermentation. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and caffeine levels were increased up to 27.74% by fermentation, as determined by UPLC-MS analysis. ORAC and FRAP assays showed that the antioxidant activities of Yerba mate were enhanced 1.9- and 1.14-fold after 1 day fermentation. In addition, its inhibitory activities against yeast α-glucosidase and nitric oxide release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were higher than in the unfermented Yerba mate. Moreover, taste sensory analysis using an electronic tongue sensory system showed that the flavor of Yerba mate after 1 day fermentation was similar to that of the unfermented Yerba mate. These results suggested that solid fermentation using R. oligosporus is conducive to producing Yerba mate with enhanced biological properties.

Natural biostimulants foliar application as sustainable mitigation strategy of drought stress damage on the melon crop (Cucumis melo L.)

The main aims of this study were to evaluate the potential biostimulant effect of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. (IP) to improve the tolerance of honeydew melon plant (Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus) to drought stress and to establish the dose with the best performance to mitigate the negative effects of stress. The experiment was carried out on potted plants and five treatments were established: (1) Control: unstressed plants, 100–90% available water (AW); (2) DS: drought stress treatment, 30–20% AW; (3 to 5) drought stress and foliar spraying of IP extract (three doses): DS+IP1, DS+IP2, DS+IP3, respectively. This study revealed that drought stress negatively affects all growth parameters and those parameters most affected were leaf area (LA) and dry biomass production with reductions of 50 and 46%, respectively. Furthermore, oxidative damage increased by 41% malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and significantly decreased plant water status and the content of phenolic compounds. However, the application of IP extracts at least partially attenuated the negative effect of stress. IP2 was the most effective dose since it presented similar LA values as the control and decreased the dry biomass by only 14%. Furthermore, MDA levels increased by only 23% and activated the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase to a greater extent by 95 and 11%, respectively, compared to control. Moreover, IP treatments improve pigment biosynthesis and reinforce non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms by providing external phenolic compounds that counteract the reactive oxygen species increase caused by stress conditions. These findings propose IP extracts as valuable biostimulants in agriculture, mitigating the effects of water scarcity on melon crops.

Assessment of physicochemical parameters in argentinian Yerba Mate: Variability among different commercial brands

Yerba mate (YM) is a traditional plant-based product used in the preparation of hot beverages. YM is composed of dried leaves of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., which are slightly toasted and milled. The present study analyses the variability of physicochemical sensorial-linked characteristics among six of the most renowned argentinian brands of YM. The samples consist of particles that were categorised as coarse (61%), intermediate (34%), and fine (5%). The average moisture and ash content were 7.8% and 5.4%, respectively, and their average loose bulk density was 285 g/L. The average colour parameters were L* = 49, a* = − 1.25, b* = 15.5, with the total colour difference being lower than 1 among samples of the same brand. On average, 1 g of YM absorb 2.6 g of hot water. This study introduced a description of the mechanical response to compression for YM. All samples underwent easy compression under small stresses owing to the material’s open structure; compressibility exhibited a positive correlation with moisture due to the plasticizing effect of water. The relaxation response of the YM was associated with its spatial arrangement and the presence of smaller particles that could facilitate elastic behaviour. Mate tea presented an average pH of 5.77 and a refractive index of 1.3340. The content of phenolics in mate teas significantly differs among the studied YM brands, with its average equivalent to 2.32 g of chlorogenic acid per litre and its antioxidant capacity equivalent to 15 mM of Trolox. The phenolic concentration showed a negative correlation with the quantity of fine fraction and moisture content, and positive correlation was observed with water absorption capacity. This suggests that greater microporosity of the material might facilitate increased water-solid interaction, consequently leading to higher phenolic extraction. These results may contribute to explaining certain sensory attributes observed in YM samples.

Use of Bio-Waste of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Yerba mate) to Obtain an Extract Rich in Phenolic Compounds with Preservative Potential.

In this work, a comparison between the extracts of dehydrated yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and bio-waste of yerba mate leaves from the Brazilian industry was made. The incorporation of the functional extract as a preservative/functional ingredient in a pastry product (pancakes) was tested. The individual profile of phenolic compounds was determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS, and the bioactive potential was assessed using in vitro assays for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. The yerba mate extracts revealed a high antimicrobial potential against the tested strains and a very promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Additionally, revealed a cytotoxic capacity for MCF-7, CaCo and AGS tumor cell-lines. In the three types of pancakes, after 3 days of storage, the chemical and nutritional characteristics remain unchanged, proving the preservative efficiency of the extract. This study showed the benefits of the use bio-waste from agro-industrial sector, focusing on sustainable production and the development of circular economy.

Effects on meat quality of Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in the diet of chickens

The objective is to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of yerba mate in the diet on the yield and quality of chicken meat stored frozen for 120 days after slaughter. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments, and eight replications with 25 birds each. The treatments consisted of providing a basal diet with 1, 2, 4, and 6 g kg-1 of ground dehydrated Yerba mate. At slaughter, temperature, pH, and carcass yield were measured. 120 days after meat freezing, measurements of pH, colorimetry, cooking weight loss (CWL), shear force, and water retention capacity were estimated. The parameters evaluated after slaughter showed regression effects on breast and drumstick temperature. Breast temperature showed a decreasing linear effect (R2=0.61). For the variable thigh temperature, there was a negative quadratic effect (R2=0.66). The quality characteristics of breast and drumstick evaluated 120 days after freezing showed an increasing linear effect of drumstick CWL (R2=0.38). Yerba mate can be included in up to 6 g kg-1 in chicken feed without changing pH, color, and meat tenderness after 120 days of freezing, maintaining carcass and cut yields.

Sustainability of Shade-Grown Erva-Mate Production: A Management Framework for Forest Conservation

Despite the socioeconomic importance of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) traditional agroforestry production for family agriculture in Southern Brazil, there has been no systematization of forest management best practices aiming at long-term sustainability. Here, I present an analysis of relevant forest characteristics that are combined with restoration and management best practices to maintain not only sustainable traditional erva-mate production but also a healthy forest environment. Additionally, I developed a framework that offers an easy tool to apply a focused analysis of general forest attributes to help determine best practices for forest restoration, species diversification, and overall sustainability and health of agroforestry systems. This study also demonstrates that the integration of knowledge and practices that small-scale farmers and traditional communities have been developing for generations should be leveraged for more inclusive research and extension, especially considering the threats family farming is facing due to the dominant paradigm of conventional, one-size-fits-all agriculture.

SOIL CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES RELATIONSHIPS AROUND THE Araucaria angustifolia TREES IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS

This work aimed to understand the relationships between araucaria trees and some abiotic factors (soil type, soil organic C and soil nutrient supply) in agroforestry systems (AFS). Soils of two production areas in south-central region of the state of Parana (Bituruna - B and São Mateus do Sul - M) were characterized and soil chemical attributes were determined in microsites close to araucaria trees. B area presented only “juvenile” trees, while M area was formed by “juvenile” and “adult” trees. According to the multiple linear regression analyses, the soil chemical attributes showed an almost total dependence of the microsites depth. Soil chemical attributes dependence was much more diffuse in relation to the distances from the tree insertion in the soil. The non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination according to soil chemical attributes showed a great overlap of behavior of these tree groups. The chemical attributes comparison generated, to a certain extent, a soil fertility deficiency gradient between the microsites of the three groups of trees (MJ < MA < BJ). AFS with shaded Ilex paraguariensis must consider the replacement of nutrients exported by leaf harvest, which will help in the sustainability of the activity. This includes the environmental services that the AFS promotes by maintaining, or even renewing, of the native trees from the local forest, especially araucaria trees, in a productive system.

Trends in Ilex paraguariensis researches: a bibliometric analysis

BackgroundYerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) is a perennial South American plant widely investigated due to its effects on human health and chemical composition. Due to the presence of high levels of methylxanthines, phenolic compounds and saponins, yerba-mate is attractive under chemical and pharmacological aspects. Yerba-mate leaves are processed for the consumption of traditional beverages with a social, cultural and economic importance.ResultsTotally, 839 publications on the topic yerba-mate were identified in the Web of Science database, accumulating 15,365 citations with an h-index = 55. A text-based analysis of the abstract articles identified three main research fields: plant science, chemical composition and biological effects. These publications were distributed in 378 journals and involved the efforts of 3169 authors distributed in 48 countries and 681 organizations.ConclusionThe results reported here are a first graphic overview of the yerba-mate scientific production considering the research areas, journals citation coupling and cooperation among countries, organizations and authors.