Ileum Of Cattle Research Articles

Evaluating the cytokine profile of the WC1+ γδ T cell subset in the ileum of cattle with the subclinical and clinical forms of MAP infection

In the present study, we evaluated expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β by mucosal cells, including WC1+ γδ T cells, in ileal tissues taken from non-infected cattle and cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). Infected cattle were either in the subclinical or clinical stage of infection. We hypothesized that the cytokine profile of the WC1+ γδ T cell subset would be different between subclinical and clinical cattle. Our data indicate a significant increase in the numbers of WC1+ γδ T cells expressing IL-10 in clinical cattle compared to subclinical and non-infected cattle. We observed a significant increase in TGF-β expression by non-WC1+ cells in clinically infected cattle. Expression of IFN-γ, IL-17 and TNF-α in mucosal cells, including the WC1+ γδ T cell subset, was identified in all examined groups. However, our data indicate that the stage of infection did not significantly influence expression of these proinflammatory cytokines. This study demonstrates changes in the cytokine mRNA expression profile of mucosal cells in the ileum, and specifically WC1+ γδ T cells, as cattle progress to the clinical disease. The change is characterized by an increase in expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Human carcinogenesis and bracken fern: a review of the evidence.

The complex taxon embraced in the Pteridium genus, popularly known as bracken fern and notorious weeds in many parts of the world, is one of the few vascular plants known to induce cancer naturally in animals. It has been known for long to be acutely toxic to livestock and sublethal chronic oral feeding of bracken fronds leads to cancerous lesions in the urinary bladder, or bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) and ileum of cattle. Bracken poisoning has been attributed chiefly to ptaquiloside, a norsesqui-terpene which is also a potent carcinogen inducing various malignancies in laboratory animals. It is capable of alkylating uncoiled DNAbases at key proto-oncogenes of selected organs. Some human populations also eat young bracken shoots and epidemiological studies in Japan and Brazil have shown a close association between bracken consumption and cancers of the upper alimentary tract. In addition, other studies reveal that the mere presence of bracken swards represents a greater risk to die of gastric adenocarcinoma for people who live more than 20 years in such areas or are exposed in childhood. This work reviews the bracken-cancer connections established by in vitro and in vivo experiments and epidemiological studies in various parts of the world, and provides insights into the possible bridges for bracken carcinogens to reach the human diet. Also, specific points where more research is needed are highlighted.

Globidium Infections in the Sudan with Special Reference to Globidium gilruthi (Chatton, 1910) in Sheep and Goats

The first known Globidium on record was that observed by Flesch (1883) in the small intestine of the horse and named by him (1884) Globidium leuckarti. Following this finding, similar parasites were described by different authors affecting the kangaroo, sheep, goat, wallaby, wombat, armadillo, and camels in different parts of the world. Species recorded have been given various names. Wenyon (1926) classified them together in the single genus Globidium. Members of this genus so far described affecting farm animals include the following: G. leuckarti Flesch, 1883, in the small intestine of the horse; G. gilruthi (Chatton, 1910), in the abomasum and small intestine of sheep and goats; G. besnoiti (Marotel, 1912), affecting skin and ileum of cattle, and skin and epiglottis of horses; G. cameli Henry and Masson, 1932, in the ileum of the camel. Globidium infections were first observed in Sudan by Bennett (1927), who reported a case which he provisionally diagnosed as a peculiar sarcosporidial infection in a horse. Further investigation of mounted sections from this case proved the parasite in question to be Globidium. In 1933 the same author described 3 more cases, 2 in horses and 1 in a bull along with 2 suspected cases in a horse and a donkey. Detailed clinical and histopathological study of material from these cases gave evidence of the close conformity of this condition to that described in cattle by Besnoit and Robin (1912) and which was named Sarcocystis besnoiti in the same year by Marotel.