Ileal Lymph Nodes Research Articles

Secondary ileal lymph node metastases from rectal cancer: a case report

BackgroundColorectal cancer can invade adjacent organs, but rarely metastasizes to the regional lymph nodes (LNs) of the invaded organ. Herein, we report a case of rectal cancer invading the ileum and metastasized to the regional ileal LNs.Case presentationA 77-year-old male presented abdominal pain and anorexia, diagnosed with rectal cancer invading the small intestine and concurrently metastasized to the regional LN of the intestine and liver. High anterior resection and partial resection of the small intestine was performed, then, the patient was referred to our hospital for chemotherapy. We performed 17 cycles of systemic chemotherapy that achieved a partial reduction in size of the LN, followed by an ileocecal resection with ileal mesentery resection for regional LNs removal. Histopathological analysis of the resected ileal LNs and six liver lesions revealed a moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 18. Cancer recurrences developed in the lungs 5 months after the surgery, then to the liver and peritoneum, and further surgery and chemotherapy were performed. Despite the challenging presentation, the patient survived for 40 months after the first surgery.ConclusionsWe report a rare case of a surgical resection of a secondary ileal LN metastasis from rectal cancer. The patient survives for a relatively long time after surgical resection. When colorectal cancer invades the small intestine, clinicians should consider the possibility of secondary LN metastasis in the invaded site.

Distribution characteristics of FcμR positive cells in small intestinal lymph nodes of Bactrian camel.

Exploring the expression characteristics of FcμR in small intestinal lymph nodes of bactrian camels can lay the foundation for further revealing the function of FcμR. The FcμR expression characteristics were systematically analysed by using prokaryotic expression, antibody preparation, immunohistochemical staining and statistical analysis. FcμR positive cells were mainly located in the lymphoid follicles and their numbers decreased in the order of duodenal lymph nodes, jejunal lymph nodes and ileal lymph nodes, and the number of positive cells was statistically significant between different intestinal segments (P<0.05). The FcμR is expressed in lymphoid follicular B cells, which not only facilitates the body's ability to regulate secretory IgM levels, but also acts as a local immune defence barrier. The small intestine has dual functions of immune tolerance and immune response, the proximal part mainly focuses on immune tolerance, and the distal part mainly focuses on immune response. This distribution ensures the unity of the duodenal absorption and immune defence, and also significantly increases the efficiency of the entire small intestine, which is why the number of FcμR positive cells decreases in the order of duodenal lymph nodes, jejunal lymph nodes and ileal lymph nodes.

Whole Genome Methylation Analysis Reveals Role of DNA Methylation in Cow's Ileal and Ileal Lymph Node Responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection.

Johne’s Disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP), is an incurable disease of ruminants and other animal species and is characterized by an imbalance of gut immunity. The role of MAP infection on the epigenetic modeling of gut immunity during the progression of JD is still unknown. This study investigated the DNA methylation patterns in ileal (IL) and ileal lymph node (ILLN) tissues from cows diagnosed with persistent subclinical MAP infection over a one to 4 years period. DNA samples from IL and ILLN tissues from cows negative (MAPneg) (n = 3) or positive for MAP infection (MAPinf) (n = 4) were subjected to whole genome bisulfite sequencing. A total of 11,263 and 62,459 differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs), and 1259 and 8086 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) (FDR<0.1) were found between MAPinf and MAPneg IL and ILLN tissues, respectively. The DMRs were found on 394 genes (denoted DMR genes) in the IL and on 1305 genes in the ILLN. DMR genes with hypermethylated promoters/5′UTR [3 (IL) and 88 (ILLN)] or hypomethylated promoters/5′UTR [10 (IL) and 25 (ILLN)] and having multiple functions including response to stimulus/immune response (BLK, BTC, CCL21, AVPR1A, CHRNG, GABRA4, TDGF1), cellular processes (H2AC20, TEX101, GLA, NCKAP5L, RBM27, SLC18A1, H2AC20BARHL2, NLGN3, SUV39H1, GABRA4, PPA1, UBE2D2) and metabolic processes (GSTO2, H2AC20, SUV39H1, PPA1, UBE2D2) are potential DNA methylation candidate genes of MAP infection. The ILLN DMR genes were enriched for more biological process (BP) gene ontology (GO) terms (n = 374), most of which were related to cellular processes (27.6%), biological regulation (16.6%), metabolic processes (15.4%) and response to stimulus/immune response (8.2%) compared to 75 BP GO terms (related to cellular processes, metabolic processes and transport, and system development) enriched for IL DMR genes. ILLN DMR genes were enriched for more pathways (n = 47) including 13 disease pathways compared with 36 enriched pathways, including 7 disease/immune pathways for IL DMR genes. In conclusion, the results show tissue specific responses to MAP infection with more epigenetic changes (DMCs and DMRs) in the ILLN than in the IL tissue, suggesting that the ILLN and immune processes were more responsive to regulation by methylation of DNA relative to IL tissue. Our data is the first to demonstrate a potential role for DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of MAP infection in dairy cattle.

63 DNA methylome wide profile associates differentially methylated loci and regions with cow’s ileal lymph node response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Abstract Johne’s Disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avim spp paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic and incurable disease of ruminants with devastating consequences to the dairy industry. MAP can alter the expression of genes and biological processes during the progression of JD. While some studies have examined the role of gene expression regulators like microRNA in the pathogenesis of JD, no study has explored the role of DNA methylation. This study therefore examined the effect of MAP on DNA methylation profile in the ileum lymph node (ILLN) of cows with subclinical MAP infection. DNA from ILLN tissues from five cows positive for MAP (MAP positive) and five negative cows (MAP negative) were extracted and subjected to whole genome bisulfite sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 6,394 differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) and 3,946 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) (FDR &amp;lt; 0.05) were identified between MAP positive and negative cows. DMRs were annotated to 2,488 genes, including the promoters of 238 genes. Some genes with hypermethylated promoters like GRB10, EIF4E, SLC30A3, SOX30 or hypomethylated promoters like SLC11A1, HOXA4, SLC18A1 have been associated with JD or mycobacterial infections in cattle and/or humans. Functional annotation of DMR genes indicated enrichment in pathways previously associated with JD or human diseases with similar pathological conditions as JD, such as T/B cell receptor signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, Cell adhesion molecules, Leukocyte transendothelial migration, HIF-1 signaling pathway and Chagas disease. Furthermore, enriched gene ontology terms like negative regulation of immune system process, negative regulation of cytokine secretion/production and negative regulation of inflammatory response suggest that MAP prevented or reduced the host immune response. Our data demonstrate that DNA methylation changes contribute to regulation of host immune responses to MAP infection and may be one of the mechanisms that MAP uses to subvert host immune responses for its long-term survival.

Circadian Variations in Cellular Composition of Lymphoid Organs in Rats with Experimental Endomyometritis.

Circadian variations in the cellular composition of the lymphoid organs were studied in female Wistar rats under normal conditions and in experimental endomyometritis. The fractions of CD8+ cells (effector killers), CD25+ cells (activated/immature lymphocytes), as well as large, medium, small lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages were assessed at 10.00 and 20.00 h. In the thymus and spleen of rats with endomyometritis, the number of parameters demonstrating significant circadian variations was lower than in intact animals. In the lymph nodes, morning/evening differences appeared for the number of CD8+ and CD25+ cells and monocytes/macrophages in the para-aortic lymph nodes, the number of large and small lymphocytes and CD8+ cells in inguinal lymph nodes, and in the number of large lymphocytes, CD8+ cells, and monocytes/macrophages in the ileal lymph nodes. Thus, the development of chronic inflammation in the uterine and vaginal mucosa was accompanied by desynchronosis in the immune system. Hence, circadian rhythms should be taken into consideration in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Early Kinetics of Intestinal Infection and Immune Responses to Two Toxoplasma gondii Strains in Pigs.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite, able to infect all homeothermic animals mostly through ingestion of (oo)cysts contaminated food or water. Recently, we observed a T. gondii strain-specific clearance from tissues upon infection in pigs: while the swine-adapted LR strain persisted in porcine tissues, a subsequent infection with the human-isolated Gangji strain cleared parasites from several tissues. We hypothesized that intestinal immune responses shortly after infection might play a role in this strain-specific clearance. To assess this possibility, the parasite load in small intestinal lymph node cells and blood immune cells as well as the IFNγ secretion by these cells were evaluated at 2, 4, 8, 14, and 28 days post oral inoculation of pigs with tissue cysts of both strains. Interestingly, at day 4 post inoculation with the LR strain the parasite was detected by qPCR only in the duodenal lymph node cells, while in the jejunal and ileal lymph node cells and PBMCs the parasite was detected from day 8 post inoculation onwards. Although we observed a similar profile upon inoculation with the Gangji strain, the parasite load in the examined cells was much lower. This was reflected in a significantly higher T. gondii-specific serum IgG response in LR compared to Gangji infected pigs at day 28 post inoculation. Unexpectedly, this was not reflected in the IFNγ secretion upon re-stimulation of the cells where almost equal IFNγ secretion was observed in both groups. In conclusion, our results show that T. gondii first enters the host at the duodenum and then probably disseminates from this site to the other tissues. How the early immune response influences the clearance of parasite from tissues needs further study.

Multiple liver metastases originating from synchronous double cancer of neuroendocrine tumor and rectal cancer: a case report

BackgroundNeuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a relatively rare tumor and can develop in almost any organ, but primary mesenteric NETs are extremely rare. In addition, liver metastases from synchronous double cancer of neuroendocrine tumor graded as G1 and second primary malignancies (SPMs) have never been reported before. We herein report a case of multiple liver metastases from synchronous double cancer of NET (G1) at the ileal mesentery and rectal cancer.Case presentationA 66-year-old man was identified as having tumors in the rectum and the ileal mesentery by computed tomography (CT). He underwent laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer and biopsy of the ileal mesentery lymph node and was diagnosed with rectal cancer as pT3 pN1 cM0 (stage IIIB) and NET (G1) of the ileal mesentery. He received oxaliplatin and capecitabine (XELOX) for 3 months as adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer. The NET (G1) of the ileal mesentery was low grade and had not expanded at follow-up. A CT scan performed 4 years after the surgery indicated multiple liver metastases. All the metastases had the same findings on CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, the patient underwent the first stage of modified associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (modified ALPPS), comprising partial hepatectomies of segments 3 and 4, ligation of the right branch of portal vein, and hepatic partition on the demarcation line, followed by the second stage of modified ALPPS (right lobectomy). Histopathological findings revealed that the 14 nodules were metastatic liver tumors of rectal cancer and the 2 nodules were liver metastases of the NET (G1).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that synchronous double cancer of NET and gastrointestinal cancer may be indistinguishable in preoperative images. However, curative resection, precise pathological diagnosis, and adequately adjusted treatment may result in a better prognosis.

PSVI-15 Transcriptome analysis of ileal lymph nodes identifies key microRNAs affecting disease progression in Holstein cows with subclinical Johne’s disease

Abstract Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic enteric disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) but immune and metabolic mechanisms affecting JD progression have not been clearly elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have been reported to play important roles in numerous biological processes by regulating gene expression. In this study, miRNA expression in ileal lymph nodes (ILLN) from MAP positive (JD subclinical stage) Holstein cows (n = 5) and MAP negative cows (n = 5) were characterized by high throughput sequencing. MiRNA-sequence data was processed using a standard pipeline followed by functional enrichment with ClueGo app in Cytoscape. Among 324 expressed miRNAs, 37 were differently expressed (DE) (18 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated) in MAP infected cows relative to MAP negative cows. Bta-miR-100 (fold change = -2.29), a down-regulated miRNA, has previously been associated with Streptococcus uberis and MAP infections in cows, while bta-miR-330 (fold change = 63.42), the most up-regulated miRNA, was previously reported to be present in the sera of MAP infected calves. Predicted target genes of 37 DE miRNAs were enriched (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in gene ontology terms related to metabolic, cellular and developmental processes, and immune system development, as well as pathways related to cancer and Th17 cell differentiation, and lysosome compartmentalization. This suggests that miRNAs DE following MAP infection may be involved in regulating a wide variety of processes. In addition, 5 DE miRNAs were negatively correlated (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with 39 DE mRNAs (mRNAs expressed in the same tissue), comprising 42 negatively correlated DE miRNA-mRNA pairs. Bta-miR-2447 was negatively correlated with 29 DE mRNAs, suggesting it may be an important hub miRNA in the regulation of MAP infection in ILLN tissue. Our data thus suggest that bta-miR-100, bta-miR-330 and bta-miR-2447, which are implicated in the Th17 cell differentiation pathway, may be key regulators of the host response during MAP infection in ILLN.

Detection of Paratuberculosis in Migratory Gaddi Sheep of Himachal Pradesh using Pathological Techniques

The present study was planned to investigate the pathology of terminal ileum and associated lymph nodes in Gaddi sheep in Himachal Pradesh (HP) with particular emphasis on paratuberculosis. The tissue samples were collected from 39 sheep slaughtered for table purpose around Palampur and from Government slaughter house Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, during September, 2013 to March, 2014. The terminal ileum, along with ileo-caecal junction (ICJ) and associated lymph nodes were critically examined at gross and histopathology for lesions suggestive of paratuberculosis. The scrapping smear cytology of ileal mucosa and ileo-caecal lymph node (ICLN) was stained by Ziehl-Neelsen’s (ZN) staining. Based on gross pathology, a total of 25(64.10%), 3(7.69%) and 1(2.56%) cases showed lesions suggestive of mild, moderate and severe paratuberculosis, respectively, with an overall 74.36% cases. ZN stained cytology demonstrated acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in 9 (23.08%) cases. On routine histopathological examination, the tissue samples were graded from 0 to IV and revealed only one (2.56%), 21 (53.84%), 13 (33.33%) and 3 (7.69%) Grade I, II, III and IV cases respectively, with an overall 97.43% cases. Only one histopathological Grade III case showed AFB (paucibacillary type) in ZN stained tissue sections from ileum and ileo-caecal lymph node (ICLN). Irrespective of the grade of paratuberculosis lesion the lymph nodes revealed mild to severe fibrosis in most of the cases suggesting replacement of granulomatous areas. In conclusion, histopathological examination was found to be the most effective method for detection of paratuberculosis in sheep and present study suggests alarming level of paratuberculosis among Gaddi sheep in HP.

Evidence for Chlamydia in Crohns Disease

Chlamydia causes enteritis in young pigs and calves, and granulomas within intestinal lymphatics. Recently we called attention to the lymphangitis and lymphatic obstruction that occurs in Crohn’s disease. We searched resected tissues from patients for evidence of chlamydia and sera for evidence of previous exposure to chlamydia. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were employed to seek chlamydia in preserved tissues. In the IHC, antibody to C. trachomatis served as primary antibody; in the PCR, primers specific for Chlamydiaceae were employed. Commercial ELISA kits measured anti-chlamydia IgG and IgA against C. trachomatis antigen in sera derived from a population of patients different from that which yielded the tissue specimens. IHC revealed focal positive staining for chlamydia in tissues of 5 of 19 patients. Positive reacting cells occurred within dense inflammation, in sparsely scattered macrophages in the submucosa and subserosa. Tissues from 3 of 22 control subjects were positive. Real-time PCR done on ileal, colonic, and regional lymph node tissues revealed evidence of chlamydia in 3 of 33 patients. Serology for anti-chlamydia IgG revealed 2 positive values in 24 patients, while serology for anti-chlamydia IgA revealed 4 positives among the 24 patients, and 1 positive in the 15 controls. One patient and one control had both elevated IgG and IgA titers. The 4 patients with elevated IgA titers were from a single family of 6 with Crohn’s disease, which had been previously described. Additional consideration needs to be given to the chlamydia species, including those of animal origin, which leave behind little evidence of their previous involvement.

Некоторые особенности расположения микрометастазов в подвздошных лимфатических узлах при раке шейки матки

Некоторые особенности расположения микрометастазов в подвздошных лимфатических узлах при раке шейки матки

Quantification and Determination of Spread Mechanisms of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Blood and Tissues from Colostrum-Deprived Calves During an Experimental Acute Infection Induced by a Non-Cytopathic Genotype 1 Strain

To detect and monitor the sequential changes in virus levels, a reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using a TaqMan probe was carried out on frozen blood and tissues samples collected from calves experimentally infected with a non-cytopathic Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) genotype 1 strain. Blood samples were collected among days 1-14 post-inoculation (p.i). On day 3 p.i, viral RNA was detected in blood samples from six of the eight inoculated animals. Viral RNA was detected in all remaining inoculated animals between 5 and 12 days p.i. The levels of viral RNA increased along the experiment, with a maximal peak between 6 and 9 days p.i. Analysis of virus load in tissues collected from calves euthanized on days 3, 6, 9 and 14 p.i displayed that BVDV was detected on day 3 p.i, being especially abundant in tonsils and ileocaecal valve, highlighting the role of tonsils as the main earliest viral replication sites as well as the principal source for virus spread to other lymphoid tissues and visceral organs. Coinciding with the highest viraemia levels, the highest viral loads were recorded at 9 days p.i. in tonsils, ileal lymph nodes, distal ileum and spleen, showing the main role of these secondary lymphoid organs in the pathogenic mechanisms of BVDV. However, virus levels in the liver and lung increased only towards the end of the infection. This fact could influence in the appearance of bovine respiratory diseases because of the capacity of BVDV for enhancing susceptibility to secondary infections.

Cutaneous endometriosis: review of 15 cases diagnosed at a single institution

Endometriosis is a disease characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and/or stroma outside the uterine cavity. The main location is the ovary, but it has been described in many other extragenital locations, mainly the intestinal wall and the epiplon, but also the lung and the skin. In this report we review the cases of cutaneous endometriosis diagnosed at Fundación Jiménez Díaz in Madrid in the last decade. In this time period we have seen 376 specimens with endometriosis, 330 from ovarian origin, 11 cases involving the appendix, 3 affecting the uterine cervix, 3 involving the epiplon, 1 in an ileal lymph node, 5 in the small intestine, 6 in the large intestine, 2 affecting the lung (with recurring pneumothorax) and 15 involving the skin. We comment on the features of the patients with cutaneous endometriosis and their gynaecological history.

Histopathological Classification of Lesions Observed in Natural Cases of Paratuberculosis in Free-ranging Fallow Deer ( Dama dama)

Ninety-five adult fallow deer, legally hunted in the Regional Hunting Reserve of El Sueve (Northern Spain), were subjected to a post-mortem examination for paratuberculosis, samples being taken from the proximal and distal jejunum, proximal and distal ileum, ileocaecal valve and associated lymph nodes. The lesions were divided into four categories. Focal lesions (n=19 cases) consisted of small granulomas, mainly in the jejunal and ileal lymph nodes. Multifocal lesions (n=4) consisted of well-demarcated granulomas in the intestinal lymphoid tissue and also in the intestinal lamina propria. Diffuse multibacillary lesions (n=2) were characterized by a severe granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis. Macrophages and numerous Langhans giant cells containing many mycobacteria were present, resulting in macroscopical changes in the normal gut morphology. These changes were found from the proximal jejunum to the ileocaecal valve, but lesions were always particularly severe in the distal jejunum. In diffuse intermediate (multibacillary-lymphocytic) lesions (n=3) the infiltrate consisted of lymphocytes, macrophages and Langhans giant cells, with small numbers of mycobacteria. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis was identified by a polymerase chain reaction technique. The widespread occurrence of paratuberculosis in fallow deer in this Reserve represents a potential source of infection for other susceptible species.

Small intestinal CD4+ T-cell lymphoma: a rare distinctive clinicopathological entity associated with prolonged survival

Dear Editor, Intestinal T-cell lymphomas are rare and heterogeneous. Most of them are localised high-grade large cell lymphomas and carry a poor prognosis. The WHO classification only recognises one distinct entity of intestinal T-cell lymphoma, called “enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma” [5]. This lymphoma arises in pre-existing celiac disease. The neoplastic cells infiltrate the overlying epithelium, mimicking normal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELS). They are CD3+, CD5−, CD7+, CD8−/+ and also express the homing receptor CD103 antigen, typically seen in normal and malignant intraepithelial T lymphocytes. CD4 is always negative. In 1999, Carbonnel et al. [1] reported four patients with clinico-pathological features suggesting a new distinct entity defining extensive small intestinal CD4+ T-cell lymphoma. We had the opportunity to diagnose an additional case of this T-cell low grade lymphoma in a patient without any evidence of celiac disease, associated with prolonged survival. In January 2004, a 23-year-old man was admitted in our hospital with a 4-month history of diarrhoea, weight loss (−4 kg) and massive abdominal distension. Laboratory findings revealed marked eosinophilia (absolute eosinophil count, 6,185 per mm) and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (16.7 g/l, N<16 g/l) with normal IgM, IgA and IgE levels. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed multiple enlarged mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Histological examination of the ileal biopsies showed an abundant and diffuse pleomorphic infiltrate, predominantly located in the lamina propria. This infiltrate was composed mainly of smallto medium-sized cells, sometimes cleaved, with inconspicuous nucleoli and plasma cells (Fig. 1a). Crypt architecture was preserved. The villi were normal or slightly shortened. There was no increase in IELs. There was no lymphoepithelial lesion. Numerous polymorphonuclear eosinophils and extensive epithelioid granulomatous reaction were associated with the lymphoid infiltrate (Fig. 1b). Gastric and colonic biopsies were normal. A few days later, the patient developed sub-acute small bowel obstruction, and a laparoscopic ileal resection was performed (Fig. 1c). Mesenteric and ileal lymph nodes were Virchows Arch (2007) 451:1091–1093 DOI 10.1007/s00428-007-0475-7

Oral transgene vaccination mediated by attenuated Salmonellae is an effective method to prevent Herpes simplex virus-2 induced disease in mice

An attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium has been used as a carrier for oral genetic immunization. The eukaryotic expression vector pCMV containing the gene of the glycoprotein D (gD) of the herpes simplex virus 2 was used to transform Salmonellae. The oral immunization with the transformed salmonellae elicited a strong cellular immune response in both, the mucosal and systemic compartments (spleen, ileal lymph nodes and Peyer patches). The immune response mainly consisted in a dramatic activation of IFN-γ-secreting cells. Twenty hours following the challenge with five lethal doses of virus, mRNA for IFN-γ was observed in vaginal tissues from mice immunized with salmonella harboring the plasmid pgD but not in tissues from mice immunized by the intramuscular route with pgD. After an intravaginal challenge all immunized mice survived without developing symptoms. Furthermore, the immunization with Salmonella resulted in a more effective control of viral shedding than intramuscular immunization. We have unequivocally demonstrated by the introduction of an intron in the green fluorescent protein that the expression of the plasmid was due to the transcription of the protein by an eukaryotic nuclear process and not as a result of expression of the protein by the bacteria. Macrophages and dendritic cells were found expressing the protein in systemic and mucosal compartments of the immune system.

Changes in the distribution of αβ and γδ T cells in blood and in lymph nodes from fetal and postnatal lambs

We have examined the distribution of αβ and γδ T cells, together with B cells, in a range of lymph nodes and blood before and after birth. The proportions of blood-borne αβ and γδ T cells changed markedly during development with a wave of increasing numbers of blood-borne γδ T cells occurring in the fetus during the last month of gestation and early postnatal life. γδ T cells constituted 18% of T cells in the blood of fetal lambs one month before birth and 60% of T cells in the blood of lambs one month after birth. There were also changes in the numbers of αβ T cells circulating through lymph nodes after birth. The proportion of CD4 + and CD8 + cells in mesenteric nodes increased substantially after birth, whereas that of γδ T cells decreased. Although B cells were present in much larger numbers in ileal lymph nodes in both the fetus and lamb, there was a large increase in the concentration of B cells in all lymph nodes in lambs after birth. In addition to the differences in the distribution of lymphocyte subsets circulating in fetal and postnatal lambs, markedly different growth patterns were also observed between lymph nodes before and after birth.

Non-random migration of CD4+, CD8+, γδ+T19+, and B cells between blood and lymph draining ileal and prescapular lymph nodes in the sheep fetus

We have examined the circulation of CD5+, CD4+, CD8+, gamma delta + T19+, and B cells through ileal and prescapular lymph nodes in the sheep fetus in an environment uninfluenced by foreign antigen and ongoing immune responses or circulating immunoglobulins, and have contrasted this circulation with that occurring through the same tissue in 1-year-old sheep. The vast majority of lymphocytes circulating through fetal prescapular lymph nodes and fetal ileal lymph were T cells; however, there was a significantly higher concentration of B cells in ileal lymph compared to prescapular lymph. Furthermore, in contrast to 1-year-old sheep, there was an imbalance in the distribution of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells in fetal prescapular and ileal lymph, with CD4+ cells enriched in prescapular lymph relative to other T cell subsets and CD8+ cells enriched in ileal lymph. Our results suggest that in the fetus either there is preferential migration of CD4+ cells through peripheral lymph nodes and/or CD8+ lymphocytes through the ileal gut, or newly formed CD8+ lymphocytes are being released from the ileum or ileal lymph node directly into ileal lymph.

The distribution of ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin in granulomatous lymphadenitis of bovine paratuberculosis

Immunohistochemical examination of iron-binding proteins was carried out in the formalin-fixed mesenteric lymph nodes of normal cattle and of cattle with paratuberculosis. Ferritin (FT) and lactoferrin (LF) were found in the granulomas in ileal lymph nodes from six infected cattle. A weak reaction for transferrin (TF) was found in granulomas of a lymph node from one of the infected cattle. FT was found in the macrophages in the medullary sinuses of normal and infected nodes; however, the reaction in infected nodes was generally stronger than that in normal ones. LF in the macrophages was found in only two infected nodes. Neutrophils in both normal and infected cattle always reacted strongly for LF. The TF was always found in the blood vessels and intracellular space. These results suggest that: (1) FT and LF may be important in vivo sources of iron for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, since their own iron-binding compounds are considered to acquire iron from FT and LF in vitro; (2) the increase in FT and LF in the granulomas may be related to inflammatory hyposideraemia associated with paratuberculosis and (3) epithelioid and giant cells may have a different iron metabolism, from normal macrophages.

The Venous Supply of the Cecum, Ileum, and the Proximal Loop of the Ascending Colon in the Ox*

AbstractThe present study describes in detail the venous supply to the bovine cecum, ileum, and the proximal loop of the ascending colon. The cecum was supplied by branches from the cecal and accessory cecal veins. The accessory cecal vein was observed in the majority of the specimens examined. The cecal and accessory cecal veins were joined by 7–10 short oblique anastomoses. The ileum was supplied by the ileal branches of the cecal vein, and from the mesenteric ileal and first ileal (cranial mesenteric) veins. The ileal branches of the cecal vein formed a row of antimesenteric ileal arches in the ileal part of the ileocecal fold. The mesenteric ileal vein, in some cases, detached a collateral branch. The first ileal and the mesenteric ileal veins anastomosed on the ventral surface of the ileum. The initial loop of colon was supplied by branches from the ileocolic vein. In the majority of specimens, the common colic, a branch of the cranial mesenteric vein, supplied the first colic branch to the third part of the initial colon. In such cases, the ileocolic vein gave off only the second and third colic branches. However, in one case, the proximal loop of the ascending colon was supplied by three colic branches of the ileocolic vein and by the first colic branch of the common colic vein. In specimens in which the common colic vein was absent, the colic branches to the initial colon were all given off by the ileocolic vein. The third (or fourth) colic branch of the ileocolic vein and the first cecal branch of the cecal vein united on the lateral surface of the ileocecocolic junction to form an ileocecocolic arch. The veins on the medial surface of the ileocecocolic junction did not form an arch.The colic and ileal lymph nodes were supplied by twigs from the colic branches of the ileocolic vein and first ileal vein of the cranial mesenteric, respectively. The small cecal lymph nodes seen only in the specimen from the calf were supplied by fine branches from the cecal vein.