Ilam Province Research Articles

Assessing the inequality of health distribution among the provinces of Iran during the Fifth Development Plan (2011-2015)

Introduction: Health, both physically and mentally, raises the level of human capital. This study aims to challenge the performance of the Fifth Development Plan (2011-2015) regarding inequality in the distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country. Methods: This study is analytical cross sectional. In this research, using the TOPSIS method and using the Gini coefficient index and inequality ratios, was evaluated the distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country. Also, to determine the degree of health development among the provinces of the country, from 13 indices including hospital per capita, hospital bed per capita, health house per capita, health center per capita, laboratory per capita, pharmacy per capita, general practitioner per capita, specialist physician per capita and other health care staff per capita were used. The software used in this research is SPSS 25. Results: The results show that in 2011, the provinces of Tehran, KhorasanRazavi and Isfahan were at the highest level and the provinces of South Khorasan, Ilam and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad were at the lowest level in this regard. While, in 2015, the provinces of Tehran, KhorasanRazavi maintained their previous position and Fars province was in the third place. The province of Ilam, was still at the lowest level. The Gini coefficient of distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country in 2011 was 0.49, and increased to 0.52 in 2015. The share ratio of the top 20% to the bottom 20% among the provinces in terms of enjoying health facilities in 2011 and 2015 was equal to 32 and 37, respectively. Conclusion: The severity of inequality of health facilities among the provinces of the country has intensified during the Fifth Plan. The results show that the provinces have a significant difference in their position in access to health facilities and this indicates equal distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country.

Heterogeneity preferences and willingness to pay for environmental services: Evidence from Iran

Environmental challenges such as soil salinity and desertification have been concerns of Iran's agricultural sector in recent decades. Payment for ecological characteristics is one of the market methods of protection which has received much attention. One of the areas that have been plagued by such problems in the last decade is the aquifer of the Dasht-e-Abbas of Ilam province. This study examines the preferences and willingness to pay farmers to maintain and improve the aquifer of Dasht-e-Abbas. For this purpose, the choice experiment method and mixed logit and latent class models were used. The required information was obtained by completing a questionnaire and interviews with 108 farmers in 2021. The results obtained from both models confirmed the existence of heterogeneity in farmers' preferences, and the variables age, environmental orientation, and groundwater use were identified as heterogeneity factors. The mixed logit model and latent class results showed that the characteristics of reed level, soil salinity, and desertification have the highest priority from farmers' perspectives, respectively. The maximum willingness to pay for these two attributes has been 420 and 256 thousand Iran Rials per month per hectare. Based on the results, there is a need for the authorities to take effective action by holding extension classes related to the importance of the environment and the problems associated with this aquifer.

Death Trends and Years of Life Lost Due to Social Harms Such as Suicide, Homicide, and Addiction, Ilam Province, 2009-2019.

This study aimed to investigate the death trend and years of life lost (YLL) caused by social harm in Ilam province. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Ilam province from 2009 to 2019. To estimate YLL, all deaths caused by suicide, homicide, and addiction were included in the study. The data were collected from the Forensic Medicine Organization. The analysis was carried out using SPSS software (version 23.0). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Between 2009 and 2019, there were 1712 occurrences of suicide, homicide, and addiction, which resulted in a total of 62,605 years of lost life (53,934 per 100,000 people). The highest frequency was related to the age group of 15-29 years, while the lowest was related to the age group of 0-14 years (p<0.001). During the studied period, men were more likely than women to commit suicide, homicide, and addiction in Ilam (p>0.439). Between 2009 and 2019, the number of suicides and homicides in Ilam province started a decreasing trend for both sexes, while the number of deaths caused by addiction was increasing. The results of this study indicated that the age groups of 15-29 years had the highest rate of YLL caused by suicide, homicide, and addiction for both sexes. Furthermore, the findings showed that YLL decreased for suicide and homicide, but increased for addiction.

Investigation of the efficiency of MaxEnt, topsis and invest models on site suitability and decline potential of Persian oak forests in Zagros, Iran (Ilam Province)

Background: Over the last decade, a significant area of Zagros forests, especially in Ilam Province, west of Iran, has been affected by the phenomenon of oak decline. The most basic item for fighting the decline of these forests is to know site suitability, the parameters affecting it, determining the criteria affecting the decline and preparing a map of the decline potential of these forests. In this study, the efficiency of Maxent on preparing site suitability map of Dalab and Bankol and the most important criteria affecting P.Oak decline was investigated by TOPSIS. The integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) was used to prepare a zoning map of decline potential of P.Oak site. Validation of maps was done with receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and field visits. Results: The results showed that pc-forest, distance from rivers and temperature are the most important criteria of the distribution of P.Oak. In addition, many parts of both sites were found to lack site suitability. The results of TOPSIS showed that the most important criteria of P.Oak decline are socio-economic criteria. Conclusions: Decline potential in Bankol was much higher and the pressure caused by stressful criteria was higher in this site. The results showed 6 general stresses of land use change, grazing, pests, charcoal disease, fires and tourism in two sites. Dalab has shown a better condition in terms of decline potential. The reason for this is the operation of conservation management in this site. The obtained results show the efficiency of the used methods.

Mahnaz Sharifi. “Second Season of Excavations at Cham Routeh in Seimare, Ilam Province, Iran”

Mahnaz Sharifi. “Second Season of Excavations at Cham Routeh in Seimare, Ilam Province, Iran”

The effects of prevalence of inequalities in mental disorders between groups using Blinder- Oaxaca decomposition.

The prevalence of inequalities in sociodemographic factors in some mental disorders (MDs) has been shown in previous reports. The aim of this study was to assess the main contributors that affected prevalence of inequalities in MDs between groups. This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted on adults in 10 cities from Ilam province. We selected participants using cluster sampling; clusters were cities (n1 = 10), geographical area (n2 = 153), and households (n3 = 382). Screening tools and clinical interview were applied through standardized and validated questionnaires, namely, GHQ-28 and DSM-IV-TR, respectively. Participants were divided into socioeconomic groups via principal composition analysis (PCA). Blinder-Oaxaca approach was applied to distinguish the gap in inequalities between groups. The prevalence of MDs in the advantage group was 22.6% and, in disadvantages was 35.6%. The concentration index (CI) of the MD prevalence rate was -0.013 (95% CI: -0.022, -0.004) which indicated that MDs were more common in the disadvantaged groups. The odds of MDs in advantaged people was 81% more compared to the disadvantaged group (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.28, 2.57), also in females compared to males (1.60; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.24). Analysis of gap inequality between groups showed that the gap in prevalence rates of MDs between groups was 12%. This study revealed a socioeconomic inequality in MD rates in the adult population. Therefore, results of this study provide contributors in MDs inequality in order to control and reduce the prevalence of MDs in the community.

Effect of non-engineered municipal solid waste landfills located in the Zagros forest on heavy metals pollution in forest soils and leaf of Brant’s oak (Quercus brantii)

In recent years, many factors such as climate change and drought have changed the Zagros forests in western Iran. Also, unsuitable use of the forest is now threatening the long-term survival of Zagros forests by local natives. The municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal of Ilam city (in the west of Ilam province) is located in the Zagros forests. In this study, the effects of the Ilam landfill on soil and Oak tree (leaf) contamination with heavy metals (HMs) were investigated. 31 points around the landfill (at different distances from the landfill) were considered for sampling, and also 6 points were selected in forest areas that are far away from pollution sources as control areas. The forest soils and oak leaves were randomly collected from the control area and landfill. The soil and tree leaf samples were analyzed for cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel, magnesium, and zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Several pollution indices, the Kriging method, and principal component analyses were applied for evaluating the contamination level spatial distribution, and possible sources of heavy metals. The concentrations of chromium, cobalt, and nickel in landfill soils were 531.6, 43.87, and 408.8, respectively, which were 5–10 times higher than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. The concentrations of chromium and nickel in oak leaves were 2.83 and 5.91, respectively, which are higher than the permissible limit. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in metal soil concentrations between (lead, cobalt, zinc, and copper) the control area and landfill (with was 2 times higher than in the control). Higher values of soil pollution indices were obtained for the landfill sites than for the control sites. The findings of the spatial distribution confirmed that the heavy metals from the landfill significantly affected the soils of the Zagros forest. The presence of heavy metals in soil and leaf samples shows that contamination is due to leachate migration from an open dumping site. Regular monitoring around this non-engineered landfill is required.Graphical abstract

Evaluation of Oral and Dental complications caused by Cyclophosphamide in patients with breast cancer in the Shahid-Mostafa Hospital, Ilam, 2019

Introduction: The use of chemotherapy over many years has attracted the attention of cancer patients for the treatment or prolongation of significant benefits, but unfortunately, in addition to all the advantages it has, there are consequences. Side effects of chemotherapy in the oral-pink area include inflammation, mouth ulcers, increased prevalence of viral, fungal, bacterial and bleeding infections. These side effects cause significant pain, malnutrition, and even, in some cases, a reduction in the amount of chemotherapy used by the treating physician. The aim of this study was to determine the oral and dental complications caused by cyclophosphamide in patients with breast cancer in the Department of Chemotherapy of Shahid Mostafa Hospital, Ilam Province in 2019. Materials and Method: The present study is an analytical-cross-sectional study performed on patients with breast cancer at Shahid Mostafa Hospital in Ilam in 2019-2020 and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. Results: The mean age of patients was 8.81±50.89 and their age range was between 36 and 69 years, and the mean body mass index was 2.56±24.18 and the range was between 29-19. All patients were female. 68.1% of dental patients, 20.3% had no dental caries, and 11.6% had no debar. The results showed that 89.9% of the patients had oral and dental complications with the use of silcophosphamide. 44.9% of patients had mild mucositis, none of them had moderate mucositis, and 55.1% had severe mucositis. Significant relationships were also found between dry mouth and the severity of mucositis. Patients with low- and moderate-grade dry mouth with severe mucositis were reported to be 31.3 and 75 percent, respectively. Conclusion: In the case of mucositis, the importance of oral hygiene in cancer patients should be emphasized. Although there is no scientific evidence that oral hygiene plays a role in the prevention and treatment of mucositis, most researchers believe that oral hygiene can reduce the duration and severity of mucositis.

Investigation of Job Fatigue, Quality of Life and Sleep of shift staff working in the electric distribution company of Ilam Province

Introduction: Shift work is one of the social phenomena that has its roots in the history of human origin and still exists today for economic and technological reasons. Due to the complications of shift work, the present study was conducted to investigate job fatigue, quality of life, and sleep of shift staff working in Ilam Electric Distribution Company.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, all shift workers of Ilam Electric Distribution Company were selected. Data collection tools included the Swedish Job Exhaustion Questionnaire, Quality of Life (SF-36), the Insomnia Assessment Questionnaire, and the Survey of shift workers (SOS). SPSS software version 26 was used to analyze data using independent sample T-Test, One-way ANOVA, and Chi-square tests. &#x0D; Results: Pearson correlation test showed that there was a direct and positive correlation between age and physical function (r = 0.439; p = 0.022), smoking and sleep problems (r = 0.528; p = 0.006), and education and limitation of the role of emotional problems (r = 0.382; p = 0.049). Also, the was a significant indirect correlation was found between age and physical role limitation (r = - 0.501; p = 0.008), shift work with satisfaction with individual life (p &lt;0.045), social life (p &lt;0.038), family life (p &lt;0.023) and family dissatisfaction.&#x0D; Conclusion: shift working has adverse effects on family satisfaction, circadian rhythms, digestive performance, and mental health. It is suggested that managers be more careful about working hours, work shifts, and rest times

Sustainability dimensions of the supply chain for organic agricultural products in Ilam Province, Iran

Sustainability dimensions of the supply chain for organic agricultural products in Ilam Province, Iran

An introductory study on fleas of Darreh Shahr, Ilam Province, West of Iran, 2021

An introductory study on fleas of Darreh Shahr, Ilam Province, West of Iran, 2021

Evaluation of the Prevalence of Congenital Heart Diseases in neonates of Ilam province of Iran, in 2019-2020

Evaluation of the Prevalence of Congenital Heart Diseases in neonates of Ilam province of Iran, in 2019-2020

Comparison of Pain Score in Patients with Brain Disorders Using Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) and Nonverbal Pain Scale (NVPS)

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death, which ranges from mild and irreversible to severe and life-threatening injuries. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the pain score in patients with brain disorders using Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) and Nonverbal Pain Scale (NVPS). Methods: A descriptive comparative study was performed in Ilam province, Iran, in a group of head trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit who were intubated. One hundred twenty observations of nurses’ practice were performed. A purposive sampling method was utilized. The CPOT and NVPS assessed the pain, and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assessed the state of consciousness. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 software. Results: Patients’ mean ± SD age was 38.45 ± 4.2 years. The mean ± SD pain score on the CPOT before the procedure was 0.39 ± 0.49 in the facial expression dimension, 0.56 ± 0.49 in activity, 0.54 ± 0.50 in muscle tension, and 0.55 ± 0.49 in compatibility with the ventilator. The mean ± SD pain score on the NVPS before the procedure was 0.97 ± 0.20 in facial expression dimension, 0.94 ± 0.49 in activity, 0.95 ± 0.31 in guarding, 0.64 ± 0.49 in vital signs, and 0.92 ± 0.53 in excitement. Conclusions: Both CPOT and NVPS were effective in diagnosing patients’ pain, but the CPOT was more appropriate for diagnosing pain in intubated patients.

Attitudes of Social Media Users in Ilam Province Regarding Covid-19 Vaccination in 2021: A Short Report

Attitudes of Social Media Users in Ilam Province Regarding Covid-19 Vaccination in 2021: A Short Report

The effect of imports on employment in Ilam province (two regional input-output approach)

The effect of imports on employment in Ilam province (two regional input-output approach)

Air pollution: A threat to health tourism development in the Islamic Republic of Iran (case study: Ilam city)

Aim. Considering the high capability of Ilam province in the development of health tourism as indicated in its active border crossings with Iraq and the response to the recent epidemic, it was deemed necessary to identify the risks of air pollution on the health of tourists.Materials and Methods. During 2008‐2018, data on five primary air pollutants during 2008‐2018 were identified by literature research and by referring to the relevant monitoring organizations. Data analysis was performed by the Full permutation polygon synthetic indicator model, while Excel and MATLAB software were used to display data.Results. The findings of the study revealed that despite the application of the Land Use Planning Document, average suspended particulate matter of less than 10 microns ranked second after sulphur dioxide (SO2), in terms of the contribution to air pollution and instability in Ilam City during the 11 years in question (excluding 2008 and 2009).Conclusions. The link between air pollution and the development of health tourism on the one hand and the emergence of an epidemic on the other has recently necessitated a new concept of health, tourism and welfare in relation to the environment with the aim of achieving a healthy environment for visiting tourists.

Direct Medical Costs Analysis of Covid-19 Patients in the Hospitals of Ilam University of Medical Sciences

Background: The most well-known classification of the cost of diseases is direct medical cost. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze direct treatment costs of patients with Covid-19 by hospitals affiliated with Ilam University of Medical Sciences.&#x0D; Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study performed retrospectively. The hospital expenditure information in Ilam province from March to October 2020 was used. Cost information related to all patients was collected and classified and reviewed using Excel 2016 software. The average direct treatment costs of hospitalized patients were also determined.&#x0D; Results: The direct costs of treatment in hospitalized patients in Ilam were estimated at $ 2349272.094 (98669427959 billion Rials). The per capita direct medical costs were calculated to be $ 1228.056 (51578373 million Rials(. The largest share of the cost related to pharmaceutical services and the share of basic insurance was equal to $ 934.570 (39,252,109 million Rials).&#x0D; Conclusion: Results of the study indicated that the treatment costs of patients entering Ilam province are high, and the highest cost concerns pharmaceutical services. Taking necessary measures to prevent and control the spread of coronary artery, using the most cost-effective drug interventions and reducing unnecessary hospital stays of patients can increase the efficiency of financial resources and reduce direct medical costs in Ilam province.

Rate and Causes of Suicide in Ilam: A Report of the Suicide Registry.

Objective: Suicide is one of the most important health problems in the world. Financial, academic, social, and environmental difficulties along with genetic, physical, and mental disorders affect suicide attempts. This study aimed to find risk factors for completed suicide in Ilam province according to the suicide registry in Ilam province. Method : This was a prospective study and was performed based on suicide case registration data, pre-determined checklist data, and death registration data in Ilam province from March 2019 to September 2020. Logistic regression models and the Chi-square test were used to determine the relationship between completed suicide and its risk factors. Results: Among 1,410 attempted suicides, 66 (4.7 %) were executed. Rate of completed suicides was higher in men (6.5%) compared to women (4.5%), (p = 0.005), age groups over 65 years (P < 0.001), retirees and farmers (P = 0.009), illiterate people (P < 0.001), villagers (P = 0.02), people motivated due to physical problems (P = 0.016), suicide by physical methods (P < 0.001) and self-immolation (P < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that incidence of completed suicide was significantly higher in the age group over 65 years, illiterate people, people using physical methods, villagers, and men. Multivariate logistic regression also showed that men and individuals using physical methods of suicide were significantly more successful in suicide. Conclusion: Men, the elderly, illiterates, villagers, and people who used physical suicide methods were in high-risk groups. Despite lower prevalence of suicide, a higher rate of completed suicide was demonstrated. To decrease completed suicide rates, we must pay attention to these groups.

Investigation of the Relationship between the rs8192688 Polymorphism of the FABP-4 Gene and Cardiovascular Disease Susceptibility in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Ilam Province, Iran

Investigation of the Relationship between the rs8192688 Polymorphism of the FABP-4 Gene and Cardiovascular Disease Susceptibility in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Ilam Province, Iran

The Effect of Tillage, Organic Matter and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Efficiency and Productivity Use of Nutrients in Maize

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the importance of tillage and fertilizer, the present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tillage, organic matter and mycorrhizal fungi on the efficiency and productivity of maize nutrients. The experiment was performed as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications in the summer of 2017–2018 in Ivan city, Ilam province, Iran. This experiment had three factors including tillage at 3 levels (no tillage, tillage to depth of 10 cm as minimum tillage and deep tillage to depth of 30 cm as conventional tillage), organic matter at 3 levels (no application, vermi-compost at 30 t ha−1 hectare and cattle manure at 30 t ha−1 and mycorrhizal fungus of the genus Glomus mosseae in soil (use and nonuse). The results showed that in the minimum tillage system and cattle manure application, the highest seed yield was 8198.5 kg ha−1. In the treatments of minimum tillage and with use and nonuse of mycorrhiza, the highest seed yield. According to the results obtained in this study, it was found that the implementation of tillage, compared to the system without tillage, had more beneficial effects on increasing yield and yield components and nutrient productivity, which in some cases even increased from tillage. Compact and compost consumption were also higher. Therefore, it can be said that the implementation of tillage is at least able to improve the absorption of high consumption elements, which increases the productivity of these elements.