Ignition Angle Research Articles

Smart in-cylinder pressure sensor for closed-loop combustion control

Abstract. Our approach of a closed-loop combustion control is built on an intensively evaluated robust cylinder pressure sensor with integrated smart electronics and an openly programmed engine control unit. The presented pressure sensor consists of a steel membrane and a highly strain-sensitive thin film with laser-welded electrical contacts. All components are optimized for reliable operation at high temperatures. The sensor setup safely converts the in-cylinder pressure of a combustion engine at temperatures of up to 200 ∘C into the desired electrical values. Furthermore, the embedded smart electronics provides a fast analogue to digital conversion and subsequently computes significant combustion parameters in real time, based on implemented thermodynamic equations, namely the 50 % mass fraction burned, the indicated mean effective pressure, the maximum pressure and a digital value, which represents the intensity of knocking. Only these aggregated parameters – not the running pressure values – are sent to the engine control unit. The data communication between the smart sensor and the engine control unit is based on the controller area network bus system, which is widely spread in the automotive industry and allows a robust data transfer minimizing electrical interferences. The established closed-loop combustion control is able to control the ignition angle in accordance with the 50 % mass fraction burned at a certain crankshaft angle. With this loop, the combustion engine is controlled and run efficiently even if the ignition angle is intentionally incorrectly adjusted. The controlled and automatic correction of simulated ageing effects is demonstrated as well as the self-adjustment of an efficient operation when different fuels are used. In addition, our approach saves the computing capacity of the engine control unit by outsourcing the data processing to the sensor system.

Analysis and experimental research on the influence of VVT point selection on exhaust temperature in low speed operating conditions

During the development of a model equipped with dual VVT engines, a higher temperature of the catalyst was discovered. Therefore, the sweep point of VVT is optimized under low speed and high load conditions. The test results show that VVT has a significant effect on the temperature of the catalytic converter, and the temperature of the catalytic converter has decreased after optimization. At the same time, the VVT opening has little effect on the dynamics. In addition, VVT has an effect on the knocking tendency of the engine. When the knocking tendency increases, the temperature of catalytic converter and power performance of the engine are deteriorated. On the contrary, if the ignition angle can be advanced, the performance of the engine can be optimized.

Performance verification of heavy-duty motorcycles adjusting intake and exhaust timing

Heavy-duty locomotives with large exhaust vehicles have become a common means of transportation for Taiwanese. However, for car owners to increase power output, improve efficiency, and reduce fuel use, the original factory has designed demand settings for cost, environmental protection, and regulations. This leads to the sacrifice of the performance of the original car design, so the RC2 Super ECU is used to replace the original injection computer, and the air-fuel ratio, ignition angle and exhaust pipe are modified. Without the need to change the structure of the heavy locomotive, the horsepower of the heavy locomotive is improved. It is pointed out that the modification of these three original factory settings has greatly improved the overall speed performance of the heavy-duty locomotive horsepower. Therefore, it is proposed that “heavy locomotive performance verification by changing the timing of intake and exhaust” is mainly to verify the performance benefits and performance brought about by modifying the air-fuel ratio, ignition angle and exhaust pipe.

Analisis Pengaruh Pengaturan Sudut Penyalaan Thyristor Pada Tegangan Eksitasi Terhadap Keluaran Daya Reaktif Generator di PT.PJB PLTU Gresik Unit 3

The process of changing mechanical energy into electrical energy is carried out by a synchronous generator using an excitation system that functions to supply a DC source to the generator field winding. In this study, the excitation system used is a static excitation system that uses a transformer and several thyristors connected in a bridge configuration. The excitation system is then implemented on a generator with a capacity of 200 MVA / 15 kV using the MATLAB Simulink R2017b simulation. By using the above circuit, the thyristor ignition angle setting can be adjusted so that it can adjust the excitation voltage and obtain the appropriate excitation current to maintain the stability of the generator output voltage. The simulation was carried out with variations in generator load and using 2 different types of excitation settings. The first setting is to set the thyristor ignition angle to 30° with t=10 ms, at this setting the generator can maintain a stable V out value with a voltage regulation limit of ±5% and the reactive power that can be generated by the generator is +50 MVAr and - 40 MVAr. When given a constant excitation at an angle of 35° with t=1 ms, the value of Vout exceeds the expected regulatory limit and the resulting reactive power limit is between +60 MVAr and -100 MVAR where the reactive power does not match the load requirements. This can have an impact on the interconnection system, namely when the reactive power of the generator is greater than the load requirement, the generator with a smaller reactive power will absorb reactive power in the interconnection system and can disrupt the stability of the interconnection network.

Inrush Current Based on Fast Fourier Transform

Advances in technology have caused the use of electricity to increase rapidly. With advances in technology, this is followed by the use of increasingly efficient electrical components or equipment. This more efficient electrical equipment causes the impedance of the component to be smaller, causing a surge in current when it is turned on. This current surge, if not followed by appropriate safety precautions, will be damage other components. Each load has different waveform characteristics and current transient peaks. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze the transient condition of a load to overcome this. This paper will explain the characteristics of the inrush current of the load due to ignition. There are three loads used in this study, namely resistive, capacitive and inductive loads. Then the use of this load is simulated by giving different ignition angle values, namely 0, 60, and 90 degrees. The analysis used is the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method which is a derivative of the Discrete Fourier Transform. The inrush current spectrum in this simulation is simulated using Simulink MATLAB with switching system modeling using TRIAC. This inrush current simulation data collection uses a sampling frequency of 100 Khz and will be analyzed in the first of 5 cycles. For each load in this paper, the harmonic values for each ignition angle will be presented. The simulation results show that the inrush current is caused by the ignition angle value used and because of components that can deviate energy such as inductors and capacitors as well as components which at the time of starting have a low impedance value such as incandescent lamps. The simulation also shows that the use of switching components for setting the ignition angle causes an increase in the value of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) but the peak current in the first cycle when the ignition angle is set decreases.

Analysis of loss on single-phase dry transformers with non-linear load

The paper studies power losses in transformers due to non-linear loads. The research aims to analyze the power loss in a single-phase dry transformer under a non-linear load. The research uses an SW43W Power supply type, FlukeView Power Quality Analyzer as a DC or AC power supply on the primary side of the transformer. The non-linear load is connected to the secondary side. The loading test of the dry transformer was carried out at non-linear loads. The load variations used 0 %; 12.5 %; 25 %; 37.5 %; 50 %; 62.5 %; 75 %; 87.5 % and 100 %, as well as variations in the THD value by adjusting the ignition angle (α). The non-linear loads used are Half-Wave Rectifier and Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier with resistive loads with variations in THD values. The results showed that the transformer losses comprised Pno load and Pload. The operation of the transformer with constant input voltage and frequency with THDv<5 % resulted in a constant Pno load value at all load values. The greater the percentage of the load, the higher the load. The increase in THD because of non-linear load will increase the load on the transformer. The value of the derating factor is obtained by connecting the increase in losses (∆PLosses), which is influenced by THD and the increase in temperature T(°C) in dry transformers. When the transformer is loaded with a non-linear load, the derating factor<1. THD and derating factor form a linear relationship, when THD increases, the derating factor value decreases. Linear load on the transformer causes a decrease in its capacity, but if it gets a non-linear load with THD=39.1 %, it can withstand a load of 84.294 %, besides the increase in total harmonic distortion will increase losses and reduce transformer capacity

Research on the influence of dual spark ignition strategy at combustion process for dual cylinder free piston generator under direct injection

The direct injection technology is easy to achieve stratified combustion and greatly improves the fuel economy and power of free piston generator (FPG), but it also exacerbates the cyclic combustion fluctuation caused by the structure. Therefore, based on the dual spark ignition strategy, the influence of the ignition position and ignition time on the combustion process for dual cylinder FPG under direct injection was studied. The research results show that compared with the changes in the ignition angle position, the combustion process of direct injection FPG is more sensitive to changes in moment of ignition. Furthermore, with the ignition timing advances from 6°CA BTDC to 18°CA BTDC, the indicated thermal efficiency rises constantly at a rate of 25.1% and reached a high value of 33.9% in the same ignition position, although the uniformity of the mixture in the cylinder and the concentration of the mixture around the spark plug decrease gradually. While, in the same time of ignition, the increase rate of the indicated thermal efficiency reaches 6.6% at the maximum along with the increase of the spark plug angle and the increasing rate drops continuously along with the advancement of the ignition timing. Furthermore, compared with single spark ignition, the dual spark ignition can increase the cylinder pressure by 30% and the indicated thermal efficiency by 2% respectively.

Research of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Commercial Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine With Intense Tumble Flow

Abstract The application of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology on gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines can suppress knocking, reduce fuel consumption, and reduce NOx emissions. The effects of EGR with enhanced intake tumble flow, on the combustion phase, combustion duration, knock index and combustion cycle variation of the engine, were studied at two speeds of 1500 r/min and 2000 r/min from low to medium and to full load. The research shows that although the commercial engine has been well calibrated and optimized, the optimization of EGR and enhanced tumble flow together with the optimization of the ignition angle can improve the engine's economy and emission characteristics, while maintaining relatively fast burning speed and low combustion cycle variation. From medium to heavy load, the economy can be improved by 2.6–10%, and the minimum fuel consumption can be reduced to 213 g/kW. h. Under heavy load conditions (brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) more than 14 bars), power performance deteriorates due to insufficient boost performance. The 5–20% EGR rate brings 10% power loss. EGR combined with tumble intake has a significant effect on reducing the engine's NOx and CO, with average reductions of 60% and 22%, but HC increased by 32%.

Influence of the exhaust gas recirculation on formation of NOx in the hydrogen engine working on the leaked mixture (Experiment and 3D modeling)

Summary. Nitric oxides are the only components from the harmful ones limited by the legislation found in the exhaust gases of the hydrogen engine. For the purpose of their minimization and prevention of the anomaly burning processes as well (detonation combustion, early ignition, back fire), the use of the leaked hydrogen-air mixture is offered. The influence of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the intra-cylindric processes, namely on formation of nitric oxides in the hydrogen engine is studied for the first time experimentally and with the help of the mathematical model based on the three-dimensional non-stationary equations of type of Navier-Stokes. The results obtained for the wide ranges of variation of the advance angle of ignition, excess air ratio and rate of EGR confirm that at successful combination of these controllable parameters the problem of minimization of nitric oxides exhausted by the hydrogen engine is removed.

Kaji teoritis EMS (Engine Management System) dengan variasi temperatur air pendingin dan beban kerja pada kondisi stasioner pada kendaraan Toyota Avanza

EMS is a control system on the engine to regulate the proper mixing of air and fuel, accurate ignition timing, and control of other systems on the engine, according to the conditions and workload of the vehicle. The EMS component consists of sensors, ECU, and actuator. Engine control is fully regulated by the ECU. After getting data from the sensor, the ECU sensor will signal the actuator to control the engine, so that the work of the engine can be controlled according to the conditions of the engine. The effect of the cooling water temperature sensor is very large at stationary (Idle Speed Control/ISC). This research method is carried out by varying the temperature of cooling water (Engine Coolant Temperature/ECT) to get the mass of gasoline, air mass, air fuel ratio, engine speed, ignition angle, and gasoline consumption at each ISC load. The results of the research and data processing show that gasoline consumption will decrease every time the cooling water temperature increases. The AC (Air Conditioner) load ranges from 1,123 x 10-2 to 2,164 x 10-2 kg/hour, the power steering load ranges from 6,311 x 10-3 to 9,482 x 10-3 kg/hour, the electrical load ranges from 6,608 x 10-3 to 7,876 x 10-3 kg/hour and without load ranges from 6,024 x 10-3 to 7,920 x 10-3kg/hour. From these data it can be concluded that the effect of the ECT sensor is very large on engine performance at stationary rotation (ISC).Keywords: Sensor, ECU, Actuator.

Use of Methane-Free Synthesis Gases as Fuel in an Spark Ignition Combustion Engine

Abstract The presented article deals with the use of methane-free synthesis gases in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine. The authors analyse the influence of seven synthesis gases on integral as well as internal parameters of the engine and make comparisons with operation on methane. The main combustible components of the synthesis gas are hydrogen and carbon monoxide and the remainder are inert gases (nitrogen and carbon dioxide). At the operating speed of the combustion engine of 1500 rpm, at which the cogeneration unit operates, in comparison with methane a decrease in power parameters was recorded in the range from 19 to 35%. The increase in the hourly fuel consumption was 6 to 8 times higher. Depending on the gas composition, the optimum start of ignition angle at full load ranged from 17 to 26 °CA BTDC. In terms of analysis of internal parameters, the cyclic variability of the pressure in the engine cylinder, which characterizes the stability of its operation, was in synthesis gases operation mostly at a lower level (from 3.6% to 6.9%) than in methane operation (6.8%). Due to the presence of hydrogen, the main combustion time interval of all synthesis gases has been shorter compared to methane. The presented results serve to better understand the setting of the waste gasification process so that the highest possible energy and economic recovery in the cogeneration unit is obtained.

Modelling A Single-Rotor Wankel Engine Performance With Artificial Neural Network At Middle Speed Range

The researches on Wankel engines are very rare and considered new in modelling and prediction. Therefore this study deals with the artificial neural network (ANN) modelling of a Wankel engine to predict the power, volumetric efficiency and emissions, including nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and oxygen by using the change of mean effective pressure, intake manifold pressure, start of ignition angle and injection duration as inputs. The experiment results were taken from a research which is performed on a single-rotor, four stroke and port fuel injection 13B Wankel engine. The number of datas which are taken from experimental results were scarce and varied in six different data set (for example; mean effective pressure, from 1 to 6 bar) at 3000 rpm engine speed. The standard back-propagation (BPNN) Levenberg-Marquardt neural network algorithm is applied to evaluate the performance of middle speed range Wankel engine. The model performance was validated by comparing the prediction data sets with the measured experimental data. Results approved that the artificial neural network (ANN) model provided good agreement with the experimental data with good accuracy while the correlation coefficient R varies between 0.79 and 0.97.

Analisis Sistem Photovoltaic Beban Arus Searah Terhubung Jala PLN dengan Penyearah Terkendali

Photovoltaic (PV) systems can be connected to the utility grid to ensure the reliability and continuity of the electrical energy supply. Although the output of the PV modules and many electrical loads are direct current (DC), most grid connected PV systems use alternating current (AC) grid through the inverter. This study presents an analysis of DC microgrid PV system connected to PLN utility grid using controlled rectifier. The controlled rectifier circuit uses a thyristor which can be controlled at its ignition angle to regulate the output voltage and current supplied from utility. The proposed PV system configuration simulations are performed using PSIM software. The system supplies resistive loads in the form of DC lights. Simulations are carried out with variations in load resistance and the thytistor ignition angle. The simulation results show the rectifier circuit has a voltage ripple of 1.57 V (6.47%). While the efficiency of the system under various loading conditions and ignition angle varies between 95.08%–97.72%. The highest system efficiency is obtained under high thyristor ignition conditions.

Performance and combustion characteristics of a retrofitted CNG engine under various piston-top shapes and compression ratios

ABSTRACT Compressed natural gas is one of the alternative fuels for internal combustion engines as they produce less smoke and greenhouse gas emission. Understanding the combustion characteristics of compressed natural gas engines help experts to come up with better combustion chamber designs for high performance and low emission engines. In this study, three different designs of piston bowl geometry in a retrofitted compressed natural gas engine were investigated in relation to engine performance and its combustion characteristics. Three types of piston-tops including two concentric bowls and one eccentric bowl operated with two different values of compression ratio (11.5:1 and 12.5:1) were the subject of the current research. Based on the results from the experiment and simulation performed in this investigation, while differences in bowl-in-piston design did not have any significant effect on engine performance and combustion characteristics of port injection compressed natural gas engines, the authors observed a significant impact of advance ignition angle and spark plug location relative to bowl’s centerline having on the combustion process and engine performance characteristics. As a result, the application of concentric bowl-in-piston and compression ratio of 11.5:1 was found to yield the lowest brake specific fuel consumption and the highest brake power. The particular outcome presents a potential strategy for the combination of piston-top shape and compression ratio in compressed natural gas engine application to attain high combustion efficiency.

A simulation study on a port-injection SI engine fueled with hydroxy-enriched biogas

ABSTRACT In addition to other renewable energy sources being used to minimize the environmental pollution and climate change as well as to satisfy the ever-increasing demands of the society on the energy, biogas is considered abundant resources for energy production. The strategies of using biogas source for internal combustion engines may be a good and potential solution for saving fossil fuel and reducing pollution emission. In this current study, hydroxy (HHO) -enriched biogas under two pathways such as dual injection and blend injection was used to fuel an SI engine aiming to assess the performance (via in-cylinder pressure and indicated cycle work) and emission characteristics (CO and NOx emissions) when the input parameters including HHO/biogas ratios, the position of butterfly valve in the intake manifold, angle of HHO injection were varied. As a result, the dual injection strategy of HHO-enriched biogas produced an advantageous distribution of H2 and CH4 in combustion chamber, which improved combustion efficiency and reduced pollutant emissions. With a fixed HHO injection duration of 2.7 ms, the dual injection led to an increase in HHO concentration at all engine loads, which improved complete combustion in critical operating conditions. Increase of HHO content led to a decrease of optimal advance ignition angle and reduced the range of its variation with engine speed. In closing, HHO addition into biogas was found to improve the engine performance, to reduce CO emission, although it also increases NOx concentration. Biogas enriched by 20% HHO was considered as the best compromise between engine performance and pollution emissions with indicated engine cycle work of 204 J/cyc, CO emission of 0.74%, and NOx emission of 1192 ppm. Moreover, the ignition maps for biogas and HHO were built to point out the optimal range of advance ignition timing for the application purpose to real experiments in the future.

Laser-triggered gas switch with subnanosecond jitter and breakdown delay tunable over ∼0.1–10 ns governed by the spark gap ignition angle

We created a practical air-filled switch triggered by a ∼109 W picosecond laser beam with a slightly variable breakdown delay and low jitter. The switch relies on the spark gap with a coaxial geometry, which is ignited by a focused laser beam directed at a certain angle to the gap axis. The switch is integrated with a high-voltage cable generator operating at a constant negative voltage of up to 50 kV. We demonstrate that, by just varying the ignition angle of the spark gap, one can achieve variable breakdown delay tunable within ∼0.1–10 ns with ≲1 ns jitter. Empirical dependences of switching characteristics of the developed device on the ignition angle are obtained. We demonstrate that, combined with variation of the ignition beam energy and charging voltage, variation of the spark gap ignition angle provides superior control over the gap switching characteristics without complicating the switch design. The proposed approach to driving the switching characteristics appears highly promising for designing compact laser-triggered gas switches with variable temporal characteristics and achieving precise synchronization between high-voltage and measuring equipment.

Design Phase Delay Control for Soft Starting 3 Phase Induction Motor

Induction Motor is one type of electric machine that is widely used both in household consumers and industrial players. However, induction motors have drawbacks, namely starting currents that can reach 5-7 times the nominal current, of course this can lead to reduced life time of other electrical equipment and the possibility of shutdown or trip is very large. This research proposes a new modeling to create a soft starting system to reduce the 3 phase induction motor start current. This system was built with the help of a Phase Delay Control power electronics circuit with the main component, Triac, which functions to regulate the input voltage of a 3 phase induction motor and a contactor whose function is to move the 3 phase induction motor power supply from the soft starting system to the PLN source directly if, The input voltage is the same as the nominal voltage. The output of these processes is the Triac ignition angle, so during the starting process, the induction motor will receive an input voltage in stages from the smallest to reach its nominal voltage. Thus the results of testing the soft starting system that is designed to have a maximum current value at the start of 2.45 A or 77.58% lower than the start current using the DOL method with a value of 10.93 A at no-load conditions and 7.41 A or 34.19% lower than the motor starting current with the DOL method with a value of 11.31 A when the motor is loaded.

Pengaruh Derajat Pengapian terhadap Kinerja Motor Bakar 6 Langkah Berbahan Bakar Etanol

The six-stroke spark ignition engine has the potential to be developed as a new alternative to future motor fuel technology. The development of motor vehicles will be directly proportional to the use of rising fossil fuels. It is, therefore, necessary to have renewable alternative fuel, in which one of them is using ethanol fuel. Characteristics of the ethanol fuel are different from fossil fuels so the ignition timing is needed to be modified. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ignition degree on the performance of a 6-stroke spark-ignition engine fuel using ethanol. This research is worked out directly by experimental and testing on the intended object. The test was carried out on an ethanol-fueled 6-step spark ignition engine with variations in the ignition angle at 24 0 ,26 0 and 28 0 . Each variation was tested for a rotation interval of 600 rpm from 2400 rpm to 7200 rpm. The results show that ignition degree greatly affects performance. The ignition angle of 28 0 produced better torque, effective power, effective specific fuel consumption and effective thermal efficiency than those of the ignition degrees at 24 0 and 26 0 (standard angle ). This is due to the use of ethanol fuel which has a slower combustion speed. Based on this fact, it is necessary to advance the ignition angle so that the explosive power of the air-fuel mixture is increasing. Low fuel consumption and better effective thermal efficiency were observed for 28 0 ignition degrees compared to 24 0 and 26 0 ignition degrees.

Analytical and Experimental Study of a Naturally Aspirated Indirect Injection 4-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

One of the objectives of this study is to elaborate an engine cycle simulation program in FORTRAN language to analyze the influence of operating parameters on the performance (theeffective power, torque and specific fuel consumption) of a four-stroke gasoline engine (Ford ZSG 416 gasoline engine) for different engine operating parameters. The GT-Powerengine simulation software was used to compare the results obtained with the developed computer program and to improve it. In this program, a single-zone thermodynamicmodel was considered, which describes each phase of the engine cycle. In order to validate the developed program, a comparison of the experimental results with those obtainedusing GT-Power software was carried out. The other objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of a number of significant engine parameters such as compression ratio, cylinder wall temperature, cylinder diameter, stroke-bore ratio and ignition angle on the performance of the chosen engine. Examining the experimental results and those obtained with the developed program, it was observed that the power difference was in the order of ± 3%, the torque difference was ± 6%, while the BSFC difference was about ± 10%. It has been noted that the most significant parameters in improving the performance of the gasoline engine are the compression ratio, the fuel/air ratio, the engine geometry and the ignition begin. The variation of these parameters was not arbitrary, the knock criteria, in other words, the achievement of normal combustion were taken into account.

Influence of Selected Synthesis Gas Component on Internal Parameters of Combustion Engine

Abstract The paper deals with the influence of selected component of synthesis gas on internal parameters of combustion engine that is planned to be used in micro-cogeneration unit. The aim is to better understand the mechanism of combustion of carbon monoxide mixed with methane and as a follow-up to optimize the operation of the Lombardini LGW 702 engine on change of fuel composition. Generally, an increasing proportion of carbon monoxide in methane mixture leads to a decrease in engine performance (mean indicated pressure) and the hourly fuel consumption in each of the operating modes of the engine increases. With growing proportion of CO in mixture with CH4, the maximum pressure in the cylinder increases together with pressure rise rate up to approximately 10 % vol. of CH4. With further increasing proportion of CH4, there is a significant decrease of the before-mentioned engine parameters. The optimum ignition angle for pure methane, or carbon monoxide, does not change significantly and it is about 27° CA BTDC.