IgM Ab Research Articles

Erythema nodosum manifestation of Parvovirus B19-associated reactive arthritis.

Parvovirus B19 virus-mediated viral inflammation and immune-complex deposition generate mainly short-term manifestations in the affected individuals. The objective of this study was to determine Parvovirus B19 infection in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The study employed 50 patients diagnosed with RA and 30 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected from both groups. The blood samples were screened for Parvovirus B19 infection using polymerase chain reaction to detect B19 DNA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect anti-B19 IgM and IgG. 17 (34%) of 50 patients tested positive for parvovirus B19 DNA. In contrast, the mortality rate in the control group was significantly lower (6.7%; p = 0.005). Anti-B19 IgG antibody levels differed significantly with patients and control (p = 0.007), whereas anti-B19 IgM Ab levels did not (p = 0.6). There was a significant correlation between viremia B19 and all measured parameters. Parvovirus-affected patients had significantly higher CRP and ESR, elevated DAS28 scores, and more joint pain compared to parvovirus (-) patients. Anti-CCP and RF values were significantly high in parvovirus (+) patients. Joint erosion was also prevalent in patients who tested positive for parvovirus. The findings of this study suggest that infection with parvovirus in patients with RA, and a possible role of this viral infection in the pathogenesis of RA may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA.

Prevalence of occult hepatitis C virus infection (OCI) among hemodialysis patients; a cross-sectional study from Lorestan Province, Western Iran.

Patients with chronic kidney disorders, such as hemodialysis, are at a higher risk of infection with hepatitis viruses than the other population due to high nosocomial transmission by the dialysis units. The incidence of occult HCV infection (OCI) among chronic hemodialysis (CHD) remains controversial and the real burden of HCV in this population may be affected by the rate of OCI. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of OCI among patients with CHD from Lorestan province, Western Iran. In this cross-sectional study, whole blood samples were collected from 122 patients with CHD. Subsequently, anti-HCV antibody and HCV-RNA were assessed in serum/peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Real-Time PCR technique, respectively. Out of the 122 patients, 61.15% were male and 38.8% were female. Regarding HCV results, out of the 122 studied patients, 4 cases (3.3%) were positive for anti-HCV IgM Ab and 3 patients (2.47%) for anti-HCV IgG Ab in their serum. Moreover, none of the 122 patients were positive for HCV-RNA in serum samples, while in PBMC samples, two patients (1.6%) tested positive for HCV-RNA, of which one patient was anti-HCV IgG Ab positive. Furthermore, the prevalence of OCI was correlated with the history of blood transfusion and serum level of transaminases (P = 0.012). The results of the current study suggest that there is a potential risk of occult HCV infection among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, it is necessary to use appropriate molecular techniques for early diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Comparison between Rapid Test and ELISA in Cytomegalovirus Detection among Pregnant Women in Kirkuk City

Introduction: Cytomegalovirus is member of herpes virus that has a phospholipid-rich membrane, capsids, and a network of DNA. As this virus affects many living cell in the body, people are at risk of acquiring it especially immuno-compromised patients like pregnant women and can transmit it to their fetus therefore the diagnosis of the virus is important for monitoring the infection in mother and prevent transition to the fetus. Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare two common methods for Cytomegalovirus diagnosis. Materials and method: CMV Rapid Test was performed to detect IgG & IgM Abs specific for CMV using CTK BIOTECH/USA kit. Second method was ELISA technique that performed for further validation using Bioactive/Germany kit. CBC test also performed to compare (WBC, Hb. Lymphocyte, platelet) count between patients and control groups. Results: By rapid test, all patients tested positive for IgG, however only (10.16%) of 128 patients tested positive for CMV IgM, according to ELISA, which shows that the number of IgM positivity was only (8.59%). According to complete blood count we indicated that there were significant differences between patients and control regarding to WBC count and lymphocyte count with P value (0.0001) and (0.0001) respectively. No significant differences observed in hemoglobin concentration and platelet level between two groups. Conclusions: Viral infections require accurate diagnosis to minimize negative outcomes and the results showed that Cytomegalovirus diagnosis in pregnant women via ELISA test is more accurate, specific and sensitive than rapid test.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite affecting a broad range of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Infection acquired during pregnancy can be transmitted to the fetus and leading to serious problems such as spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or severe mental and/or physical handicaps in the child. The purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection and related risk factors in pregnant woman. The study enrolled 1200 serum samples of pregnant women from February-November 2017. Then the samples were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies (Ab) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Out of the 1200 samples, 381 (31.7%) and 41 (3.4%) subjects were positive for IgG and IgM Ab, respectively. Among the evaluated risk factors, the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection was not related to the occupation in a significant way. However significant relationship was observed with factors such as; contact with soil, cats, consumption of raw washed vegetables, and washed hands before meals. According to the results, more than two-thirds of pregnant women are susceptible to Toxoplasma infection, hence training health care programs should be provided to prevent infection.

Antibody Response to the Sneathia vaginalis Cytopathogenic Toxin A during Pregnancy.

Sneathia vaginalis is a Gram-negative vaginal species that is associated with pregnancy complications. It produces cytopathogenic toxin A (CptA), a pore-forming toxin. To determine whether CptA is expressed invivo and to examine the mucosal Ab response to the toxin, we examined human midvaginal swab samples obtained during pregnancy for IgM, IgA, and IgG Abs with CptA affinity. This subcohort study included samples from 93 pregnant people. S. vaginalis relative abundance was available through 16S rRNA survey. There were 22 samples from pregnancies that resulted in preterm birth in which S. vaginalis relative abundance was <0.005%, 22 samples from pregnancies that resulted in preterm birth with S. vaginalis ≥0.005%, 24 samples from pregnancies that resulted in term birth with S. vaginalis <0.005%, and 25 samples from pregnancies that resulted in term birth with S. vaginalis ≥0.005%. IgM, IgA, and IgG with affinity for CptA were assessed by ELISA. The capacity for the samples to neutralize CptA was quantified by hemolysis assay. All three Ab isotypes were detectable within different subsets of the samples. There was no significant association between relative abundance of S. vaginalis and the presence of any Ab isotype. The majority of vaginal swab samples containing detectable levels of anti-CptA Abs neutralized the hemolytic activity of CptA, with the strongest correlation between IgA and neutralizing activity. These results demonstrate that S. vaginalis produces CptA invivo and that CptA is recognized by the host immune defenses, resulting in the production of Abs with toxin-neutralizing ability.

Prevalence of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, and E) infection and co-infection among hospitalized children in Cairo, Egypt

Viral hepatitis is considered a public health issue facing the entire world. The World Health Organization encouraged all countries to work together to eliminate this fatal infection and achieve the 2030 agenda. The present study aimed to investigate the silent infection of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, and E) among hospitalized children in Cairo, Egypt, to control and avoid chronic infection early on. This cross-sectional study included 184 randomly selected hospitalized children from three different hospitals in Cairo, Egypt. They were children aged between a few months to 15 years to determine viral hepatitis infection and co-infection. Antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV IgM), hepatitis E virus (HEV IgM), hepatitis C virus (HCV Ab), and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBs Ag) were performed by ELISA. If the ELISA results were positive, the viral load was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Other laboratory investigations included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, and complete blood count. Only five children (2.71%) had HCV Ab positive with no other viral (A, B, and E) co-infections as determined by ELISA. Also, the RT-PCR detected HCV RNA in these ELISA positive children. The remaining children (179/184) were all negative for all hepatitis viruses’ markers (HAV IgM, HEV IgM, HBs Ag, and HCV Ab). In conclusion, this study documented that, Cairo hospitals serving Egyptian children had a low prevalence of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, and E). More research with larger sample sizes from hospitals across Egypt is needed.

Borrelia burgdorferi Infection-Induced Persistent IgM Secretion Controls Bacteremia, but Not Bacterial Dissemination or Tissue Burden.

Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease in humans. In small rodents, the natural reservoir species of this spirochete, infections lead to only modest disease manifestations, despite causing persistence infection. Although B cell responses are central for controlling bacterial tissue burden and disease manifestations, they lack classical aspects of T-dependent responses, such as sustained IgG affinity maturation and longevity, corresponding with a rapid collapse of germinal centers. Instead, the Ab response is characterized by strong and ongoing secretion of IgM, whose origins and impact on protective immunity to B. burgdorferi remain unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that B. burgdorferi infection-induced IgM in mice was produced continuously, mainly by conventional B, not B-1 cells, in a T-independent manner. Although IgM was passively protective and restricted early bacteremia, its production had no effects on bacterial dissemination into solid tissues, nor did it affect Borrelia tissue burden. The latter was controlled by the induction of bactericidal IgG, as shown comparing infections in wild type mice with those of mice lacking exclusively secreted IgM-/-, all class-switched Abs via deletion of aicda (AID-/-), and all secreted Abs (secreted IgM-/- × AID-/-). Consistent with the notion that B. burgdorferi infection drives production of IgM over more tissue-penetrable IgG, we demonstrated increased short- and long-term IgM Ab responses also to a coadministered, unrelated Ag. Thus, the continued production of IgM may explain the absence of B. burgdorferi in the blood.

Burden of Chikungunya Virus Infection during an Outbreak in Myanmar.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is a re-emerging arboviral disease with no approved vaccine, although numerous options are in development. Before vaccine implementation, disease burden, affected age group, and hospitalization rate information should be documented. In 2019, a sizeable outbreak of the East Central South African genotype of CHIKV occurred in Myanmar, and during this period, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two regions, Mandalay and Yangon, to examine the molecular and seropositivity rate of the CHIKV infection. The participants (1124) included dengue-suspected pediatric patients, blood donors, and healthy volunteers, who were assessed using molecular assays (quantitative real-time RT-PCR), serological tests (anti-CHIKV IgM capture and IgG indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays), and neutralization tests. The tests confirmed the following positivity rates: 11.3% (127/1124) for the molecular assay, 12.4% (139/1124) for the anti-CHIKV IgM Ab, 44.5% (500/1124) for the anti-CHIKV IgG Ab, and 46.3% (520/1124) for the CHIKV neutralizing Ab. The highest rate for the molecular test occurred with the dengue-suspected pediatric patients. The seroprevalence rate through natural infection was higher in the healthy volunteers and blood donors than that in the pediatric patients. The results of this study will help stakeholders determine the criteria for choosing appropriate recipients when a CHIKV vaccine is introduced in Myanmar.

Toxoplasma gondii Infection and ABO Blood Group Association Among Pregnant Sudanese Women: A Case Study.

ABO blood group glycol-conjugate expression may influence human susceptibility to infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to assess the relationship between blood group phenotypes as risk factors for toxoplasmosis and to correlate the prevalence of the disease with other risk factors. A total of two-hundred serum samples were collected from pregnant women referred for routine rotary examination in Rabak Teaching Hospital, White Nile State, Sudan, and examined for the parasite Toxoplasma gondii using the latex agglutination test. The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women (IgG positivity for T. gondii in the absence of IgM) was 41% (82/200). A higher prevalence of the infection was detected in women with blood group type AB 5 (55.6%) among the females in the AB blood group and the lowest in those with blood group type B 11 (35.5%). Those with a history of direct contact with cats reported the possibility of eating undercooked meat and soil-related potential risk factors (working in a garden with bare hands, eating unwashed vegetables and fresh fruits, poor handling of food) recorded 70 (82.4%), 59 (65.6%), 58 (77.3%), 73 (55.7%) and 70 (73.7%) of positive cases, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between Toxoplasma gondii infection and these risk factors. The study concluded that the ABO blood group system was not related to the absence or presence of anti-T. gondiiantibodies in pregnant women in the study area. Contact with cat feces, raw meat consumption, and farming were identified as possible important risk factors for T. gondii infection within the study area.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus among Renal Dialysis Patients in Diyala Province, Iraq

Background: One of the main public health challenges in the globe is the prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Objectives: The curent study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus in renal dialysis patients in Diyala province, Iraq. Methods: Ninety of renal dialysis patients attended Ibn-Sina Dialysis Center were screened for HBsAg, HBc IgG, HBc IgM and HBe Ab using ELISA technique, and then positive results were retested by conventional PCR for detection of HBs gene and HB core gene. Demographic data of study population were recorded. Simple statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 25. Results: Among studied samples, the seroprevalence of HBsAg, Anti-HBc Ab, Anti-HBc IgM and Anti-HBe Ab were 4.4%, 17.8%, 2.2% and 5.6% respectively. The results of conventional PCR showed that only 1(1.1%) of HBs gene at 417 bp in renal dialysis patients were positive. Whereas, the HBc gene at 791 bp was not detected in all included study population. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV was relatively high among renal dialysis in Diyala province/Iraq.

Dynamic response antibodies SARS-CoV-2 human saliva studied using two-dimensional correlation (2DCOS) infrared spectral analysis coupled with receiver operation characteristics analysis

COVID-19 has affected the entire world due to the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, mainly through airborne particles from saliva, which, being easily obtained, help monitor the progression of the disease. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra combined with chemometric analysis could increase the diagnostic efficiency of the disease. However, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) is superior to conventional spectra as it helps to resolve the minute overlapped peaks. In this work, we aimed to use 2DCOS and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to compare the immune response in saliva associated with COVID-19, which could be important in biomedical diagnosis. FTIR spectra of human saliva samples from male (575) and female (366) patients ranging from 20 to 85 ± 2 years of age were used for the study. Age groups were segregated as G1 (20–40 ± 2 years), G2 (45–60 ± 2 years), and G3 (65–85 ± 2 years). The results of the 2DCOS analysis showed biomolecular changes in response to SARS-CoV-2. 2DCOS analyses of the male G1 + (1579,1644) and -(1531,1598) cross peaks evidenced changes such as amide I > IgG. Female G1 cross peaks -(1504,1645), (1504,1545) and -(1391,1645) resulted in amide I > IgG > IgM. The asynchronous spectra in 1300–900 cm-1 of the G2 male group showed that IgM is more important in diagnosing infections than IgA. Female G2 asynchronous spectra -(1027,1242) and + (1068,1176) showed that IgA > IgM is produced against SARS-CoV-2. The G3 male group evidenced antibody changes in IgG > IgM. The absence of IgM in the female G3 population diagnoses a specifically targeted immunoglobulin associated with sex. Moreover, ROC analysis showed sensitivity (85–89 % men; 81–88 % women) and specificity (90–93 % men; 78–92 % women) for the samples studied. The general classification performance (F1 score) of the studied samples is high for the male (88–91 %) and female (80–90 %) populations. This high PPV (positive predictive value) and NPV (negative predictive value) verify our segregation of COVID-19 positive and negative sample groups. Therefore, 2DCOS with ROC analysis using FTIR spectra have the potential for a non-invasive approach to monitoring COVID-19.

Neurologic sequelae of COVID-19 are determined by immunologic imprinting from previous coronaviruses.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a global public health emergency. Although SARS-CoV-2 is primarily a respiratory pathogen, extra-respiratory organs, including the CNS, can also be affected. Neurologic symptoms have been observed not only during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also at distance from respiratory disease, also known as long-COVID or neurological post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (neuroPASC). The pathogenesis of neuroPASC is not well understood, but hypotheses include SARS-CoV-2-induced immune dysfunctions, hormonal dysregulations and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs. In this prospective cohort study, we used a high throughput systems serology approach to dissect the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 (and other common coronaviruses: 229E, HKU1, NL63 and OC43) in the serum and CSF from 112 infected individuals who developed (n = 18) or did not develop (n = 94) neuroPASC. Unique SARS-CoV-2 humoral profiles were observed in the CSF of neuroPASC compared with serum responses. All antibody isotypes (IgG, IgM, IgA) and subclasses (IgA1-2, IgG1-4) were detected in serum, whereas CSF was characterized by focused IgG1 (and absence of IgM). These data argue in favour of compartmentalized brain-specific responses against SARS-CoV-2 through selective transfer of antibodies from the serum to the CSF across the blood-brain barrier, rather than intrathecal synthesis, where more diversity in antibody classes/subclasses would be expected. Compared to individuals who did not develop post-acute complications following infection, individuals with neuroPASC had similar demographic features (median age 65 versus 66.5 years, respectively, P = 0.55; females 33% versus 44%, P = 0.52) but exhibited attenuated systemic antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2, characterized by decreased capacity to activate antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD), NK cell activation (ADNKA) and to bind Fcγ receptors. However, surprisingly, neuroPASC individuals showed significantly expanded antibody responses to other common coronaviruses, including 229E, HKU1, NL63 and OC43. This biased humoral activation across coronaviruses was particularly enriched in neuroPASC individuals with poor outcome, suggesting an 'original antigenic sin' (or immunologic imprinting), where pre-existing immune responses against related viruses shape the response to the current infection, as a key prognostic marker of neuroPASC disease. Overall, these findings point to a pathogenic role for compromised anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses in the CSF, likely resulting in incomplete virus clearance from the brain and persistent neuroinflammation, in the development of post-acute neurologic complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Serological Cross Reaction among Sonle Causative Agents of WomenAbortions (Toxoplasma gondii &amp; Cytomegalo Virus &amp; Rubella Virus),rvith the Incidence of Hepatitis Virus (B &amp;C)

Primary maternal infection with infectious agents of abortions in women is frequently associated with transplacental transmission to the fetus. This study was conducted to test the utility ELISA assay to detect recent infection with Toxoplasma (TOXO), Rubella virus (RV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), the incidence of viral hepatitis B (HBS) &amp; C (HCV) in addition the determination of cross reactivity among serological tests. Three hundred forty three women with high risk of pregnancy (who had previous recurrent abortion &amp; congenital abnormalities) &amp; 60 normal pregnancies (control) were tested for the presence of the tests that described in above. The all rate of infectious agents was 22.15 % that divided into 8.88%, 8.02% &amp; 4.84 % for RV, CMV, &amp; Toxo antibodies respectively. Igm Ab of RV(31.5%) was higher than CMV( 17.6%) &amp; Toxo( 3.39% ) P&lt;0.05.While IgG Ab shows the reveres as 17% for Toxo, followed by 6.75% &amp; 7.89 % for RV&amp; CMV respectively P&lt;0.05. Relationship between distribution of Toxo Ab concerning age was not significant P&gt;0.05. incidence of HCV shows equality rates 2.63% within sero-positive Toxo,RV&amp;CMYV, while HBS shows high occurrence in sero-positive for RV ( 5.26%) than in sero- positive for Toxo &amp; CMV(1.31% )P&lt;0.05. Relationship between frequency of abortions &amp; stillbirthsé&amp; infectious agents was significant P&lt;0.05. In addition .relationship between women occupations &amp; frequency of scro-positive reveals significance P&lt;0.05 especially in sera of homemakers (housewives) than other women occupations. Control groups were negative for viral hepatitis &amp;Toxo, except few cases&gt;0.05.

Antibodies for β2-Microglobulin and the Heavy Chains of HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G Reflect the HLA-Variants on Activated Immune Cells and Phases of Disease Progression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients under Treatment

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive, inflammatory, autoimmune, symmetrical polyarticular arthritis. It is characterized by synovial infiltration and activation of several types of immune cells, culminating in their apoptosis and antibody generation against "altered" autoantigens. β2-microglobulin (β2m)-associated heavy chains (HCs) of HLA antigens, also known as closed conformers (Face-1), undergo "alteration" during activation of immune cells, resulting in β2m-free structural variants, including monomeric open conformers (Face-2) that are capable of dimerizing as either homodimers (Face-3) or as heterodimers (Face-4). β2m-free HCs uncover the cryptic epitopes that can elicit antibodies (Abs). We report here the levels of IgM and IgG Abs against both β2m and HCs of HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G in 74 RA patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Anti-β2m IgM was present in 20 of 74 patients, whereas anti-β2m IgG was found in only 8 patients. Abs against β2m would be expected if Abs were generated against β2m-associated HLA HCs. The majority of patients were devoid of either anti-β2m IgM or IgG but had Abs against HCs of different HLA-Ib molecules. The paucity of anti-β2m Abs in this cohort of patients suggests that Abs were developed against β2m-free HLA HCs, such as Face-2, Face-3, and Face-4. While 63 of 68 patients had IgG Abs against anti-HLA-F HCs, 36 and 50 patients showed IgG Ab reactivity against HLA-E and anti-HLA-G HCs, respectively. Evidently, anti-HLA-F HC Abs are the most predominant anti-HLA-Ib HC IgG Abs in RA patients. The incidence and intensity of Abs against HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G in the normal control group were much higher than those observed in RA patients. Evidently, the lower level of Abs in RA patients points to the impact of the immunosuppressive drugs on these patients. These results underscore the need for further studies to unravel the nature of HLA-F variants on activated immune cells and synoviocytes of RA patients.

SARS-CoV-2 Induced Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) with Seropositive Scrub Typhus: A Case Series.

Statement of the problem: Pediatric patient with history of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was diagnosed with a serious condition called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). It is a post infectious excessive immune response differing from cytokine storm of SARS-CoV-2. MIS-C ranges from mild tosevere form, with multiorgan involvement viz, cardiac, gastrointestinal, renal, neurological, hematological etc.; and laboratory evidence of hyperinflammation. Scrub Typhus (ST), a mite borne rickettsial febrile zoonosis; has been reported in India and worldwide. It is caused by a gram-negative coccobacillus called Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by the bite of chiggers, the infected larva of trombiculid mites (genus Leptotrombidium). ST present as a febrile illness with eschar and rash, but can manifest with a myriad of unusual presentations involving different organ system. Incidence of different organ involvement with rarity of association between these two conditions grew our interest on this case series.&#x0D; Methodology and Theoretical orientation: The study was conducted in the Pediatrics department of Malda Medical College and Hospital for a period of 6 months. All the subjects (age &lt; 12 years) with complain of fever was evaluated for all tropical causes and among them the 3 child with&#x0D; &#x0D; a) Scrub Typhus IgM Ab Positive&#x0D; b) SARS-CoV-2 RTPCR Negative&#x0D; c) SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody Positive&#x0D; d) MIS-C Positive (as per WHO’s definition) was included in the study. The 3 cases was clinically evaluated in details with signs, symptoms , laboratory parameters and treatment given.&#x0D; &#x0D; Findings: The CASE 1 and CASE 2 came with a neurological presentation on admission where as the CASE 3 presented with gastrointestinal one, fever being common in both. IV steroids, IVIg, Enoxaparin s/c were given to the patients but fever subsided with introduction of doxycycline after they became seropositive for scrub typhus. After thorough investigation it was found that both of them were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody and Scrub Typhus IgM antibodywith features of MIS-C.&#x0D; Conclusion and Significance: Recently a seroprevalence study also reported a 5% co-infection of Scrub Typhus with seropositive MIS-C. The attribution of the co- infection in the Tsutsugamuschi Triangle with this clinical scenario and febrile presentation mimicking tropical diseases make this condition a circumstantial challenge. Pediatrician should be more vigilant while dealing with the febrile illness for early diagnosis and proper treatment of this condition.

Evaluation of Some Serological Study in Pregnant Women Infect With Toxoplasma Gondii

Toxoplasmosis is an endemic infectious disease, very widely distributed in all parts of the world and called a disease of the five continents and depending on the geographical location since 15% to 85% of the human population asympmatically infected. The present study was carried out on total number one hundred and thirty three women suspected of having toxoplasmosis with and without abortion. The titers of serum immunoglobulin M and G (IgM and IgG) of anti- Toxoplasma antibodies were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the final diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. It was found that women with toxoplasmosis had higher levels of median values of IgM and IgG Abs of T.gondii that were 0.420 ± 0.035and 5.461 ± 0.39respectively, while women that did not have toxoplasmosis, had 0.161 ± 0.019and 0.159 ± 0.018 respectively . Serum levels of IL-18 and IL-5 detected by ELISA were 87.01 ± 10.02pg/ml and 805.70 ± 122.30pg/ml respectively in women with toxoplasmosis , while in women that did not have toxoplasmosis the levels were 67.59 ± 10.21pg/ml and 126.62 ± 35.96pg/ml respectively

Association Between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Seronegative Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease in the central nervous system. Association between NMOSD and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been investigated, but few studies have assessed the relationship between H. pylori and seronegative AQP4-Ab NMOSD. Objectives: This study aimed to survey the association between H. pylori infection and NMOSD patients with seronegative AQP4-Ab status, as well as the possible relationship between the presence of H. pylori and clinical characteristics. Materials &amp; Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Kashani Hospital affiliated with the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, from October 2017 to May 2019. A total of 35 consecutive seronegative AQP4-Ab NMOSD patients and 37 sex and age-matched healthy controls participated in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from all participants. We assessed participants’ seroprevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies against H. pylori. The Association of H. pylori with NMOSD was determined. Results: The frequency of IgG and IgM Ab H. pylori seropositivity in NMOSD patients was 22.9% and 40.0%, respectively. Among HC, 11(29.7%) and 20(54.1%) were positive for IgG and IgM Ab H. pylori. Although the rate of H. pylori IgG (OR=0.700, 95%, CI=0.243, 2.017, P=0.420) and IgM Ab (OR=0.567, 95%, CI=0.222, 1.444, P=0.233) seropositivity in NMOSD were lower than NMOSD, these differences were not statistically different. No clinical variables associated with H. pylori IgG and IgM seropositivity infection seropositivity. Conclusion: These findings show that possibly there is no relationship between H. pylori infection and seronegative AQP4-Ab NMOSD.

Immunological Study in Pregnant Women Infect With Toxoplasma Gondii

Toxoplasmosis is an endemic infectious disease, very widely distributed in all parts of the world and called a disease of the five continents and depending on the geographical location since 15% to 85% of the human population asympmatically infected. The present study was carried out on total number one hundred and thirty three women suspected of having toxoplasmosis with and without abortion. The titers of serum immunoglobulin M and G (IgM and IgG) of anti- Toxoplasma antibodies were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the final diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. It was found that women with toxoplasmosis had higher levels of median values of IgM and IgG Abs of T.gondii that were 0.420 ± 0.035and 5.461 ± 0.39respectively, while women that did not have toxoplasmosis, had 0.381 and 0.8 respectively . Serum levels of IL-18 and IL-5 detected by ELISA were 87.01 ± 10.02pg/ml and 805.70 ± 122.30pg/ml respectively in women with toxoplasmosis , while in women that did not have toxoplasmosis the levels were 67.59 ± 10.21pg/ml and 126.62 ± 35.96pg/ml respectively

High prevalence of antibodies against Ascaris Lumbricoides in patients with severe Alzheimer’s Disease

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for 60‐70% of dementia cases. It is a multi‐factorial process and not all factors that affect its appearance and development have been clarified. Several parasites have been correlated with dementia [1] and development of AD has been associated with Toxoplasma gondii parasitism [2].In the present study, IgG and IgM antibodies against Ascaris Lumbricoides (AL) antigens were detected in the serum of 60 patients with mild, medium and severe AD, 20 from each group.MethodsAntigens of AL were adhered to the bottom of ELISA plate (IBL International GMBH) in order to measure the level of IgG and IgM antibodies. Peroxidase labelled Protein A or goat anti‐human IgM were used to bind IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively.ResultsAccording to the results, 30% of patients with severe AD were positive to IgG antibodies (Ab) against AL antigens (Ab concentration &gt; 9 U/µL) whereas none of the patients with mild and moderate AD was positive (Figures 1, 2). The mean IgG Ab concentration in this group was 2.1 times higher than the mean value of patients with mild and moderate AD (p = 0.001 according to t‐test). Additionally, 35% of patients with severe AD were positive to IgM Abs while 16.7% and 8% of IgM positive samples were found in patients with mild and moderate disease.ConclusionThe results present a potential correlation of Ascaris lumbricoides infection and antibodies development with Alzheimer’s Disease.

Characterization of the primary antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in infants living in a malaria-endemic area

BackgroundThe primary antibody (Ab) response to Plasmodium falciparum is a critical step in developing immunity to malaria. Information on the initial Ab responses of babies in malaria-endemic areas is incomplete, in part, because babies receive maternal IgG via transplacental-transfer and usually become infected before maternal IgG wanes. The study aimed to identify the primary IgM and IgG Ab responses to malarial antigens in Cameroonian babies.MethodsInfants (n = 70) living in a high malaria transmission area were followed from birth throughout the first year of life (mean 341 ± 42 days, an average of 8.5 time points per infant). Malaria infection was assessed by microscopy and PCR, and IgM and IgG antibodies (Abs) were measured using a multiplex immunoassay to AMA1, EBA-175, MSP1-42, MSP2, MSP3, RESA, LSA1, and CSP.ResultsThe half-life of maternal IgG varied among the antigens, ranging from 0.7 to 2.5 months. The first infection of 41% of the babies was sub-microscopic and only 11 to 44% of the babies produced IgM to the above antigens; however, when the first infection was detected by microscopy, 59–82% of the infants made IgM Abs to the antigens. Infants were able to produce IgM even when maternal IgG was present, suggesting maternal Abs did not suppress the baby’s initial Ab response. Using longitudinal regression models that incorporated time-varying covariates, infants were found to produce IgG Ab to only AMA-1 when the first infection was sub-microscopic, but they produced IgG Abs to MSP1-42 (3D7, FVO), AMA1 (3D7, FVO) MSP2-FC27, MSP3, RESA, and LSA1, but not MSP 2-3D7, EBA-175, and CSP during their first slide-positive infection. Notably, the primary and secondary IgG responses were short-lived with little evidence of boosting.ConclusionsThe primary Ab response of babies who had maternal IgG was similar to that reported for primary infections in malaria-naïve adults.