IE Model Research Articles

Modelling energy demand of Croatian industry sector

Industry represents one of the most interesting sectors when analysing Croatian final energy demand. Croatian industry represents 20% of nation’s GDP and employs 25% of total labour force making it a significant subject for the economy. Today, with around 60 PJ of final energy demand it is the third most energy intensive sector in Croatia after transport and households. Implementing mechanisms that would lead to improvements in energy efficiency in this sector seems relevant. Through this paper, long-term energy demand projections for Croatian industry will be shown. The central point for development of the model will be parameters influencing the industry in Croatia. Energy demand predictions in this paper are based upon bottom-up approach model. IED model produces results which can be compared to Croatian National Energy Strategy. One of the conclusions shown in this paper is significant possibilities for energy efficiency improvements and lower energy demand in the future.

Reformulating Markovian processes for learning and memory from a hazard function framework

With the development of stimulus sampling theory (SST), William K. Estes demonstrated the importance of Markov chains for capturing many important features of learning. In this paper, learning and memory retention are reexamined from a hazard function framework and linked to the stochastic transition matrices of a Markov model. The probabilities in the transition matrix are shown to be discrete hazard values. In order for the stochastic matrix to be a homogeneous Markov chain, there is a requirement that the transition matrix values remain constant. Yet for some learning and memory retention applications, there is evidence that the transition matrix probabilities are dynamically changing. For list learning, the change in hazard is attributed in part to differences in the learning rate of individual items within the list. Even on an individual basis, any variability in item difficulty whatsoever is enough to induce a change in hazard with training. Another analysis was done to delineate the hazard function for memory loss. Evidence is again provided that the hazard associated with the loss of memory is systematically changing. A Markov chain is not a suitable model when there are dynamic changes in the hazard. However, for both the learning and memory applications, a general Markovian model can be used, where transition probabilities are a function of trial number or interpolated event number. Finally, a more complex, four-state application is considered. This application is based on the Chechile, Sloboda, and Chamberland (2012) multinomial processing tree model called the IES model. The IES model obtains probability estimates for the representation of target information in memory in terms of four possible states—explicit memory, implicit memory, fractional memory, and non-storage. Stochastic matrices for the IES model are provided and are shown to yield new insights about implicit memory.

Systemic inflammatory response and local cytokine expression in porcine models of endocarditis

The knowledge of systemic inflammation and local cytokine expression in porcine endocarditis models is limited, though it could provide valuable information about the pathogenesis and comparability to human endocarditis. Analyses of bacteriology and hematology were performed on blood samples from pigs with non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE, n = 11), Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (IE, n = 2), animals with S. aureus sepsis without endocarditis (n = 2) and controls (n = 2). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was used to examine the local expression of IL-1β and IL-8. Bacterial blood cultures were continuously positive in IE pigs from inoculation to euthanasia, and negative in all other pigs at all times. The total white blood cell counts and total neutrophil counts were massively elevated in pigs with IE. Local IL-1β and IL-8 expression in IE pigs were moderate to high, and high, respectively. In addition, slight local expression of IL-1β and IL-8 was present in some NBTE pigs. In the IE model, both the systemic inflammatory response and the high local expression of IL-8 were comparable to the human disease. Furthermore, the results indicate IL-1β and IL-8 as important contributors in the endocarditis pathogenesis.

Time trends in esophageal cancer mortality in Linzhou city in 1986 - 2010 and future prediction

To analyze the trends in mortality of esophageal cancer and explore the effects of age, period and cohort on esophageal cancer mortality rate in Linzhou city in 1986 - 2010, and predict the mortality of esophageal cancer in 2016 - 2020. All of the esophageal cancer-attributed deaths in 1986 - 2010 were drawn from the database in Center of Cancer and Vita Statistics in Henan Province. The numbers of the death cases and population were tabulated into 5-year age groups and 5-year period groups for each sex and linked each other. The age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated by direct standardization to the Chinese population structure in 1982. Intrinsic estimator model (IE model)was used to perform the age-period-cohort analysis and estimate the corresponding parameters. Age effect, period effect and cohort effect on esophageal cancer mortality rate was plotted separately. The mortality of esophageal cancer during 2016 - 2020 was predicted according to the parameters by that model. A total of 15432 cases died from esophageal cancer in Linzhou city in1986 - 2010. The overall crude mortality rate was 63.89 per 100, 000. Among men, the age-adjusted mortality rate was 109.66 per 100, 000 during 1986-1990 and decreased to 60.59 per 100, 000 during 2006 - 2010. For women, the age-adjusted mortality rate decreased from 74.72 per 100, 000 to 39.05 per 100, 000 at the same two calendar periods. The IE model showed that age effect was remarkable, the period effect was stable and the cohort effect decreased greatly. The predicted mortality of over 30-years old population during 2016 - 2020 is 1501 for men and 1083 for women. Compared with 2006 - 2010 period the mortality will be decreased by 6.71% and 11.08%, respectively. The mortality rate of esophageal cancer in Linzhou city shows a decreasing trend during the period of 1986 - 2010. This trend is mainly attributed to the cohort effect. The predicted mortality in the future will decrease continually.

Vacuum Potentials for the Two Only Permanent Free Particles, Proton and Electron. Pair Productions

The two only species of isolatable, smallest, or unit charges +e and −e present in nature interact with the universal vacuum in a polarisable dielectric representation through two uniquely defined vacuum potential functions. All of the non-composite subatomic particles containing one-unit charges, +e or −e, are therefore formed in terms of the IED model of the respective charges, of zero rest masses, oscillating in either of the two unique vacuum potential fields, together with the radiation waves of their own charges. In this paper we give a first principles treatment of the dynamics of charge in a dielectric vacuum, based on which, combined with solutions for the radiation waves obtained previously, we subsequently derive the vacuum potential function for a given charge q, which we show to be quadratic and consist each of quantised potential levels, giving therefore rise to quantised characteristic oscillation frequencies of the charge and accordingly quantised, sharply-defined masses of the IED particles. By further combining with relevant experimental properties as input information, we determine the IED particles built from the charges +e, −e at their first excited states in the respective vacuum potential wells to be the proton and the electron, the observationally two only stable (permanently lived) and "free" particles containing one-unit charges. Their antiparticles as produced in pair productions can be accordingly determined. The characteristics of all of the other more energetic single-charged non-composite subatomic particles can also be recognised. We finally discuss the energy condition for pair production, which requires two successive energy supplies to (1) first disintegrate the bound pair of vaculeon charges +e, −e composing a vacuuon of the vacuum and (2) impart masses to the disintegrated charges.

Analytical Study of Finite Element Models for FRP Retrofitted Concrete Structure under Blast Loads

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is one of the best retrofitting materials for blast resistance strengthening due to a number of advantages, such as excellent strength to self-weight ratio, large fatigue resistance capacity, etc. Presently, many different types of FRP models are used in blast analysis, but they are used randomly without fundamental scientific reasoning, thereby creating erroneous analytical results. Therefore, this study is carried out to assess and to compare a comprehensive finite element analytical model of FRP that can properly consider the properties of FRP as a retrofit material. After reviewing available FRP models currently used by researchers in the field, four analytical FRP models are selected to assess the behavior of FRP sheet and FRP retrofitted concrete structure; isotropic linear elastic shell element model (IES model), orthotropic linear elastic shell element without shear deformation model (OES model), orthotropic linear elastic shell element with shear deformation model (OESS model), and linear elastic beam element model (EB model). Using the selected FRP models, noise analysis of FRP sheet and FRP retrofitted concrete is carried out to confirm mesh sensitivity for convergence. In addition, finite element analysis of FRP retrofitted RC slab under blast load is performed to select the most appropriate FRP model and to validate the blast analysis technique. All of the analysis results for four selected FRP models are compared to verify and select the optimum model. Finally, a discussion about the study results with respect to code response criteria is presented.

プラズマトーチ応用の超音速燃焼初期促進に関する気体分子運動論的解析 第１報：活性基の種類と供給形態による特徴

The effects of various radical species, supplied from a plasma torch ignitor upon initiating hydrogen-air chemical reaction in a two-dimensional supersonic shear flow have been investigated by a new numerical approach based on the molecular gas dynamics. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method has been employed to derive the microscopic reaction phenomena from the Boltzmann equation with a reactive inelastic molecular collision model (IE Model). The plasma species and injection mode into air stream have been varied. The result shows that fuel hydrogen initial combustion can be significantly enhanced by plasma injection of atomic oxygen supplying in diffusive mode.

Evaluation and Study Abroad: Developing Assessment Criteria and Practices to Promote Excellence

This paper describes how the authors worked with a Task Force to develop the IES Model Assessment Practice (MAP), a set of detailed criteria to use in evaluating IES study abroad programs, and how IES is beginning to implement MAP. Two sets of theories provided the framework for the project: current thinking about educational program evaluation and assessment in the U.S., including current definitions of academic quality; and organizational learning, whereby the processes of planning and decision-making involve members of the organization in gathering, sharing, and interpreting information. The 18-month project was sponsored by IES, The Institute for the International Education of Students (formerly the Institute of European Studies). With this publication, we propose that study abroad practitioners join a dialogue about program evaluation and share models of good practice for the benefit of our students.

Impact of the high-affinity proline permease gene (putP) on the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in experimental endocarditis.

Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide variety of invasive human infections. However, delineation of the genes which are essential for the in vivo survival of this pathogen has not been accomplished to date. Using signature tag mutagenesis techniques and large mutant pool screens, previous investigators identified several major gene classes as candidate essential gene loci for in vivo survival; these include genes for amino acid transporters, oligopeptide transporters, and lantibiotic synthesis (W. R. Schwan, S. N. Coulter, E. Y. W. Ng, M. H. Langhorne, H. D. Ritchie, L. L. Brody, S. Westbrock-Wadman, A. S. Bayer, K. R. Folger, and C. K. Stover, Infect. Immun. 66:567-572, 1998). In this study, we directly compared the virulence of four such isogenic signature tag mutants with that of the parental strain (RN6390) by using a prototypical model of invasive S. aureus infection, experimental endocarditis (IE). The oligonucleotide signature tag (OST) mutant with insertional inactivation of the gene (putP) which encodes the high-affinity transporter for proline uptake exhibited significantly reduced virulence in the IE model across three challenge inocula (10(4) to 10(6) CFU) in terms of achievable intravegetation densities (P, <0.05). The negative impact of putP inactivation on in vivo survival in the IE model was confirmed by simultaneous challenge with the original putP mutant and the parental strain as well as by challenge with a putP mutant in which this genetic inactivation was transduced into a distinct parental strain (S6C). In contrast, inactivation of loci encoding an oligopeptide transporter, a purine repressor, and lantibiotic biosynthesis had no substantial impact on the capacity of OST mutants to survive within IE vegetations. Thus, genes encoding the uptake of essential amino acids may well represent novel targets for new drug development. These data also confirm the utility of the OST technique as an important screening methodology for identifying candidate genes as requisite loci for the in vivo survival of S. aureus.

The Carcinogenic Example

This paper will introduce a new model for Linear Logic, the IE model (I for Internal E for External). Intuitively the model assumes there is a global environment which is divided up into an internal resource and an external resource. Such an assumption makes for an elementary definition of linear negation. The model results in a fairly natural semantics for the multiplicative operators and the constants of Linear Logic. A particular example of the model is given which gives a proper technical account of the cigarette example