Idiosyncratic Features Research Articles

Can Habitus Explain Individual Particularities? Critically Appreciating the Operationalization of Relational Logic in Field Theory

Bourdieu’s concept of habitus claims to solve the problem of the individual/society duality. However, the concept of habitus appears to be inadequate to explain the idiosyncratic features of individual field actors’ practices. In this article, I argue that to explain the particularity of individual habitus, we must appreciate the operationalization of relational logic in field theory. I further argue that individuals learn to prediscursively identify certain types of practices as meaningful for a given field position (and not others) because of their embodied experiences of movements within the historically specific relational structure of the field. Thus, the same individual can exhibit multiple and even contradictory practices depending on the person’s relational position in the field. I illustrate this insight by discussing the political habitus of the first prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru.

Dedekind and Wolffian Deductive Method

Dedekind’s methodology, in his classic booklet on the foundations of arithmetic, has been the topic of some debate. While some authors make it closely analogue to Hilbert’s early axiomatics, others emphasize its idiosyncratic features, most importantly the fact that no axioms are stated and its careful deductive structure apparently rests on definitions alone. In particular, the so-called Dedekind “axioms” of arithmetic are presented by him as “characteristic conditions” in the definition of the complex concept of a simply infinite system. Making sense of Dedekind’s method may be dependent on an analysis of the classical model of deductive science, as presented by authors from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Studying the modern reconstructions of Euclidean geometry, we show that they did not presuppose deductive independence of the axioms from the definitions. Authors like Wolff elaborated a mathematics based on definitions, and the Wolffian model of deductive science shows significant coincidences with Dedekind’s method, despite the great differences in content and approach. Wolff had a conception of definitions as genetic, which bears some similarities with Kant’s idea of synthetic definitions: they are understood as positing the content of mathematical concepts and introducing thought objects (Gedankendinge) that are the objects of mathematics. The emphasis on the spontaneity of the understanding, which can be found in this philosophical tradition, can also be fruitfully related with Dedekind’s idea of the “free creation” of mathematical objects.

Development of a Conceptual Model of Occupational Stress for Athletic Directors in Sport Contexts.

Previous studies have reported that occupational stress is a determinant risk factor for both chronic diseases and job performance among organizational leaders. Every occupation has its own culture and occupational climate influencing organizations within the industries. Thus, due to the idiosyncratic features inherent in sports, athletic directors may experience different occupational stressors. To date, there has been no comprehensive review of the occupational stress in athletic director contexts. Thus, based on the literature on both occupational stress and sport leadership, this study proposes a conceptual framework of occupational stress in sport leadership. The model identifies the five higher-order themes of occupational stressors and their associations with the first-level outcomes of individuals and the second-level outcomes of organizations. It also includes the two higher-order moderators of personal and organizational factors. It is hoped that this initiative can invoke interest in this topic to provide health-enhancing environments for athletic directors and quality sport services to society.

Ireland’s Multinationals-Dominated Economy in the Pandemic: Did Big Tech and Big Pharma Save the Day?

Similar to the Eurozone crisis, Ireland engineered a more successful bounce back from the COVID-19 shock than crisis-hit peers. This article argues that the Irish path is less of a product of a generalizable export-led growth strategy, but, rather, can be explained by a set of idiosyncratic features. Using a wide array of macroeconomic indicators, the analysis assesses the opportunities and risks associated with Ireland's distinct path. It shows how strong ties to the United States, and emergence as the European hub for the world’s fastest growing firms sets Ireland apart from European peers. The US is a reliable “spender of last resort,” countercyclically spending and borrowing, boosting growth prospects of trading partners. Irish sectoral specialization in pharmaceutical manufacturing and digital services was also a boon in this crisis. The pandemic created opportunities for health-related industries; reliance on digital technologies helped digital firms. The article also finds, however, that banking on tech and pharma giants has significant limitations. First, multinationals’ accounting tricks artificially inflate economic statistics, and these two sectors are most affected. Second, to the extent that there is job-sustaining activity, it is not straightforward how the success of these sectors is transmitted to the rest of the economy. In the aftermath of the Eurozone crisis, the hospitality industry played a significant role as a “‘transmission belt,” receiving spillovers from the high value-added export sector. Since lockdowns hit hospitality the most, the social insurance function of fiscal policy is of paramount importance to ensure a more broad-based recovery.

Contact, Variation, Distance

The article focuses on the specific North German language formation which is primarily characterized by language contacts of Low German und High German. While a structural separation of these two languages can be observed from a historical point of view, contact phenomena and variation phenomena bridge the gap between High German and Low German today. These phenomena have led to the emergence of new regiolects. As a first step, contact phenomena and also idiosyncratic features in Low German are described qualitatively. As a second step, the speaker repertoires are outlined by their contact and distance patterns from a quantitative perspective and bundled into profile types. The data base is formed by audio recordings of 26 Low German speakers collected in the project „Language Variation in Northern Germany“.

STYLISTIC TERMINOLOGY IN THE WORKS OF LINGUISTS OF THE KHARKIV PHILOLOGICAL SCHOOL ІN THE 20S–30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The article systematizes and analyzes the stylistic terminology presented in scientific studies, works on language culture, stylistics, and translation studies by representatives of the Kharkiv Philological School of the 20s-30s of the 20th century. Cross-cutting theoretical and practical issues related to the development of the terminological tools of Ukrainian linguistic stylistics during the period of its formation as a separate branch of linguistics are traced. The relevant stylistic categories relied on by researchers of the language and style of Ukrainian classical writers, the language of science and journalism are noted: modern literary language, living language, folk language, sense of language, linguistic taste, peculiarities of the Ukrainian language, scientific language, artistic language, language of the press, literary norm, literary form, verbal formulas, linguistic phenomenon, specific meaning, context, synonyms, construction not characteristic of the Ukrainian language, uzus. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the works of M. Sumtsov, O. Kurylo, O. Sinyavskyi, M. Hladkyi, M. Sulima, M. Johansen, S. Smerechynskyi, L. Bulakhovskyi, B. Tkachenko, O. Finkel, the terms and facts of the language in the broad context of other languages, with the involvement of foreign language counterparts. Underscored the advantage of studying stylistic means in practical terms as an additional characteristic of lexical, phraseological, grammatical phenomena, as a means of diversification, development of general literary norms. The characteristic features of this period are noted: 1) the instability of terminology, 2) the presence of variants in the terminological system of stylistics, 3) the consistent use of the lexemes language and language in term compounds. Substantial achievements of scientists were the justification of stylistics as a separate educational discipline, the definition of the main concepts of stylistics, the systematization of linguistic phenomena according to separate functional styles and according to the carriers of the corresponding linguistic properties; formulation of practical advice on the use of lexical groups, phraseological units, grammatical forms; analysis of idiosyncratic features of Ukrainian literary classics. The study of a specific terminological system in diachrony outlines the trends in the development of linguistic terminology in general.

Entre lo propio y lo comercial. Athletic Bilbao: límites y continuidades redefiniendo lo local-global

Athletic Bilbao is known in the world of football for its unique player policy. It only recruits footballers who were born and/or raised in one of the seven provinces that comprise the Basque Country. Thus, academy and territory represent the variables of allegiance, which are interdependent and reciprocally regulatory. This policy, of a customary nature, is still in force in an era marked by globalization and commercialization of football. In this context, the article seeks to explore the concepts of local and global built by its fans through the philosophy of the team (policy of the club). The purpose is to know how the local is redefined, interpreted, and how it persists in the current context of football globalization and marketability. To this end, a qualitative approach is mainly used. Ethnographic fieldwork has been chosen. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted in depth with 25 followers of the team, born in Bizkaia and Castilla y León, who reside in the latter autonomous community. It can be concluded that the concept of idiosyncratic features defines the local scene. Conversely, the global one is conceived as aligned with the international commercialization of players.

Do Physicians Warm Up to Higher Medicare Prices? Evidence from Alaska

AbstractMedicare is a roughly $700 billion public program, with physician payments representing one of its largest expenditures. Medicare's prices are also administratively set, which leaves the structure of payment changes subject to a political process that may introduce idiosyncratic features and even perverse incentives. At the same time, physician responses to changes in Medicare reimbursements are likely to vary according to the policy's duration, scope, and size. We study a setting where broad federal laws contained specific provisions that financially benefit a narrow group: Alaskan physicians. The geographically targeted payment reforms were also unique along key dimensions. Using difference‐in‐differences strategies, we find that large, temporary price changes increase spending but elicit no detectable supply response. Conversely, generous and permanent price shocks induce greater service flows but not uniformly across specialties. Our findings suggest that Congress may engage in fiscally inefficient Medicare spending to accomplish other legislative objectives.

Ann Quin’s Berg and Stewart Home’s 69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess

In Berg (1964), Ann Quin develops an idiomatic style blending non-linear narration, multiple viewpoints, and stream of consciousness, marked by a poetic lyricism and hallucinogenic registration, in order to explore such topical themes as the search for identity, the influence of the past on the present, and intergenerational pressures. Stewart Home’s novel 69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess (2002) revisits some of the idiosyncratic features of Quin’s poetics sub specie Home’s parody of literary post-postmodernism. Philosophically, Home’s detouring towards Quin takes place through the prism of Deleuze and Guattari’s Anti-Oedipus, and also enables a reading of Quin’s schizophrenic writing in terms of its critical function. The essay argues that Home’s revisitation of Quin’s novel within a broader framework of experimental activism and that both the authors’ novels perform ventriloquist acts designed to deconstruct a certain type of literary subjectivity and the novel form itself.

Is There a Foreign Accent Effect on Moral Judgment?

Recent studies have shown that people make more utilitarian decisions when dealing with a moral dilemma in a foreign language than in their native language. Emotion, cognitive load, and psychological distance have been put forward as explanations for this foreign language effect. The question that arises is whether a similar effect would be observed when processing a dilemma in one’s own language but spoken by a foreign-accented speaker. Indeed, foreign-accented speech has been shown to modulate emotion processing, to disrupt processing fluency and to increase psychological distance due to social categorisation. We tested this hypothesis by presenting 435 participants with two moral dilemmas, the trolley dilemma and the footbridge dilemma online, either in a native accent or a foreign accent. In Experiment 1, 184 native Spanish speakers listened to the dilemmas in Spanish recorded by a native speaker, a British English or a Cameroonian native speaker. In Experiment 2, 251 Dutch native speakers listened to the dilemmas in Dutch in their native accent, in a British English, a Turkish, or in a French accent. Results showed an increase in utilitarian decisions for the Cameroonian- and French-accented speech compared to the Spanish or Dutch native accent, respectively. When collapsing all the speakers from the two experiments, a similar increase in the foreign accent condition compared with the native accent condition was observed. This study is the first demonstration of a foreign accent effect on moral judgements, and despite the variability in the effect across accents, the findings suggest that a foreign accent, like a foreign language, is a linguistic context that modulates (neuro)cognitive mechanisms, and consequently, impacts our behaviour. More research is needed to follow up on this exploratory study and to understand the influence of factors such as emotion reduction, cognitive load, psychological distance, and speaker’s idiosyncratic features on moral judgments.

Simultaneous functional MRI of two awake marmosets

Social cognition is a dynamic process that requires the perception and integration of a complex set of idiosyncratic features between interacting conspecifics. Here we present a method for simultaneously measuring the whole-brain activation of two socially interacting marmoset monkeys using functional magnetic resonance imaging. MRI hardware (a radiofrequency coil and peripheral devices) and image-processing pipelines were developed to assess brain responses to socialization, both on an intra-brain and inter-brain level. Notably, the brain activation of a marmoset when viewing a second marmoset in-person versus when viewing a pre-recorded video of the same marmoset—i.e., when either capable or incapable of socially interacting with a visible conspecific—demonstrates increased activation in the face-patch network. This method enables a wide range of possibilities for potentially studying social function and dysfunction in a non-human primate model.

Familiars in a Strange Land

Familiars in a Strange Land

Structure and Evolution of the International Pesticide Trade Networks

To meet the increasing demand for food around the world, pesticides are widely used and will continue to be widely used in agricultural production to reduce yield losses and maintain product quality. International pesticide trade serves to reallocate the distribution of pesticides around the world. We investigate the statistical properties of the international trade networks of five categories of pesticides from the view angle of temporal directed and weighted networks. We observed an overall increasing trend in network size, network density, average in- and out-degrees, average in- and out-strengths, temporal similarity, and link reciprocity, indicating that the rising globalization of pesticides trade is driving the networks denser. However, the distributions of link weights remain unchanged along time for the five categories of pesticides. In addition, all the networks are disassortatively mixed because large importers or exporters are more likely to trade with small exporters or importers. We also observed positive correlations between in-degree and out-degree, in-strength and out-strength, link reciprocity and in-degree, out-degree, in-strength, and out-strength, while node’s local clustering coefficient is negatively related to in-degree, out-degree, in-strength, and out-strength. We show that some structural and dynamic properties of the international pesticide trade networks are different from those of the international trade networks, highlighting the presence of idiosyncratic features of different goods and products in the international trade.

Linguistic variation in subtitling for audiovisual media in Portugal: case study of the film Gone with the Wind

Film subtitling involves per se a number of constraints. However, when characters speak with a particular dialect or accent, the task is even more complex. Linguistic variation is a key factor in depicting a film character and the translator will consider the implications of his/her choice when translating into the Target Culture, since such sociolinguistic and/or idio-syncratic language features contribute to the meaning(s) of a film. The presence of linguistic variation may be tied in with the medium through which a film is distributed; hence translating for different media may imply the application of different strategies. This article will analyze the film subtitling of Gone with the Wind (1939), in particular how Mammy’s speech is translated into Portuguese for RTP (public television channel), TVI (private television channel), VHS and the Internet, while also searching for translational regularities.

S3192 Doxycycline: An Unlikely Culprit for Gastric Mucosal Injury

Introduction: Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, are well-described in literature as a culprit for pill-induced esophagitis. Although rare, there may be a connection to gastric mucosal injury. Given the ubiquitous use of doxycycline, it is worthwhile to investigate the association. Case Description/Methods: A 61 year-old man presented with syncope, melena and acute anemia. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) showed erosions and two clean-based ulcers (5 mm and 8 mm) in the antrum (Figure 1A and 1B). Retroflexed view of the incisura revealed fibrinous deposition on the cardia and fundus that was unable to be washed off despite irrigation and suctioning (Figure 1C). Biopsies demonstrated idiosyncratic features consistent with doxycycline-induced injury, with reactive erosions and superficial fibrinoid vascular degeneration. The patient had been taking doxycycline 100 mg daily for three years for chronic dermatomyositis. He was started on pantoprazole twice daily to facilitate mucosal healing and an alternative agent in place of doxycycline was recommended. Follow-up EGD ten weeks later showed normal gastric mucosa without evidence of prior injury. Biopsies were not obtained given healed appearance of the tissue (Figure 1D). Discussion: While doxycycline is widely recognized as an etiology of pill esophagitis, its effect on the gastric mucosa has been highlighted in very few cases. Doxycycline-induced gastric injury is described endoscopically as a superficial, erythematous mucosal erosion with occasional deep ulceration in the antrum or body. It presents with an adherent, light-colored and fibrinous plaque. Histologically, there are reactive changes in the foveolar cells with mucin loss and serrated gastric pits. There is also a distinct pattern of superficial eosinophilic capillary vascular degeneration, which is associated with superficial mucosal necrosis and scattered fibrinous microthrombi (Figure 1E). Clinically, patients present with nonspecific symptoms of epigastric pain or substernal burning. If history reveals doxycycline use, an EGD can be helpful. In most cases, once the offending agent is removed, the symptoms do resolve. It is unclear why only a small subset with doxycycline ingestion develops gastric injury, although we postulate that the incidence is likely under-recognized. It remains unknown how long-term or repeated usage affects the gastric mucosa, as patients on this medication do not routinely undergo endoscopic evaluation in the absence of overt upper gastrointestinal symptoms.Figure 1.: Endoscopic images showing diffuse necrosis of stomach.

Trade liberalization with granular firms

Relying on rich firm-product Danish data, we document that the bulk of manufacturing revenue comes from industries where large firms and numerous insignificant firms coexist. Given the importance of this market structure in the aggregate, we study its implications for gains of trade by embedding a set of oligopolistic firms into a monopolistic-competition model. In this setting, the idiosyncratic features of large firms become crucial for gains of trade, given the granular importance of their profits for aggregate income. In particular, gains of trade are negatively affected when a large firm has a pronounced home bias, since trade liberalization reduces its profit by increasing domestic competition. A calibration for Denmark reflects this feature: trade liberalization raises the profits of almost all large firms, but the fall in profit of one large firm almost completely offsets the gains in income from the profit channel.

A paradigm for assessing adults' and children's concepts of artificially intelligent virtual characters

Children's social networks are filled with real and imagined relationship partners, and advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have generated a host of possible relationships with virtual characters. However, little is known about how children conceptualize virtual characters, and how they might be viewed as friendship partners. These studies were designed to develop a paradigm for investigating children's concepts of virtual characters. In Study 1, items were developed that could be used in a task with children. Adults (N = 144) attributed a range of properties (biological, psychological, and social) to four child agents: a real child, a child on a video chat program, an AI child, and a doll. Items that captured adult concepts were used in a task with children (N = 30; aged 5 to 8 years old). This task was designed to: (a) control for idiosyncratic features of the four child agents, (b) enable the expression of uncertainty, and (c) assess concepts of reciprocal relationships. In Study 1, adults did not differentiate between the AI child and the doll on the social property; however, a subset of adults favored the AI child over the doll for sharing secrets. In Study 2, a subset of children indicated a preference for the doll over the AI child on opportunities for reciprocal love and companionship. These findings suggest that virtual characters afford select social opportunities that may differ between adults and children, raising further questions as to the design goals for virtual characters and the functions they serve in our day-to-day lives.

Beyond exposure therapy: formulation-based therapy treating a fear of urinary incontinence - a case study.

The current literature on the specific phobia of urinary incontinence is limited, with no specific empirically established model or treatment protocol. This article consists of a case study of formulation-driven cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for phobia of urinary incontinence. Martin attended a total of 12 treatment sessions. The treatment included the development of an idiosyncratic formulation, and the use of well-established cognitive and behavioural treatment strategies from other anxiety disorders. Both outcome measures and Martin's subjective report indicate that the treatment was effective. This case study contributes to the current limited literature on this phobia, and emphasises the importance of formulation-driven CBT to map for idiosyncratic features and target cognitive and behavioural factors.

Active but not independent: the legal personhood of children

ABSTRACT This article seeks to contribute to a theoretical framework for understanding the status of children as legal persons in Western legal systems. Analytic legal philosophers have done much work in analysing concepts relevant for understanding the legal status of children. However, they have usually not approached childhood as a topic that warrants investigation in its own right, distinct from both infancy and adulthood. The article presents two main arguments. It will, first, argue against the occasional claim – made especially by some scholars working in the civil-law tradition – that even infants have the legal capacity to bear duties under private law. The article challenges this conception: such duties are borne by the infants’ representatives, and infants should therefore be seen as purely passive legal persons. The article then turns to legal competences held by children. Insufficient attention has been paid to the idiosyncratic features of children’s competences. A new framework is offered, which distinguishes three categories of competences: independent competences, negative competences, and dependent competences. Independent competences enable their holder to effect a legal change that, ordinarily, cannot be prevented by others. The latter two types of competences are particularly relevant in the case of children.

Coexistence, Unity, Professionalism and Prudence

Family firms are complex and dynamic entities that are rich with peculiar, idiosyncratic features. The objective of this paper is to provide guidance to help those involved in family businesses, businesspersons, and family members to pursue the continuity of the family firm over time. Based on the author’s experience with entrepreneurs who built successful businesses, this paper identifies four elements that are critical to achieve transgenerational continuity in family firms, namely: coexistence, unity, professionalism, and prudence. The analysis of each element provides suggestions and key considerations for both scholars and practitioners in the family business field.